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Gao M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Yang X, Abdallah MF, Wang J. Phylogenetic Variation of Tri1 Gene and Development of PCR-RFLP Analysis for the Identification of NX Genotypes in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:692. [PMID: 38133196 PMCID: PMC10747927 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NX toxins have been described as a novel group of type A trichothecenes produced by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). Differences in structure between NX toxins and the common type B trichothecenes arise from functional variation in the trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme Tri1 in the FGSC. The identified highly conserved changes in the Tri1 gene can be used to develop specific PCR-based assays to identify the NX-producing strains. In this study, the sequences of the Tri1 gene from type B trichothecene- and NX-producing strains were analyzed to identify DNA polymorphisms between the two different kinds of trichothecene producers. Four sets of Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were successfully developed to distinguish the common type B trichothecene producers and NX producers within FGSC. These promising diagnostic methods can be used for high-throughput genotype detection of Fusarium strains as a step forward for crop disease management and mycotoxin control in agriculture. Additionally, it was found that the Tri1 gene phylogeny differs from the species phylogeny, which is consistent with the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Gao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
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2
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Yang Z, Zhou N, Jiang X, Wang L. Loop Evolutionary Patterns Shape Catalytic Efficiency of TRI101/201 for Trichothecenes: Insights into Protein-Substrate Interactions. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6316-6331. [PMID: 37821422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are highly toxic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, while TRI101/201 family enzymes play a crucial role in detoxification through acetylation. Studies on the substrate specificity and catalytic kinetics of TRI101/201 have revealed distinct kinetic characteristics, with significant differences observed in catalytic efficiency toward deoxynivalenol, while the catalytic efficiency for T-2 toxin remains relatively consistent. In this study, we used structural bioinformatics analysis and a molecular dynamics simulation workflow to investigate the mechanism underlying the differential catalytic activity of TRI101/201. The findings revealed that the binding stability between trichothecenes and TRI101/201 hinges primarily on a hydrophobic cage structure within the binding site. An intrinsic disordered loop, termed loop cover, defined the evolutionary patterns of the TRI101/201 protein family that are categorized into four subfamilies (V1/V2/V3/M). Furthermore, the unique loop displayed different conformations among these subfamilies' structures, which served to disrupt (V1/V2/V3) or reinforce (M) the hydrophobic cages. The disrupted cages enhanced the water exposure of the hydrophilic moieties of substrates like deoxynivalenol and thereby hindered their binding to the catalytic sites of V-type enzymes. In contrast, this water exposure does not affect substrates like T-2 toxin, which have more hydrophobic substituents, resulting in a comparable catalytic efficiency of both V- and M-type enzymes. Overall, our studies provide theoretical support for understanding the catalytic mechanism of TRI101/201, which shows how an intrinsic disordered loop could impact the protein-ligand binding and suggests a direction for rational protein design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezheng Yang
- Taishan College, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Zhou
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, 102209 Beijing, China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
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Wang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao Z. Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 37505715 PMCID: PMC10467051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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4
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Nichea MJ, Cendoya E, Haidukowski M, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Ecophysiology of Fusarium chaquense a Novel Type A Trichothecene Producer Species Isolated from Natural Grasses. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:895. [PMID: 34941732 PMCID: PMC8705393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium chaquense, a recently formally described novel species, has been identified as an T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and other toxins producer in natural grasses (Poaceae) from Argentina. The major objective of this study was to describe the effect of water activity (aW, 0.995, 0.98, 0.95, 0.93 and 0.91), temperature (15, 25 and 30 °C) and incubation time (5, 15 and 25 days) on growth and to evaluate the production of T-2, HT-2 toxins and beauvericin (BEA) by two F. chaquense strains in a grass-based media. The results showed a wide range of conditions for F. chaquense growth and mycotoxin production. Both strains had a maximum growth rate at the highest aW (0.995) and 25 °C. Regarding mycotoxin production, more T-2 than the other analysed mycotoxins were produced by the two strains. T-2 production was favoured at 0.995 aW and 30 °C, while HT-2 production at 0.98-0.95 aW and 15 °C. The maximum levels of BEA were produced at 0.995 aW and 25-30 °C. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were obtained from these data in order to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of mycotoxins accumulation on grass. For its versatility on growth and mycotoxin production in a wide range of aW and temperatures, F. chaquense would have an adaptive advantage over other Fusarium species, and this would explain its high frequency of isolation in natural grasses grown up in the Chaco wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Nichea
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | | | - Adriana M. Torres
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | - María L. Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
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5
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Nichea MJ, Proctor RH, Probyn CE, Palacios SA, Cendoya E, Sulyok M, Chulze SN, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov, a novel type A trichothecene-producing species from native grasses in a wetland ecosystem in Argentina. Mycologia 2021; 114:46-62. [PMID: 34871141 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1987102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Chaco wetland is among the most biologically diverse regions in Argentina. In collections of fungi from asymptomatic native grasses (Poaceae) from the wetlands, we identified isolates of Fusarium that were morphologically similar to F. armeniacum, but distinct from it by their production of abundant microconidia. All the isolates had identical, or nearly identical, partial sequences of TEF1 and RPB2. But they were distinct from reference sequences from F. armeniacum and Fusarium species closely related to it. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 full-length housekeeping gene sequences retrieved from whole genome sequences of three Chaco wetland isolates, 29 genes resolved the isolates as an exclusive clade within the F. sambucinum species complex. Based on results of the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we concluded that the Chaco wetland isolates are a distinct and novel species, herein described as Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov., which is closely related to F. armeniacum. F. chaquense in culture can produce the trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and monoacetoxyscirpenol, as well as beauvericin and the pigment aurofusarin. Genome sequence analysis also revealed the presence of three previously described loci required for trichothecene biosynthesis. This research represents the first study of Fusarium in a natural ecosystem in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Crystal E Probyn
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Sofía A Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Sofía N Chulze
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
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6
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Munkvold GP, Proctor RH, Moretti A. Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:373-402. [PMID: 34077240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world and arguably the world's most important mycotoxin-producing genus. Fusarium species produce a staggering array of toxic metabolites that contribute to plant disease and mycotoxicoses in humans and other animals. A thorough understanding of the mycotoxin potential of individual species is crucial for assessing the toxicological risks associated with Fusarium diseases. There are thousands of reports of mycotoxin production by various species, and there have been numerous attempts to summarize them. These efforts have been complicated by competing classification systems based on morphology, sexual compatibility, and phylogenetic relationships. The current depth of knowledge of Fusarium genomes and mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways provides insights into how mycotoxin production is distributedamong species and multispecies lineages (species complexes) in the genus as well as opportunities to clarify and predict mycotoxin risks connected with known and newly described species. Here, we summarize mycotoxin production in the genus Fusarium and how mycotoxin risk aligns with current phylogenetic species concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Laraba I, McCormick SP, Vaughan MM, Geiser DM, O’Donnell K. Phylogenetic diversity, trichothecene potential, and pathogenicity within Fusarium sambucinum species complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245037. [PMID: 33434214 PMCID: PMC7802971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC) is one of the most taxonomically challenging groups of fusaria, comprising prominent mycotoxigenic plant pathogens and other species with various lifestyles. Among toxins produced by members of the FSAMSC, trichothecenes pose the most significant threat to public health. Herein a global collection of 171 strains, originating from diverse hosts or substrates, were selected to represent FSAMSC diversity. This strain collection was used to assess their species diversity, evaluate their potential to produce trichothecenes, and cause disease on wheat. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of a combined 3-gene dataset used to infer evolutionary relationships revealed that the 171 strains originally received as 48 species represent 74 genealogically exclusive phylogenetically distinct species distributed among six strongly supported clades: Brachygibbosum, Graminearum, Longipes, Novel, Sambucinum, and Sporotrichioides. Most of the strains produced trichothecenes in vitro but varied in type, indicating that the six clades correspond to type A, type B, or both types of trichothecene-producing lineages. Furthermore, five strains representing two putative novel species within the Sambucinum Clade produced two newly discovered type A trichothecenes, 15-keto NX-2 and 15-keto NX-3. Strains of the two putatively novel species together with members of the Graminearum Clade were aggressive toward wheat when tested for pathogenicity on heads of the susceptible cultivar Apogee. In planta, the Graminearum Clade strains produced nivalenol or deoxynivalenol and the aggressive Sambucinum Clade strains synthesized NX-3 and 15-keto NX-3. Other strains within the Brachygibbosum, Longipes, Novel, Sambucinum, and Sporotrichioides Clades were nonpathogenic or could infect the inoculated floret without spreading within the head. Moreover, most of these strains did not produce any toxin in the inoculated spikelets. These data highlight aggressiveness toward wheat appears to be influenced by the type of toxin produced and that it is not limited to members of the Graminearum Clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Laraba
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit. 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit. 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Vaughan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit. 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - David M. Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States of America
| | - Kerry O’Donnell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit. 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL, United States of America
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8
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Iwase CHT, Piacentini KC, Giomo PP, Čumová M, Wawroszová S, Běláková S, Minella E, Rocha LO. Characterization of the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and detection of multiple mycotoxins in Brazilian barley samples. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109336. [PMID: 32846534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the fungal diversity in Brazilian barley samples, focusing on the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and the presence of multiple mycotoxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, and B1, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) B1 and B2, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, nivalenol (NIV) and ochratoxin A (OTA) from two different regions, São Paulo (SP) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC), with F. graminearum s.s. characterized as the major contaminant. F. meridionale and F. poae were the second most frequent fungi isolated from SP and RS, respectively. All of the F. graminearum s.s. isolates demonstrated 15-ADON genotype, whereas F. poae and F. meridionale were all NIV. The majority of the F. cortaderiae isolates were NIV, with only one 3-ADON genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that none of the samples were contaminated by aflatoxins, OTA, FB2 and type A trichothecenes, however, all of the samples were contaminated with at least one Fusarium toxin. Contamination by DON, ZEA, ENNB and ENNB1 levels were significantly higher in RS. Co-contamination of BEA, DON, ENNs, NIV and ZEA in 18.5% and 24.2% of the analyzed samples was observed, from SP and RS respectively. More than 20% of the samples from RS presented DON and ZEA levels above the regulations established by Europe and Brazil. The results provide further information on the FSAMSC from South America and detected multiple Fusarium toxins in barley samples. This highlights the importance for further studies on the possible interactions of these mycotoxins in order to determine potential risks to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H T Iwase
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Giomo
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Martina Čumová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Wawroszová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Malting Institute Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil.
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Pedroso Pereira LT, Putnik P, Tadashi Iwase CH, de Oliveira Rocha L. Deoxynivalenol: insights on genetics, analytical methods and occurrence. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Lombard L, van Doorn R, Crous PW. Neotypification of Fusarium chlamydosporum - a reappraisal of a clinically important species complex. Fungal Syst Evol 2019; 4:183-200. [PMID: 32467911 PMCID: PMC7241675 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium chlamydosporum represents a well-defined morpho-species of both phytopathological and clinical importance. Presently, five phylo-species lacking Latin binomials have been resolved in the F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC). Naming these phylo-species is complicated due to the lack of type material for F. chlamydosporum. Over the years a number of F. chlamydosporum isolates (which were formerly identified based on morphology only) have been accessioned in the culture collection of the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. The present study was undertaken to correctly identify these 'F. chlamydosporum' isolates based on multilocus phylogenetic inference supported by morphological characteristics. Closer scrutiny of the metadata associated with one of these isolates allowed us to propose a neotype for F. chlamydosporum. Phylogenetic inference revealed the presence of nine phylo-species within the FCSC in this study. Of these, eight could be provided with names supported by subtle morphological characters. In addition, a new species, as F. nodosum, is introduced in the F. sambucinum species complex and F. chlamydosporum var. fuscum is raised to species level, as F. coffeatum, in the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lombard
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85176, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R van Doorn
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85176, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85176, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.,Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Fusarium Mycotoxins Stability during the Malting and Brewing Processes. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050257. [PMID: 31067836 PMCID: PMC6563223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are widely studied by many research groups in all aspects, but the stability of these compounds needs further research for clarification. The objective of this study is to evaluate deoxynivalenol and zearalenone stability during all steps of the malting and brewing processes. The levels of these compounds decreased significantly during the production process (barley to beer). During the malting process, the DON levels decreased significantly in the steeping, germination, and malting steps (62%, 51.5%, and 68%, respectively). Considering ZEN, when the levels were compared between barley and the last step of the process, a significant decrease was observed. Most of the mycotoxins produced were transferred to the rootlets and spent grains, which is advantageous considering the final product. Furthermore, the mycotoxin dietary intake estimation was included in this study. The results proved that if the concentrations of target mycotoxins in raw material are under the limits established by the regulations, the levels decrease during the malting and brewing processes and make the beer secure for consumers. The quality of the five commodities involved in the beer process plays a decisive role in the creation of a safe final product.
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13
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Piacentini KC, Rocha LO, Savi GD, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Almeida FG, Minella E, Corrêa B. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in brewing barley grains from Brazil. Mycotoxin Res 2018. [PMID: 29524064 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop for food and represents one of the main ingredients in beer production. Considering the importance of barley and its derived products, the knowledge about the mycotoxin contamination in the barley production is essential in order to assess its safety. In this study, the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in brewing barley were determined using a LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted in 2015 to estimate the mycotoxin levels in these products (n = 76) from four crop regions in Brazil. The results showed high levels of DON and ZEN in the analyzed samples, with contamination levels of 94 and 73.6%, respectively. The mean levels of DON and ZEN ranged from 1700 to 7500 μg/kg and from 300 to 630 μg/kg, respectively. Barley samples from regions 1 and 2 presented higher levels of ZEN and DON, respectively, and those from region 4 presented lower levels of both. Co-occurrence of DON and ZEN was seen in the majority of the barley grain samples, and the mycotoxin content was above the maximum levels established by the Brazilian and European regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim C Piacentini
- Biotecnology Department, Biomedics Science Institute, ICB III, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - L O Rocha
- Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas, Av. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, Brazil
| | - G D Savi
- University of the Extreme Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitaria, 1105, Criciuma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L Carnielli-Queiroz
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - F G Almeida
- Facility Center for Research Biomedical Science Institute, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Minella
- Embrapa Trigo, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia BR-285, Km 294, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - B Corrêa
- Biotecnology Department, Biomedics Science Institute, ICB III, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.,Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Wetterhorn KM, Gabardi K, Michlmayr H, Malachova A, Busman M, McCormick SP, Berthiller F, Adam G, Rayment I. Determinants and Expansion of Specificity in a Trichothecene UDP-Glucosyltransferase from Oryza sativa. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6585-6596. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Wetterhorn
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Gabardi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Malachova
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse
20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin
Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin
Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse
20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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15
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Piacentini KC, Rocha LO, Fontes LC, Carnielli L, Reis TA, Corrêa B. Mycotoxin analysis of industrial beers from Brazil: The influence of fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol in beer quality. Food Chem 2016; 218:64-69. [PMID: 27719958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, barley is the main source of carbohydrate in the brewing process. However, corn is often used as an adjunct to improve and accelerate the fermentation process. Considering that, these two substrates are susceptible to fungal contamination as well as mycotoxins. The objective of the current study is to determine the incidence of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in industrial beers. The method applied for mycotoxin analyses included high performance liquid chromatography. The mean levels for recovery experiments were 89.6% for DON and 93.3% for FB1. DON was not detected in any of the analyzed samples whereas FB1 was found in 49% of the 114 samples. The current survey demonstrated levels of FB1 contamination in industrial beer, possibly due to the addition of contaminated adjuncts. It is necessary to establish maximum levels of mycotoxins in beer in Brazil and other countries in order to reduce health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim C Piacentini
- Biotecnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Lívia C Fontes
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Lorena Carnielli
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A Reis
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Biotecnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, Brazil; Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, Brazil
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16
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Heidtmann-Bemvenuti R, Tralamazza SM, Jorge Ferreira CF, Corrêa B, Badiale-Furlong E. Effect of natural compounds on Fusarium graminearum complex. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3998-4008. [PMID: 26699689 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. In this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. Their efficacy was compared to that of synthetic fungicides. The halo diameters were measured and the susceptible pathways were determined by the levels of structural compounds and activities of enzymes involved in the primary metabolism of the microorganisms. Moreover, mycotoxin production and gene expression were examined. RESULTS Phenolic extracts were more effective at inhibiting F. graminearum than was γ-oryzanol, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration. This work contributed to the elucidation of the mechanism of action of natural antifungal agents. CONCLUSION Natural antifungals effectively inhibited fungal growth, especially via the inactivation of the enzymatic systems of F. graminearum. Natural antifungals inhibited mycotoxin production by the fungi. A correlation between the levels of deoxynivalenol and the expression of Tri5 gene was observed, indicating that the natural compounds could be considered alternatives to synthetic antifungals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Heidtmann-Bemvenuti
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Food Science, Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Moser Tralamazza
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Corrêa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Food Science, Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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