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Puligedda RD, Al-Saleem FH, Wirblich C, Kattala CD, Jović M, Geiszler L, Devabhaktuni H, Feuerstein GZ, Schnell MJ, Sack M, Livornese LL, Dessain SK. A Strategy to Detect Emerging Non-Delta SARS-CoV-2 Variants with a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the N501 Spike Residue. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2092. [PMID: 34829439 PMCID: PMC8625484 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control SARS-CoV-2 have been challenged by the emergence of variant strains that have important implications for clinical and epidemiological decision making. Four variants of concern (VOCs) have been designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), namely, B.1.617.2 (delta), B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), and P.1 (gamma), although the last three have been downgraded to variants being monitored (VBMs). VOCs and VBMs have shown increased transmissibility and/or disease severity, resistance to convalescent SARS-CoV-2 immunity and antibody therapeutics, and the potential to evade diagnostic detection. Methods are needed for point-of-care (POC) testing to rapidly identify these variants, protect vulnerable populations, and improve surveillance. Antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are ideal for POC use, but Ag-RDTs that recognize specific variants have not yet been implemented. Here, we describe a mAb (2E8) that is specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N501 residue. The 2E8 mAb can distinguish the delta VOC from variants with the N501Y meta-signature, which is characterized by convergent mutations that contribute to increased virulence and evasion of host immunity. Among the N501Y-containing mutants formerly designated as VOCs (alpha, beta, and gamma), a previously described mAb, CB6, can distinguish beta from alpha and gamma. When used in a sandwich ELISA, these mAbs sort these important SARS-CoV-2 variants into three diagnostic categories, namely, (1) delta, (2) alpha or gamma, and (3) beta. As delta is currently the predominant variant globally, they will be useful for POC testing to identify N501Y meta-signature variants, protect individuals in high-risk settings, and help detect epidemiological shifts among SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Devudu Puligedda
- Center for Human Antibody Technology, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (R.D.P.); (F.H.A.-S.); (C.D.K.); (H.D.)
| | - Fetweh H. Al-Saleem
- Center for Human Antibody Technology, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (R.D.P.); (F.H.A.-S.); (C.D.K.); (H.D.)
| | - Cristoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (C.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Chandana Devi Kattala
- Center for Human Antibody Technology, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (R.D.P.); (F.H.A.-S.); (C.D.K.); (H.D.)
| | - Marko Jović
- Nicoya Lifesciences, Kitchener, ON N2G 2K4, Canada;
| | - Laura Geiszler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (L.G.); (L.L.L.J.)
| | - Himani Devabhaktuni
- Center for Human Antibody Technology, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (R.D.P.); (F.H.A.-S.); (C.D.K.); (H.D.)
| | | | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (C.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | | | - Lawrence L. Livornese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (L.G.); (L.L.L.J.)
| | - Scott K. Dessain
- Center for Human Antibody Technology, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; (R.D.P.); (F.H.A.-S.); (C.D.K.); (H.D.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (C.W.); (M.J.S.)
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Popoff MR. Antibodies and Vaccines against Botulinum Toxins: Available Measures and Novel Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090528. [PMID: 31547338 PMCID: PMC6783819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential bioterrosism agent, BoNT is characterized by a complex mode of action comprising: internalization, translocation and proteolytic cleavage of a substrate, which inhibits synaptic exocytotic transmitter release at neuro-muscular nerve endings leading to peripheral neuroparalysis of the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems. There are seven major serologically distinct toxinotypes (A-G) of BoNT which act on different substrates. Human botulism is generally caused by BoNT/A, B and E. Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as biological weapon, botulism remains a global public health concern. Vaccination against BoNT, although an effective strategy, remains undesirable due to the growing expectation around therapeutic use of BoNTs in various pathological conditions. This review focuses on the current approaches for botulism control by immunotherapy, highlighting the future challenges while the molecular underpinnings among subtypes variants and BoNT sequences found in non-clostridial species remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Lou J, Marks JD. Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs)-Antibody and Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120495. [PMID: 30486254 PMCID: PMC6315911 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Sharma R, Al-Saleem FH, Panzer J, Lee J, Puligedda RD, Felicori LF, Kattala CD, Rattelle AJ, Ippolito G, Cox RH, Lynch DR, Dessain SK. Monoclonal antibodies from a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:935-951. [PMID: 30128318 PMCID: PMC6093837 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis (ANRE) is a potentially lethal encephalitis attributed to autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR). We sought to clone and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an ANRE patient. Methods We used a hybridoma method to clone two IgG mAbs from a female patient with ANRE without teratoma, and characterized their binding activities on NMDAR‐transfected cell lines, cultured primary rat neurons, and mouse hippocampus. We also assessed their effects on voluntary locomotor activity in mice and binding to NMDAR in vivo. Results The mAbs are structurally distinct and arose from distinct B‐cell lineages. They recognize different epitopes on the GluN1 amino terminal domain (ATD), yet both require amino acids important for post‐translational modification. Both mAbs bind subsets of GluN1 on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The 5F5 mAb binds mouse brain hippocampal tissues, and the GluN1 recognized on cultured rat neurons was substantially extra‐synaptic. Antibody binding to primary hippocampal neurons induced receptor internalization. The NMDAR inhibitor MK‐801 inhibited internalization without preventing mAb binding; AP5 inhibited both mAb binding and internalization. Exposure of mice to the mAbs following permeabilization of the blood brain barrier increased voluntary wheel running activity, similar to low doses of the NMDAR inhibitor, MK‐801. Interpretation These mAbs recapitulate features demonstrated in previous studies of ANRE patient CSF, and exert effects on NMDAR in vitro and in vivo consistent with modulation of NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sharma
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | | | - Jessica Panzer
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Liza F Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Amy J Rattelle
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gregory Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | - Robert H Cox
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Scott K Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
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