1
|
Li N, Bowling J, de Hoog S, Aneke CI, Youn JH, Shahegh S, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Kanakry CG, Rodriguez Pena M, Ahmed SA, Al-Hatmi AMS, Tolooe A, Walther G, Kwon-Chung KJ, Kang Y, Lee HB, Seyedmousavi A. Mucor germinans, a novel dimorphic species resembling Paracoccidioides in a clinical sample: questions on ecological strategy. mBio 2024:e0014424. [PMID: 38953355 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00144-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimorphism is known among the etiologic agents of endemic mycoses as well as in filamentous Mucorales. Under appropriate thermal conditions, mononuclear yeast forms alternate with multi-nucleate hyphae. Here, we describe a dimorphic mucoralean fungus obtained from the sputum of a patient with Burkitt lymphoma and ongoing graft-versus-host reactions. The fungus is described as Mucor germinans sp. nov. Laboratory studies were performed to simulate temperature-dependent dimorphism, with two environmental strains Mucor circinelloides and Mucor kunryangriensis as controls. Both strains could be induced to form multinucleate arthrospores and subsequent yeast-like cells in vitro. Multilateral yeast cells emerge in all three Mucor species at elevated temperatures. This morphological transformation appears to occur at body temperature since the yeast-like cells were observed in the lungs of our immunocompromised patient. The microscopic appearance of the yeast-like cells in the clinical samples is easily confused with that of Paracoccidioides. The ecological role of yeast forms in Mucorales is discussed.IMPORTANCEMucormycosis is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible patients. Accurate diagnosis is required for timely clinical management since antifungal susceptibility differs between species. Irregular hyphal elements are usually taken as the hallmark of mucormycosis, but here, we show that some species may also produce yeast-like cells, potentially being mistaken for Candida or Paracoccidioides. We demonstrate that the dimorphic transition is common in Mucor species and can be driven by many factors. The multi-nucleate yeast-like cells provide an effective parameter to distinguish mucoralean infections from similar yeast-like species in clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Center for Expertise in Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bowling
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Center for Expertise in Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chioma I Aneke
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Youn
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sherin Shahegh
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Cuellar-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher G Kanakry
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Rodriguez Pena
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- RadboudUMC-CWZ Center for Expertise in Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ali Tolooe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Vet Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Grit Walther
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kyung J Kwon-Chung
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institution of One Health Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Amir Seyedmousavi
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Yin J, Bai M, Yang J, Jiang C, Yi X, Liu Y, Gao C. New Polyene Macrolide Compounds from Mangrove-Derived Strain Streptomyces hiroshimensis GXIMD 06359: Isolation, Antifungal Activity, and Mechanism against Talaromyces marneffei. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:38. [PMID: 38248663 PMCID: PMC10819995 DOI: 10.3390/md22010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mangrove-derived actinomycetes represent a rich source of novel bioactive natural products in drug discovery. In this study, four new polyene macrolide antibiotics antifungalmycin B-E (1-4), along with seven known analogs (5-11), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the mangrove strain Streptomyces hiroshimensis GXIMD 06359. All compounds from this strain were purified using semi-preparative HPLC and Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration while following an antifungal activity-guided fractionation. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques including UV, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR. These compounds exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against Talaromyces marneffei with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values being in the range of 2-128 μg/mL except compound 2. This is the first report of polyene derivatives produced by S. hiroshimensis as bioactive compounds against T. marneffei. In vitro studies showed that compound 1 exerted a significantly stronger antifungal activity against T. marneffei than other new compounds, and the antifungal mechanism of compound 1 may be related to the disrupted cell membrane, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in leakage of intracellular biological components, and subsequently, cell death. Taken together, this study provides a basis for compound 1 preventing and controlling talaromycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Jianglin Yin
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Meng Bai
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Xiangxi Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (M.B.); (J.Y.); (C.J.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan YP, Tsang CC, Chan KF, Fung SL, Kok KH, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Differential innate immune responses of human macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells against Talaromyces marneffei. mSphere 2023; 8:e0025822. [PMID: 37695039 PMCID: PMC10597461 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00258-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen endemic in Southeast Asia. As inhalation of airborne conidia is believed as the major infection route, airway epithelial cells followed by pulmonary macrophages are the first cell types which the fungus encounters inside the host. In this study, we established an in vitro infection model based on human peripheral blood-derived macrophages (hPBDMs) cultured with the supplementation of autologous plasma. Using this model, we determined the transcriptomic changes of hPBDMs in response to T. marneffei infection by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction as well as high-throughput RNA sequencing. Results showed that T. marneffei infection could activate hPBDMs to the M1-like phenotype and trigger a potent induction of chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine production as well as the expression of other immunoregulatory genes. In contrast to hPBDMs, there was no detectable innate cytokine response against T. marneffei in human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs). Using a green fluorescent protein-tagged T. marneffei strain and confocal microscopy, internalization of the fungus by hBECs was confirmed. Live cell imaging further demonstrated that the infected cells exhibited normal cellular physiology, especially that the process of cell division could be observed. Moreover, T. marneffei also survived better inside hBECs than hPBDMs. Our results illustrated a potential role of hBECs to serve as reservoir cells for T. marneffei to evade immunosurveillance by phagocytes, from which the fungus reactivates when the host immunity is weakened and causes infection. Such immunoevasion and reactivation may also help explain the long incubation period observed for talaromycosis, in particular the travel-related cases. IMPORTANCE Talaromyces marneffei is an important fungal pathogen especially in Southeast Asia. To understand the innate immune response to talaromycosis, a suitable infection model is needed. Here, we established an in vitro T. marneffei infection model using human peripheral blood-derived macrophages (hPBDMs). We then examined the transcriptomic changes of hPBDMs in response to T. marneffei infection with this model. We found that contact with T. marneffei could activate hPBDMs to the M1-like phenotype and induced mRNA expressions of five cytokines and eight immunoregulatory genes. Contrary to hPBDMs, such immunoresponse was not elicited in human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs), despite normal physiology observed in infected cells. We also found that infected hBECs did not eliminate T. marneffei as efficiently as hPBDMs. Our observation suggested that hBECs may potentially serve as reservoir cells for T. marneffei to evade immunosurveillance. When the host immunity deteriorates later, then the fungus reactivates and causes infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Pei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Homantin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Fai Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Leung Fung
- Tuberculosis and Chest Medicine Unit, Grantham Hospital, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K. P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang F, Han R, Chen S. An Overlooked and Underrated Endemic Mycosis-Talaromycosis and the Pathogenic Fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0005122. [PMID: 36648228 PMCID: PMC10035316 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00051-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromycosis is an invasive mycosis endemic in tropical and subtropical Asia and is caused by the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Approximately 17,300 cases of T. marneffei infection are diagnosed annually, and the reported mortality rate is extremely high (~1/3). Despite the devastating impact of talaromycosis on immunocompromised individuals, particularly HIV-positive persons, and the increase in reported occurrences in HIV-uninfected persons, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for talaromycosis have received far too little attention worldwide. In 2021, scientists living in countries where talaromycosis is endemic raised a global demand for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease. Therefore, T. marneffei and the infectious disease induced by this fungus must be treated with concern. T. marneffei is a thermally dimorphic saprophytic fungus with a complicated mycological growth process that may produce various cell types in its life cycle, including conidia, hyphae, and yeast, all of which are associated with its pathogenicity. However, understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of T. marneffei has been limited until recently. To achieve a holistic view of T. marneffei and talaromycosis, the current knowledge about talaromycosis and research breakthroughs regarding T. marneffei growth biology are discussed in this review, along with the interaction of the fungus with environmental stimuli and the host immune response to fungal infection. Importantly, the future research directions required for understanding this serious infection and its causative pathogenic fungus are also emphasized to identify solutions that will alleviate the suffering of susceptible individuals worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - RunHua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shi Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Höft MA, Duvenage L, Hoving JC. Key thermally dimorphic fungal pathogens: shaping host immunity. Open Biol 2022; 12:210219. [PMID: 35259948 PMCID: PMC8905152 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fungal pathogens from the environment is inevitable and with the number of at-risk populations increasing, the prevalence of invasive fungal infection is on the rise. An interesting group of fungal organisms known as thermally dimorphic fungi predominantly infects immunocompromised individuals. These potential pathogens are intriguing in that they survive in the environment in one form, mycelial phase, but when entering the host, they are triggered by the change in temperature to switch to a new pathogenic form. Considering the growing prevalence of infection and the need for improved diagnostic and treatment approaches, studies identifying key components of fungal recognition and the innate immune response to these pathogens will significantly contribute to our understanding of disease progression. This review focuses on key endemic dimorphic fungal pathogens that significantly contribute to disease, including Histoplasma, Coccidioides and Talaromyces species. We briefly describe their prevalence, route of infection and clinical presentation. Importantly, we have reviewed the major fungal cell wall components of these dimorphic fungi, the host pattern recognition receptors responsible for recognition and important innate immune responses supporting adaptive immunity and fungal clearance or the failure thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A. Höft
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Lucian Duvenage
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - J. Claire Hoving
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Tang H, Zhao W, Yang Y, Fan X, Zhan G, Li J, Sun S. Study of Dimorphism Transition Mechanism of Tremella fuciformis Based on Comparative Proteomics. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030242. [PMID: 35330244 PMCID: PMC8955754 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis is a dimorphic fungus that can undertake a reversible transition between yeast-like conidia and hyphal forms. The transformation mechanism and proteomic differences between these two forms have not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to explore the differential protein profiles of dikaryotic yeast-like conidia from fruiting bodies and mycelia (FBMds) and dikaryotic mycelia (DM) by synthetically applying high-resolution MS1-based quantitative data-independent acquisition (HRMS1-DIA) full proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) targeted proteomics. The results showed that a total of 5687 proteins were quantified, and 2220 of them (39.01%) showed more than a two-fold change in expression. The functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) confirmed that the DEPs were mainly located in the membrane and nucleus. The FBMds tended to express proteins involved in biosynthesis, metabolism, DNA replication and transcription, and DNA damage repair. At the same time, DM exhibited an increased expression of proteins involved in signal transduction mechanisms such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the Ras signaling pathway. Further, phosphorylation analysis confirmed the importance of the MAPK signaling pathway in T. fuciformis dimorphism, and comparative metabolism analysis demonstrated the metabolic difference between FBMds and DM. The information obtained in the present study will provide new insights into the difference between FBMds and DM and lay a foundation for further research on the dimorphism formation mechanism of T. fuciformis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Li
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.T.); (X.F.)
| | - Haohao Tang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.T.); (X.F.)
| | - Weichao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaolu Fan
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.T.); (X.F.)
| | - Guanping Zhan
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahuan Li
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shujing Sun
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen Q, Sheng L, Zhou J. HIV-negative case of Talaromyces marneffei pulmonary infection with a TSC2 mutation. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211016761. [PMID: 34057840 PMCID: PMC8753792 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei is a rare dimorphic pathogenic fungus that can induce severe infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, such infections have also been reported in non-HIV hosts. This current case report describes a very rare case of a T. marneffei pulmonary infection in an HIV-negative patient with a mutation in the tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 (TSC2) gene. A 24-year-old male patient presented with cough and expectoration for 6 months. Computed tomography showed multiple ground-glass opacities and cystic and cavitated lesions in both lungs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was performed to confirm T. marneffei pulmonary infection. The results were further verified using bronchoscopy specimen cultures. This was an HIV-negative patient without a travel history to endemic zones and his blood exon sequencing results showed a mutation in the TSC2 gene. To date, he has recovered well with voriconazole therapy. In summary, patients with TSC2 mutations that induce bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be potential hosts for T. marneffei. Early and timely diagnosis is important for improving prognosis. NGS plays a critical role in the diagnosis of T. marneffei pulmonary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingyan Sheng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He X, Liu D, Chen Q. Proteomic analysis on the regulation of DOPA-melanin synthesis in Talaromyces marneffei. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104701. [PMID: 33340654 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast form of T.marneffei can produce DOPA-melanin which perform an important role in the pathogen surviving in macrophage. So far, the proteomic associated with melanin synthesis remain unclearly in T.marneffei. METHODS The whole yeast cell proteins were extracted from T.marneffei cultured with or without l-DOPA. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, distinguished proteins were identified between T.marneffei cultured with or without l-DOPA. Furthermore, geldanamycin were used to assess the inhibition effect on T.marneffei melanin production in vitro. RESULTS 16 distinguished proteins were identified in DOPA-melanized yeast cells, as well as 15 triple-up-expressed proteins and 7 triple-down-expressed proteins in comparison with non DOPA-melanized yeast cells. Of note, proteins differentially expressed proteins were predominantly heat shock proteins. HSP90/60/70 genes expressions increased significantly demonstrated by q-RT-PCR, which was consistent with the proteomics changes. GO analysis showed that the majority of differentially expressed proteins including HSPs(especially HSP90) were found enriched in stress response, cellular process, protein folding, stimuli response and biological process. KEGG pathway analysis showed that proteins were enriched predominantly in phagosome. HSP90 inhibitor(Geldanamycin) inhibited the brown-black pigment production of T.marneffei yeast grown on brain heart infusion agar, as well as the inhibition effect was observed by transmission electron microscope. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrates that HSP90 palys an essential role in T.marneffei DOPA-melanin synthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue He
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital,Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Donghua Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital,Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment,Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Qicong Chen
- Institutes for Life Sciences School of Medicine South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Doilom M, Guo JW, Phookamsak R, Mortimer PE, Karunarathna SC, Dong W, Liao CF, Yan K, Pem D, Suwannarach N, Promputtha I, Lumyong S, Xu JC. Screening of Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi From Air and Soil in Yunnan, China: Four Novel Species in Aspergillus, Gongronella, Penicillium, and Talaromyces. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585215. [PMID: 33123114 PMCID: PMC7574596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) play an important role in increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus in soils for plants. Thirteen fungal strains, one collected from air and 12 from soil, were screened and described here in detail. These fungal strains were tested for their ability to solubilize tricalcium phosphate (TCP) on both solid and liquid Pikovskaya (PVK) media in vitro. The airborne fungal strain KUMCC 18-0196 (Aspergillus hydei sp. nov.) showed the most significant phosphate solubilizing activity on a solid PVK medium with the solubilization index (SI) (2.58 ± 0.04 cm) and the highest solubilized phosphates (1523.33 ± 47.87 μg/mL) on a liquid PVK medium. To the best of our knowledge, A. hydei sp. nov. is the first phosphate-solubilizing fungus reported from air. We also provide the identification especially for Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces, generally reported as PSF. It is important to not only screen for PSF but also identify species properly so that researchers have a clearer taxonomic picture for identifying potential taxa for future plant growth-promoting applications. Herein, A. hydei (section Nigri), Gongronella hydei, Penicillium soli (section Lanata-Divaricata) and Talaromyces yunnanensis (section Talaromyces) are fully described and introduced as new to science. These four new species are identified based on both morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses, including the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition method where necessary. Penicillium austrosinense is considered to be a synonym of P. guaibinense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkwan Doilom
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chun-Fang Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Dhandevi Pem
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Vries RP, Mäkelä MR. Genomic and Postgenomic Diversity of Fungal Plant Biomass Degradation Approaches. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:487-499. [PMID: 32396827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass degradation by fungi is a widely studied and applied field of science, due to its relevance for the global carbon cycle and many biotechnological applications. Before the genome era, many of the in-depth studies focused on a relatively small number of species, whereas now, many species can be addressed in detail, revealing the large variety in the approach used by fungi to degrade plant biomass. This variation is found at many levels and includes genomic adaptation to the preferred biomass component, but also different approaches to degrade this component by diverse sets of activities encoded in the genome. Even larger differences have been observed using transcriptome and proteome studies, even between closely related species, suggesting a high level of adaptation in individual species. A better understanding of the drivers of this diversity could be highly valuable in developing more efficient biotechnology approaches for the enzymatic conversion of plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pruksaphon K, Intaramat A, Ratanabanangkoon K, Nosanchuk JD, Vanittanakom N, Youngchim S. Diagnostic laboratory immunology for talaromycosis (penicilliosis): review from the bench-top techniques to the point-of-care testing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 96:114959. [PMID: 31836254 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that can cause disseminated infection in patients with secondary immunodeficiency syndrome, in particular in the setting of advanced HIV infection. The areas of highest incidence are in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Indian subcontinents. Talaromycosis (formerly penicilliosis) is identified as an AIDS-defining illness, and it has recently been recognized in non-HIV-associated patients with impaired cellular-mediated immunity. Microbiological culture is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of T. marneffei infection and usually requires up to 2-4 weeks for detectable growth to occur, which may result in a delay of appropriate treatment. Immunodiagnosis has become an alternative method for confirming talaromycosis. This article reviews various immunological tests for the diagnosis of talaromycosis, including a proposed novel rapid point-of-care assay using a new T. marneffei yeast phase-specific monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kritsada Pruksaphon
- Graduate program in Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Akarin Intaramat
- Translational Research Unit and Laboratory of Immunology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 102010, Thailand
| | - Kavi Ratanabanangkoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nongnuch Vanittanakom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tsang CC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Sixty Years from Segretain’s Description: What Have We Learned and Should Learn About the Basic Mycology of Talaromyces marneffei? Mycopathologia 2019; 184:721-729. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Chen Y, Huang A, Ao W, Wang Z, Yuan J, Song Q, Wei D, Ye H. Proteomic analysis of serum proteins from HIV/AIDS patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection by TMT labeling-based quantitative proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:40. [PMID: 30598657 PMCID: PMC6302400 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talaromyces marneffei (TM) is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause a fatal systemic mycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although global awareness regarding HIV/TM coinfection is increasing little is known about the mechanism that mediates the rapid progression to HIV/AIDS disease in coinfected individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum proteome of HIV/TM coinfected patients and to identify the associated protein biomarkers for TM in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS We systematically used multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in the serum samples from HIV/TM-coinfected patients. RESULTS Of a total data set that included 1099 identified proteins, approximately 86% of the identified proteins were quantified. Among them, 123 proteins were at least 1.5-fold up-or downregulated in the serum between HIV/TM-coinfected and HIV-mono-infected patients. Furthermore, our results indicate that two selected proteins (IL1RL1 and THBS1) are potential biomarkers for distinguishing HIV/TM-coinfected patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to provide a global proteomic profile of serum samples from HIV/TM-coinfected patients. Our data provide insights into the proteins that are involved as host response factors during infection. These data shed new light on the molecular mechanisms that are dysregulated and contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV/TM coinfection. IL1RL1 and THBS1 are promising diagnostic markers for HIV/TM-coinfected patients although further large-scale studies are needed. Thus, quantitative proteomic analysis revealed molecular differences between the HIV/TM-coinfected and HIV-mono-infected individuals, and might provide fundamental information for further detailed investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqiong Huang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Ao
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengwu Wang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yuan
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Song
- Shanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an, 710072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahai Wei
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan Road, Jiaxing, 314001 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsang CC, Tang JY, Lau SK, Woo PC. Taxonomy and evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces in the omics era - Past, present and future. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:197-210. [PMID: 30002790 PMCID: PMC6039702 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are diverse, phenotypically polythetic genera encompassing species important to the environment, economy, biotechnology and medicine, causing significant social impacts. Taxonomic studies on these fungi are essential since they could provide invaluable information on their evolutionary relationships and define criteria for species recognition. With the advancement of various biological, biochemical and computational technologies, different approaches have been adopted for the taxonomy of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces; for example, from traditional morphotyping, phenotyping to chemotyping (e.g. lipotyping, proteotypingand metabolotyping) and then mitogenotyping and/or phylotyping. Since different taxonomic approaches focus on different sets of characters of the organisms, various classification and identification schemes would result. In view of this, the consolidated species concept, which takes into account different types of characters, is recently accepted for taxonomic purposes and, together with the lately implemented 'One Fungus - One Name' policy, is expected to bring a more stable taxonomy for Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces, which could facilitate their evolutionary studies. The most significant taxonomic change for the three genera was the transfer of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to Talaromyces (e.g. the medically important thermally dimorphic 'P. marneffei' endemic in Southeast Asia is now named T. marneffei), leaving both Penicillium and Talaromyces as monophyletic genera. Several distantly related Aspergillus-like fungi were also segregated from Aspergillus, making this genus, containing members of both sexual and asexual morphs, monophyletic as well. In the current omics era, application of various state-of-the-art omics technologies is likely to provide comprehensive information on the evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces and a stable taxonomy will hopefully be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James Y.M. Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|