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Pernicová N, Urban O, Čáslavský J, Kolář T, Rybníček M, Sochová I, Peñuelas J, Bošeľa M, Trnka M. Impacts of elevated CO 2 levels and temperature on photosynthesis and stomatal closure along an altitudinal gradient are counteracted by the rising atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171173. [PMID: 38401718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of water use in plants, a critical ecophysiological parameter closely related to water and carbon cycles, is essential for understanding the interactions between plants and their environment. This study investigates the effects of ongoing climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration on intrinsic (stomata-based; iWUE) and evaporative (transpiration-based; eWUE) water use efficiency in oak trees along a naturally small altitudinal gradient (130-630 m a.s.l.) of Vihorlat Mountains (eastern Slovakia, Central Europe). To assess changes in iWUE and eWUE values over the past 60 years (1961-2020), stable carbon isotope ratios in latewood cellulose (δ13Ccell) of annually resolved tree rings were analyzed. Such an approach was sensitive enough to distinguish tree responses to growth environments at different altitudes. Our findings revealed a rising trend in iWUE, particularly in oak trees at low and middle altitudes. However, this increase was negligible at high altitudes. Warmer and drier conditions at lower altitudes likely led to significant stomatal closure and enhanced efficiency in photosynthetic CO2 uptake due to rising CO2 concentration. Conversely, the increasing intracellular-to-ambient CO2 ratio (Ci/Ca) at higher altitudes indicated lower efficiency in photosynthetic CO2 uptake. In contrast to iWUE, eWUE showed no increasing trends over the last 60 years. This suggests that the positive impacts of elevated CO2 concentrations and temperature on photosynthesis and stomatal closure are counteracted by the rising atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). These differences underscore the importance of the correct interpretation of stomata-based and transpiration-based WUEs and highlight the necessity of atmospheric VPD correction when applying tree-ring δ13C-derived WUE at ecosystem and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natálie Pernicová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University in Brno, Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Čáslavský
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University in Brno, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University in Brno, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Sochová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University in Brno, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michal Bošeľa
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, SK-960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel University in Brno, Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Chahal KS, Wachendorf EJ, Miles LA, Stallmann A, Lizotte EL, Mandujano M, Byrne J, Miles TD, Sakalidis ML. First report of Bretziella fagacearum infecting chestnut in Michigan. Plant Dis 2024. [PMID: 38411608 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-23-2267-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In the summer of 2021, a 20-year-old 'Colossal' (Castanea sativa × C. crenata hybrid) tree in a commercial chestnut orchard in northwest Michigan suddenly declined. Until 2023, an additional 26 adjacent trees declined, suggesting the occurrence of root-graft transmission of the pathogen. The initial wilting of leaves progressed to complete tree death in about 10 days. Symptoms included wilting, and bronzing, followed by tanning starting at leaf apex and margins, with significant defoliation. Sometimes black-to-brown streaks of discoloration appear in the sapwood, with no signs of mycelial mat production on dead trees. Branches from symptomatic trees in two different areas of the orchard were submitted to Plant and Pest Diagnostics at Michigan State University. Bretziella fagacearum (Bretz) Z.W. de Beer, Marinc., T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. was detected in both samples using nested PCR (Wu et al. 2011) and qPCR (Bourgault et al. 2022). The products of the nested PCR were sequenced (GenBank accession nos. OR522695-OR522696) and BLASTn search results showed 100% identity to an ex-type strain of B. fagacearum (MH865866). Surface-sterilized discolored sapwood chips were plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (aPDA). Bretziella fagacearum was consistently recovered; colony and endoconidia morphology aligned with the description of the pathogen (De Beer et al. 2017). A pure culture (BF277) was obtained for inoculation experiments. To confirm pathogenicity, 10 'Colossal' chestnut seedlings (average stem diameter of 9 mm) were inoculated in the greenhouse with a 14-day old culture of BF277. Using a conical drill bit, two 0.4 mm diameter holes were drilled, one was 5 cm above the soil line at a 45° angle and the other was on the opposite side of the stem at least 10 cm above the soil line. A 50-µl conidial suspension (1 × 107 conidia per ml) was applied and the holes were sealed with Parafilm. Five 'Colossal' seedlings were inoculated with sterile water. Leaf epinasty with bent petioles was observed 14 days later. Leaf wilting and necrosis similar to natural infection in the orchard were observed at 24 and 34 days after inoculation, respectively. Water-inoculated control plants showed no symptoms. Bretziella fagacearum was reisolated from symptomatic plants by surface sterilizing leaf petioles with 75% ethanol (30 s), followed by 10% (v/v) bleach (1 min), and two rinses with sterile deionized water (>1 min). Petiole pieces (~1 cm) were plated on aPDA. The pathogen was reisolated from six symptomatic plants and detected using qPCR in the remaining four seedlings. Bretziella fagacearum was not detected in control plants. The identity of the recovered fungus was confirmed following the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from extracted genomic DNA, as described in Chahal et al. 2022. The resulting PCR product was sequenced and assembled into a consensus sequence using Geneious Prime. The consensus sequence (accession no. OR515809) revealed 100% identity to the ex-type of B. fagacearum (KU042044). This is the first record of B. fagacearum infecting chestnut trees in Michigan. Previously, B. fagacearum has been reported infecting Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) in Missouri (Bretz and Long, 1950). Oak wilt is widely distributed in Michigan and is the predominant disease afflicting red oaks in the Midwestern U.S. Consequently, constant vigilance and monitoring are essential in chestnut orchards to promptly detect and effectively manage potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Singh Chahal
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , 1066 Bogue St Room A286, East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824;
| | - Ethan J Wachendorf
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Laura Avila Miles
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Plant & Pest Diagnostics, 578 Wilson Road, CIPS Room 114, EAST LANSING, Michigan, United States, 48824;
| | - Ava Stallmann
- Michigan State University, 3078, Department of Forestry, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Erin L Lizotte
- Michigan State University Extension, 138287, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Mario Mandujano
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Jan Byrne
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Michigan State University, 3078, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Monique L Sakalidis
- Michigan State University, 3078, Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences and Dept. of Forestry, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Library, 524278, Perth, Australia;
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Oliveira PA, Medeiros-Fonseca B, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Alvarado A, Pires MJ, Vala H, Barros AIRNA, Faustino-Rocha AI. Quercus spp. extract as a promising preventive or therapeutic strategy for cancer: A systematic review. Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:175. [PMID: 37539743 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acorns have traditionally been used in the human diet and for the treatment of specific diseases. Therefore, the present study performed a systematic review of studies which investigated the effects of Quercus spp. extracts in cancer prevention and treatment. A systematic literature search was performed for original records which addressed the anticancer effects of Quercus spp. extract in in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Body composition, food consumption, tumor development and/or toxicity were evaluated in in vivo studies, while cytotoxicity was evaluated in in vitro studies. Few studies and low sample sizes presented a challenge in the drawing of solid conclusions. Overall, the results suggested a positive impact of Quercus spp. extract, by reducing cancer development. Therefore, more studies with different cancer cell lines and animal models to address the efficacy of the acorn extracts in several types of cancer are required. Furthermore, the effects of acorn flour, incorporated in the diet, in an animal model of mammary cancer should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás‑os‑Montes and Alto Douro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Antonieta Alvarado
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás‑os‑Montes and Alto Douro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I R N A Barros
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‑Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, 5000‑801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Lovreškov L, Radojčić Redovniković I, Limić I, Potočić N, Seletković I, Marušić M, Jurinjak Tušek A, Jakovljević T, Butorac L. Are Foliar Nutrition Status and Indicators of Oxidative Stress Associated with Tree Defoliation of Four Mediterranean Forest Species? Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3484. [PMID: 36559596 PMCID: PMC9788295 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean forest ecosystems in Croatia are of very high significance because of the ecological functions they provide. This region is highly sensitive to abiotic stresses such as air pollution, high sunlight, and high temperatures alongside dry periods; therefore, it is important to monitor the state of these forest ecosystems and how they respond to these stresses. This study was conducted on trees in situ and focused on the four most important forest species in the Mediterranean region in Croatia: pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.), holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold.). Trees were selected and divided into two groups: trees with defoliation of >25% (defoliated) and trees with defoliation of ≤25% (undefoliated). Leaves and needles were collected from selected trees. Differences in chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, non-specific peroxidase), and nutrient content between the defoliated and undefoliated trees of the examined species were determined. The results showed that there were significant differences for all species between the defoliated and undefoliated trees for at least one of the examined parameters. A principal component analysis showed that the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase can be an indicator of oxidative stress caused by ozone. By using oxidative stress indicators, it is possible to determine whether the trees are under stress even before visual damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Lovreškov
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Limić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nenad Potočić
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | - Ivan Seletković
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | - Mia Marušić
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Jakovljević
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | - Lukrecija Butorac
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Zahoor B, Liu X, Ahmad B, Kumar L, Songer M. Impact of climate change on Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and its autumn diet in the northern highlands of Pakistan. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4294-4306. [PMID: 34101949 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20%-30% of plant and animal species are at risk of extinction by the end of the 21st century owing to climate change. Range shifts and range contractions in plant species will dramatically affect the distribution of animals relying on them for food and shelter. The negative impacts of climate change on forested landscapes of the northern highlands of Pakistan (NHP) could change the species composition and distribution. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), a forest-dwelling species, primarily depends on plants for foraging, and is assumed to be affected by climate change in NHP. Scat analyses and indigenous knowledge from Machiara National Park revealed the maximum consumption of Quercus species (natural food) and Zea mays (human grown food) by the Asiatic black bear in autumn season. We collected the occurrence data of the Asiatic black bear and its commonly used food (three Quercus spp.) in the NHP. We used the MaxEnt model to simulate current and future (in 2050 and 2070) distribution of the species under RCP4.5 (medium carbon emission scenario) and RCP8.5 (extreme carbon emission scenario). The results predict range reduction and extreme fragmentation in the habitats of all the Quercus spp. Besides, a dramatic decrease in the suitable (SH) and very highly suitable (HSH) habitats was predicted in the future. Range shift and range reduction of Quercus spp. may interrupt the denning chronology of Asiatic black bears, escalate the human-black bear conflicts and local extirpation of the species. Given the extent and magnitude of climate change, it will likely not be enough to focus solely on the conservation of the Asiatic black bear. We need more dynamic planning aiming at mitigating the effect of climate change in forested landscapes including the Quercus forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Zahoor
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Basharat Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Lalit Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Songer
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
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Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Talts E. CO 2 -responsiveness of leaf isoprene emission: Why do species differ? Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:3049-3063. [PMID: 34155641 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf isoprene emission rate, I, decreases with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration with major implications for global change. There is a significant interspecific variability in [CO2 ]-responsiveness of I, but the extent of this variation is unknown and its reasons are not understood. We hypothesized that the magnitude of emission reduction reflects the size and changeability of precursor pools responsible for isoprene emission (dimethylallyl diphosphate, DMADP and 2-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, MEcDP). Changes in I and intermediate pool sizes upon increase of [CO2 ] from 400 to 1500 μmol/mol were studied in nine woody species spanning boreal to tropical ecosystems. I varied 10-fold, total substrate pool size 37-fold and the ratio of DMADP/MEcDP pool sizes 57-fold. At higher [CO2 ], I was reduced on average by 65%, but [CO2 ]-responsiveness varied an order of magnitude across species. The increase in [CO2 ] resulted in concomitant reductions in both substrate pools. The variation in [CO2 ]-responsiveness across species scaled with the reduction in pool sizes, the substrate pool size supported and the share of DMADP in total substrate pool. This study highlights a major interspecific variation in [CO2 ]-responsiveness of isoprene emission and conclusively links this variation to interspecific variability in [CO2 ] effects on substrate availability and intermediate pool size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Frey B, Walthert L, Perez-Mon C, Stierli B, Köchli R, Dharmarajah A, Brunner I. Deep Soil Layers of Drought-Exposed Forests Harbor Poorly Known Bacterial and Fungal Communities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674160. [PMID: 34025630 PMCID: PMC8137989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of soil nutrients, because they act as decomposers or are mutualistic or antagonistic symbionts, thereby influencing plant growth and health. In the present study, we investigated the vertical distribution of the soil microbiome to a depth of 2 m in Swiss drought-exposed forests of European beech and oaks on calcareous bedrock. We aimed to disentangle the effects of soil depth, tree (beech, oak), and substrate (soil, roots) on microbial abundance, diversity, and community structure. With increasing soil depth, organic carbon, nitrogen, and clay content decreased significantly. Similarly, fine root biomass, microbial biomass (DNA content, fungal abundance), and microbial alpha-diversity decreased and were consequently significantly related to these physicochemical parameters. In contrast, bacterial abundance tended to increase with soil depth, and the bacteria to fungi ratio increased significantly with greater depth. Tree species was only significantly related to the fungal Shannon index but not to the bacterial Shannon index. Microbial community analyses revealed that bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly across the soil layers, more strongly for bacteria than for fungi. Both communities were also significantly affected by tree species and substrate. In deep soil layers, poorly known bacterial taxa from Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and GAL 15 were overrepresented. Furthermore, archaeal phyla such as Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were more abundant in subsoils than topsoils. Fungal taxa that were predominantly found in deep soil layers belong to the ectomycorrhizal Boletus luridus and Hydnum vesterholtii. Both taxa are reported for the first time in such deep soil layers. Saprotrophic fungal taxa predominantly recorded in deep soil layers were unknown species of Xylaria. Finally, our results show that the microbial community structure found in fine roots was well represented in the bulk soil. Overall, we recorded poorly known bacterial and archaeal phyla, as well as ectomycorrhizal fungi that were not previously known to colonize deep soil layers. Our study contributes to an integrated perspective on the vertical distribution of the soil microbiome at a fine spatial scale in drought-exposed forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Carla Perez-Mon
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Stierli
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Köchli
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Dharmarajah
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Jacques M, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Douma JC(B, Rigling D, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stancanelli G, Tramontini S, Gonthier P. Commodity risk assessment of oak logs with bark from the US for the oak wilt pathogen Bretziella fagacearum under an integrated systems approach. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06352. [PMID: 33363644 PMCID: PMC7754906 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission submitted to the EFSA Panel on Plant Health a Dossier by USDA proposing a systems approach to mitigate the risk of entry of Bretziella fagacearum to the EU when trading oak logs with bark from the USA. Due to the forthcoming ban of methyl bromide (MB), the Dossier indicates sulfuryl fluoride (SF) as the substitute fumigant for this commodity. After collecting additional evidence from USDA,EU NPPOs, external experts and the published literature, the Panel performed a quantitative assessment on the likelihood of pest freedom for B. fagacearum at the point of entry in the EU, comparing the proposed systems approach with those already implemented by Commission Decision 2005/359/EC. The Panel provided also a non-quantitative assessment for all risk reduction options (RROs) proposed to be undertaken in the EU, from the point of entry to processing at the sawmill. The quantitative assessment until the EU point of entry, based on experts' judgement, indicated that: i) the most effective import option remains the current one with MB (95% certainty that between 9,573 and 10,000 containers per 10,000 would be free of B. fagacearum), followed by that with SF (95% certainty that between 8,639 and 10,000 containers per 10,000 would be free of B. fagacearum) and, last, by the other existing option based on delivering white oak logs in certain periods of the year to certain regions of the EU without fumigation (95% certainty, between 7,803 and 10,000 containers per 10,000). RROs proposed to be undertaken in the EU are expected to further reduce the risk of establishment of B. fagacearum, should these RROs be regulated, correctly implemented and checked by NPPOs. A wood pathway analysis is needed to quantitatively assess the importance of each measure and to optimise regulatory actions and risk management efforts.
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Doilom M, Guo JW, Phookamsak R, Mortimer PE, Karunarathna SC, Dong W, Liao CF, Yan K, Pem D, Suwannarach N, Promputtha I, Lumyong S, Xu JC. Screening of Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi From Air and Soil in Yunnan, China: Four Novel Species in Aspergillus, Gongronella, Penicillium, and Talaromyces. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:585215. [PMID: 33123114 PMCID: PMC7574596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.585215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) play an important role in increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus in soils for plants. Thirteen fungal strains, one collected from air and 12 from soil, were screened and described here in detail. These fungal strains were tested for their ability to solubilize tricalcium phosphate (TCP) on both solid and liquid Pikovskaya (PVK) media in vitro. The airborne fungal strain KUMCC 18-0196 (Aspergillus hydei sp. nov.) showed the most significant phosphate solubilizing activity on a solid PVK medium with the solubilization index (SI) (2.58 ± 0.04 cm) and the highest solubilized phosphates (1523.33 ± 47.87 μg/mL) on a liquid PVK medium. To the best of our knowledge, A. hydei sp. nov. is the first phosphate-solubilizing fungus reported from air. We also provide the identification especially for Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces, generally reported as PSF. It is important to not only screen for PSF but also identify species properly so that researchers have a clearer taxonomic picture for identifying potential taxa for future plant growth-promoting applications. Herein, A. hydei (section Nigri), Gongronella hydei, Penicillium soli (section Lanata-Divaricata) and Talaromyces yunnanensis (section Talaromyces) are fully described and introduced as new to science. These four new species are identified based on both morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses, including the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition method where necessary. Penicillium austrosinense is considered to be a synonym of P. guaibinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkwan Doilom
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chun-Fang Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Dhandevi Pem
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
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10
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Varga A, Demeter L, Ulicsni V, Öllerer K, Biró M, Babai D, Molnár Z. Prohibited, but still present: local and traditional knowledge about the practice and impact of forest grazing by domestic livestock in Hungary. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2020; 16:51. [PMID: 32912227 PMCID: PMC7488016 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forests have been grazed for millennia. Around the world, forest grazing by livestock became a controversial management practice, gradually restricted in many countries over the past 250 years. This was also the case in most Central and Eastern European countries, including Hungary, where forest grazing was a legally prohibited activity between 1961 and 2017. Until the 2010s, ecologists and nature conservationists considered it merely as a historical form of forest use. As a result, there is little contemporary scientific information available about the impact of forest grazing on vegetation and the traditional ecological knowledge associated with it. Our aim was to explore and summarize this type of knowledge held by herders in Hungary. METHODS We interviewed 58 knowledgeable herders and participated in forest grazing activities in 43 study locations across the country. The results were analysed qualitatively. RESULTS We revealed a living ecological knowledge tradition and practice of forest grazing in native and non-native forest stands. The impact of livestock grazing on native and non-native forests is not considerably different, in the view of the herders. For both forest types, the greatest impact of grazing was the suppression of the shrub layer, while grazing also increased the dominance and palatability ("tameness") of the grasses. Livestock could cause significant damage to seedlings during forest grazing, but if done with care, grazing could also be an integral part of forestry management. CONCLUSIONS Sustainability of current forest grazing practices depends on the depth of local and traditional knowledge applied and herders' stewardship. We stress the importance of collaborating with holders of local and traditional knowledge in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of livestock grazing on vegetation in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Varga
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
- Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Leopoldstraße 11A, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - László Demeter
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
| | - Viktor Ulicsni
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
| | - Kinga Öllerer
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independenței 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marianna Biró
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
- Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Klebelsberg Kunó u. 3, Tihany, 8237 Hungary
| | - Dániel Babai
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Institute of Ethnology, Tóth Kálmán u. 4, Budapest, 1097 Hungary
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány út 2–4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
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11
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Scaramozzino PL, Di Giovanni F, Loni A, Gisondi S, Lucchi A, Cerretti P. Tachinid (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoids of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and other moths. Zookeys 2020; 934:111-140. [PMID: 32508497 PMCID: PMC7250938 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.934.50823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reports data on the biology of eleven species of tachinid flies collected in Italy and Spain on different host plants and emerged from different host larvae. An annotated list of the eleven species emerged from the collected lepidopterans is provided; information about distribution and biology are given as well as the description of their puparia. Two new parasitoid species of the European Grapevine Moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana were recorded: Clemelis massilia, whose host preferences were unknown so far, and Neoplectops pomonellae. A list of lepidopteran pest species with their associated plants and tachinid parasitoids is then given in order to highlight the relationships among the three components of the biocenosis (plant, herbivore and parasitoid). Eventually, due to the great economic importance of L. botrana in viticulture, a preliminary identification key to the puparia of its tachinid parasitoids is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Scaramozzino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, ItalyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Filippo Di Giovanni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, ItalyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Augusto Loni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, ItalyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Silvia Gisondi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, ItalySapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, DenmarkNatural History Museum of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, ItalyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, ItalySapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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12
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Wetherbee R, Birkemoe T, Skarpaas O, Sverdrup‐Thygeson A. Hollow oaks and beetle functional diversity: Significance of surroundings extends beyond taxonomy. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:819-831. [PMID: 32015846 PMCID: PMC6988526 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Veteran hollow oaks (Quercus spp.) are keystone structures hosting high insect diversity but are declining in numbers due to intensification of land use and the abandonment of traditional management. The loss of this vital habitat is resulting in a reduction of biodiversity, and this likely has consequences for ecosystem functioning, especially if functional diversity is reduced. A considerable amount of research has been done on predictors of beetle taxonomic diversity in veteran oaks, but predictors of functional diversity have remained largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to establish whether the features and surroundings of veteran oaks are related to functional diversity within three functional groups of beetles (decomposers, predators, and flower visitors) and determine whether species richness and functional diversity within the groups are dependent on the same predictors. Sampling was carried out intermittently between 2004 and 2011 on 61 veteran oaks in Southern Norway. Of the 876 beetle species that were collected, 359 were determined to be decomposers, 284 were predators, and 85 were flower visitors. Species richness and functional diversity in all groups were consistently higher in traps mounted on veteran oaks in forests than in open landscapes. However, additional predictors differed between groups, and for species richness and functional diversity. Decomposer species richness responded to tree vitality, while functional diversity responded to habitat connectivity, predator species richness responded to regrowth of shrubs while functional diversity responded to tree circumference, and flower visitor richness and functional diversity did not respond to any additional predictors. Previous studies have found that the features and surroundings of veteran oaks are important for conservation of taxonomic diversity, and the results from this study indicate that they are also important for functional diversity within multiple functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Wetherbee
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesAasNorway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesAasNorway
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)OsloNorway
| | - Anne Sverdrup‐Thygeson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesAasNorway
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13
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Wang R, Guerin-Laguette A, Butler R, Huang LL, Yu FQ. The European delicacy Tuber melanosporum forms mycorrhizae with some indigenous Chinese Quercus species and promotes growth of the oak seedlings. Mycorrhiza 2019; 29:649-661. [PMID: 31760479 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to test whether Tuber melanosporum and native Chinese oak species could form stable mycorrhizal symbioses. Six oak species were all either inoculated or not, with spores of the Périgord black truffle in the greenhouse. Ectomycorrhizal development was monitored for up to 32 months. Seedling growth was assessed 2 years after inoculation. From 6 months after inoculation, Tuber melanosporum ectomycorrhizae were successfully produced on five Quercus species endemic to China, as shown by morphological, anatomical, and molecular analyses. Quercus mongolica and Q. longispica showed high receptivity to mycorrhization by T. melanosporum. The symbioses obtained with these two species and with Quercus senescens were stable for at least 32 months. Averaged over all three oak species, mycorrhization by T. melanosporum significantly enhanced canopy diameter, number of leaves, and mean leaf dimension. In spring 2019, mycorrhization by T. melanosporum accelerated budbreak in Q. mongolica. Quercus fabrei and Q. variabilis formed ectomycorrhizae up to 9 months after inoculation but seedlings died 3 months later, probably because of damage by grazing insects. Quercus pseudosemecarpifolia failed to form ectomycorrhizae. Results suggest that T. melanosporum-mycorrhized Q. mongolica and Q. longispica seedlings could be tested for ascocarp production and increased performance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
- SWFU-KIB CAS Joint Institute for Applied Mycology, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Science, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand.
- Visiting Scientist, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Ruth Butler
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Lan-Lan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China
- SWFU-KIB CAS Joint Institute for Applied Mycology, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- SWFU-KIB CAS Joint Institute for Applied Mycology, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
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14
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Oney-Birol S, Fitz-Gibbon S, Chen JM, Gugger PF, Sork VL. Assessment of shared alleles in drought-associated candidate genes among southern California white oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus). BMC Genet 2018; 19:88. [PMID: 30285631 PMCID: PMC6167808 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybridization and introgression are common phenomena among oak species. These processes can be beneficial by introducing favorable genetic variants across species (adaptive introgression). Given that drought is an important stress, impacting physiological and morphological variation and limiting distributions, our goal was to identify drought-related genes that might exhibit patterns of introgression influenced by natural selection. Using RNAseq, we sequenced whole transcriptomes of 24 individuals from three oaks in southern California: (Quercus engelmannii, Quercus berberidifolia, Quercus cornelius-mulleri) and identified genetic variants to estimate admixture rates of all variants and those in drought genes. RESULTS We found 398,042 variants across all loci and 4352 variants in 139 drought candidate genes. STRUCTURE analysis of all variants revealed the majority of our samples were assignable to a single species, but with several highly admixed individuals. When using drought-associated variants, the same individuals exhibited less admixture and their allele frequencies were more polarized between Engelmann and scrub oaks than when using the total gene set. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that selection may act differently on functional genes, such as drought-associated genes, and point to candidate genes that are suggestive of divergent selection among species maintaining adaptive differences. For example, the drought genes that showed the strongest bias against engelmannii-fixed oak variants in scrub oaks were related to sugar transporter, coumarate-coA ligases, glutathione S-conjugation, and stress response. CONCLUSION This pilot study illustrates that whole transcriptomes of individuals will provide useful data for identifying functional genes that contribute to adaptive divergence among hybridizing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signem Oney-Birol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Sorel Fitz-Gibbon
- Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.,Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.,Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
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15
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Arias-Leclaire H, Bonal R, García-López D, Espelta JM. Role of seed size, phenology, oogenesis and host distribution in the specificity and genetic structure of seed weevils (Curculio spp.) in mixed forests. Integr Zool 2017; 13:267-279. [PMID: 29168606 PMCID: PMC6221125 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synchrony between seed growth and oogenesis is suggested to largely shape trophic breadth of seed‐feeding insects and ultimately to contribute to their co‐existence by means of resource partitioning or in the time when infestation occurs. Here we investigated: (i) the role of seed phenology and sexual maturation of females in the host specificity of seed‐feeding weevils (Curculio spp.) predating in hazel and oak mixed forests; and (ii) the consequences that trophic breadth and host distribution have in the genetic structure of the weevil populations. DNA analyses were used to establish unequivocally host specificity and to determine the population genetic structure. We identified 4 species with different specificity, namely Curculio nucum females matured earlier and infested a unique host (hazelnuts, Corylus avellana) while 3 species (Curculio venosus, Curculio glandium and Curculio elephas) predated upon the acorns of the 2 oaks (Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens). The high specificity of C. nucum coupled with a more discontinuous distribution of hazel trees resulted in a significant genetic structure among sites. In addition, the presence of an excess of local rare haplotypes indicated that C. nucum populations went through genetic expansion after recent bottlenecks. Conversely, these effects were not observed in the more generalist Curculio glandium predating upon oaks. Ultimately, co‐existence of weevil species in this multi‐host‐parasite system is influenced by both resource and time partitioning. To what extent the restriction in gene flow among C. nucum populations may have negative consequences for their persistence in a time of increasing disturbances (e.g. drought in Mediterranean areas) deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Arias-Leclaire
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.,Exact and Natural Sciences School, State Distance University of Costa Rica, UNED, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Raúl Bonal
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain.,DITEG Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Daniel García-López
- Zoology Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Espelta
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
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16
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Moradi A, Taheri Abkenar K, Afshar Mohammadian M, Shabanian N. Effects of dust on forest tree health in Zagros oak forests. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:549. [PMID: 28993926 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dust is one of the most devastating factors for the environment threatening all animal and plant species. In many regions, the ecological and economic impact of microdust on scarce species is critical. In the western region of Iran, the Zagros forests have been exposed to dust storms for many years. In this study, the effect of dust on oak trees, the most important trees of Zagros forests, is investigated. For this purpose, 3-year-old seedlings of three species of oak trees under natural conditions were exposed to dust during spring and summer months. Seedlings were divided into two groups; one group was assigned as dust treatment and the other as control that the control group washed regularly to remove dust. Anatomical characteristics of leaves and dust deposits on leaves during the study period were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The rate of photosynthesis and gas exchange in control and treated plants was examined by IRGA, LCI. SEM images showed that stomata structure, trichome density, and epicuticular waxes of leaves are different in all three species. This difference in micromorphology of species influences the effects of dust deposited on the leaves. A comparison of leaf species images in control and dust treatment showed that in dust treatment the percentage of stomata blocked by dust in three species (per unit area) of Quercus infectoria, Q. libni, and Q. brantii were 61/6, 48/4, and 38/1%, respectively. The results of leaf gas exchange investigation indicated that stomatal occlusion by dust had a negative impact on the examined parameters of three oak species (P ≤ 0.01). Thus, gas exchange and photosynthetic rates of the treated species were significantly reduced. The results of both parts of the study showed the vulnerability of the three species to dust as Q. infectoria > Q. libni > Q. brantii. Therefore, based on these findings, dust can disrupt the physiological activities of the studied species and the continuation of the exposure to dust will accelerate the process of destruction of these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moradi
- College of Natural Resources, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran.
| | | | | | - N Shabanian
- Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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17
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Akcan T, Gökçe R, Asensio M, Estévez M, Morcuende D. Acorn ( Quercus spp.) as a novel source of oleic acid and tocopherols for livestock and humans: discrimination of selected species from Mediterranean forest. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 54:3050-3057. [PMID: 28974789 PMCID: PMC5602967 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to characterization and compare acorns from selected Quercus spp. from the Mediterranean forest in Spain, namely, Portuguese oak (QF, Quercus faginea Lam.), Cork oak (QS, Quercus suber L.), Pyrenean oak (QP, Quercus pyrenaica Wild), Kermes oak (QC, Quercus coccifera L.), Holm oak (QB, Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.]). All physicochemical attributes varied significantly between species. Fat contents ranged from 1.30 to 4.70 g 100 g-1 fresh matter. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic (62.44, 56.25, 57.46, 48.02, 65.83%), followed by linoleic (16.42, 20.73, 21.30, 25.38, 14.17%) and palmitic (11.69, 14.27, 12.17, 16.22, 12.28) acids in QF, QS, QP, QC and QB species, respectively. The tocopherol content was high in the range of 31.83-45.25 mg kg-1, and γ-tocopherol constituted 67-78% of total tocopherols. Only an effect of the location on γ-tocopherol content in QB was observed. The present results show the potential of different species of acorn to be used as agricultural and food resources and that geographical location plays a secondary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Akcan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - R. Gökçe
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - M. Asensio
- SIPA, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - M. Estévez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - D. Morcuende
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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18
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Di Paola A, Paquette A, Trabucco A, Mereu S, Valentini R, Paparella F. Coexistence trend contingent to Mediterranean oaks with different leaf habits. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3006-3015. [PMID: 28480000 PMCID: PMC5415544 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous work we developed a mathematical model to explain the co-occurrence of evergreen and deciduous oak groups in the Mediterranean region, regarded as one of the distinctive features of Mediterranean biodiversity. The mathematical analysis showed that a stabilizing mechanism resulting from niche difference (i.e. different water use and water stress tolerance) between groups allows their coexistence at intermediate values of suitable soil water content. A simple formal derivation of the model expresses this hypothesis in a testable form linked uniquely to the actual evapotranspiration of forests community. In the present work we ascertain whether this simplified conclusion possesses some degree of explanatory power by comparing available data on oaks distributions and remotely sensed evapotranspiration (MODIS product) in a large-scale survey embracing the western Mediterranean area. Our findings confirmed the basic assumptions of model addressed on large scale, but also revealed asymmetric responses to water use and water stress tolerance between evergreen and deciduous oaks that should be taken into account to increase the understating of species interactions and, ultimately, improve the modeling capacity to explain co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Paola
- IAFES DivisionEuro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)ViterboItaly
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR)Université du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Antonio Trabucco
- IAFES DivisionEuro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)SassariItaly
| | - Simone Mereu
- IAFES DivisionEuro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)SassariItaly
- Department of Science for Nature and Environment Resources (DipNET)University of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- Department for Innovation in BiologicalAgro‐Food and Forest SystemsUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
- Strategic Council MemberEuro‐Mediterranean Center for Climate Change (CMMC)ViterboItaly
| | - Francesco Paparella
- Division of SciencesNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Mathematics, University of SalentoLecceItaly
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19
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Shi X, Wang S, Sun H, Chen Y, Wang D, Pan H, Zou Y, Liu J, Zheng L, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Comparative of Quercus spp. and Salix spp. for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:3400-3411. [PMID: 27866363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using tree seedlings for the phytoremediation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. Seedlings of three Quercus spp. (Q. shumardii, Q. phellos, and Q. virginiana) and rooted cuttings of two Salix spp. (S. matsudana and S. integra) were transplanted into pots containing 50 and 100 % Pb/Zn mine tailings to evaluate their tolerance of heavy metals. The five species showed different tolerance levels to the Pb/Zn tailings treatments. Q. virginiana was highly tolerant to heavy metals and grew normally in the Pb/Zn tailings. The root systems showed marked differences between the Quercus spp. and Salix spp., indicating that different mechanisms operated to confer tolerance of heavy metals. The maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry value of the five species showed no differences among the treatments, except for Q. shumardii. All species showed low metal translocation factors (TFs). However, S. integra had significantly higher TF values for Zn (1.42-2.18) and cadmium (1.03-1.45) than did the other species. In this respect, Q. virginiana showed the highest tolerance and a low TF, implying that it is a candidate for phytostabilization of mine tailings in southern China. S. integra may be useful for phytoextraction of tailings in temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shi
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Haijing Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yitai Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Forestry College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010019, China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yazhu Zou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Linyu Zheng
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiulian Zhao
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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20
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Vanoni M, Bugmann H, Nötzli M, Bigler C. Quantifying the effects of drought on abrupt growth decreases of major tree species in Switzerland. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3555-3570. [PMID: 28725350 PMCID: PMC5513292 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought entails important effects on tree physiology, which may result in short‐ to long‐term radial growth decreases. While the majority of studies have focused on annual drought‐related variability of growth, relatively little is known about sustained growth decreases following drought years. We apply a statistical framework to identify climatic factors that induce abrupt growth decreases and may eventually result in tree mortality. We used tree‐ring data from almost 500 standing dead trees and 200 living trees in eight sites of the Swiss network of strict forest reserves, including four of the most important Central European tree species (Abies alba, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp.). First, to assess short‐term growth responses to drought under various climate and site conditions, we calculated correlations and linear mixed‐effects models between ring‐width indices (RWIs) and drought based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Second, to quantify drought effects on abrupt growth decreases, we applied distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs), which account for both delayed effects and the nonlinear relationship between the SPEI and the occurrence of abrupt growth decreases. Positive correlations between RWIs and the SPEI indicated short‐term growth responses of all species, particularly at arid sites. Results of the DLNMs revealed species‐specific growth responses to drought. For Quercus spp., abrupt growth decreases were more likely to occur several years following severe drought, whereas for P. abies, A. alba, and F. sylvatica abrupt growth decreases started frequently immediately in the drought year. We conclude that the statistical framework allows for quantifying the effects of drought intensity on the probability of abrupt growth decreases, which ultimately contributes to an improved understanding of climate impacts on forest community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vanoni
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Nötzli
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
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21
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Guiomar N, Godinho S, Fernandes PM, Machado R, Neves N, Fernandes JP. Wildfire patterns and landscape changes in Mediterranean oak woodlands. Sci Total Environ 2015; 536:338-352. [PMID: 26232754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fire is infrequent in the oak woodlands of southern Portugal (montado) but large and severe fires affected these agro-forestry systems in 2003-2005. We hypothesised transition from forest to shrubland as a fire-driven process and investigated the links between fire incidence and montado change to other land cover types, particularly those related with the presence of pioneer communities (generically designed in this context as "transitions to early-successional communities"). We present a landscape-scale framework for assessing the probability of transition from montado to pioneer communities, considering three sets of explanatory variables: montado patterns in 1990 and prior changes from montado to early-successional communities (occurred between 1960 and 1990), fire patterns, and spatial factors. These three sets of factors captured 78.2% of the observed variability in the transitions from montado to pioneer vegetation. The contributions of fire patterns and spatial factors were high, respectively 60.6% and 43.4%, the influence of montado patterns and former changes in montado being lower (34.4%). The highest amount of explained variation in the occurrence of transitions from montado to early-successional communities was related to the pure effect of fire patterns (19.9%). Low spatial connectedness in montado landscape can increase vulnerability to changes, namely to pioneer vegetation, but the observed changes were mostly explained by fire characteristics and spatial factors. Among all metrics used to characterize fire patterns and extent, effective mesh size provided the best modelling results. Transitions from montado to pioneer communities are more likely in the presence of high values of the effective mesh size of total burned area. This cross-boundary metric is an indicator of the influence of large fires in the distribution of the identified transitions and, therefore, we conclude that the occurrence of large fires in montado increases its probability of transition to shrubland.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guiomar
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apt. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Colégio Luis António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - S Godinho
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apt. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Colégio Luis António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - P M Fernandes
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CEABN InBio, Center for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves", Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - R Machado
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apt. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Colégio Luis António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - N Neves
- Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Colégio Luis António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; e-GEO, Research Centre for Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, New University of Lisbon, Avenida de Berna, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J P Fernandes
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apt. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Colégio Luis António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
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22
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Toti L, Viret O, Chapela IH, Petrini O. Differential attachment by conidia of the endophyte, Discula umbrinella (Berk. & Br.) Morelet, to host and non-host surfaces. New Phytol 1992; 121:469-475. [PMID: 33874149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb02947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Differential attachment of conidia to leaves of different species (host and non-host) has been observed in the endophytic fungus, Discula umbrinella (Berk. & Br.) Morelet, a deuteromycete known to cause occasional epidemics of anthracnose in beech stands. On beech leaves, attachment gradually increased over 24 h and reached a maximum after 16-24 h; there were small differences in attachment between conidia suspended in water and those in HEPES buffer. The range of variation of results obtained with conidia suspended in HEPES was smaller but the adhesion was clearly enhanced. The adhesion of conidia to the host surface was highest at pH 5, and decreased with increasing pH. Heat and chemical treatments significantly reduced attachment. Two factors (or groups of factors) are likely to be involved in the recognition process. The first is heat-labile, the second one could be a non-protein molecule present on the conidial surface and actively recognized by the host. The physiological similarity between endophytes and other symbionts is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toti
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Viret
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - I H Chapela
- SANDOZ AGRO, Ltd., Crop Protection Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - O Petrini
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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