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Rupprecht CE, Buchanan T, Cliquet F, King R, Müller T, Yakobson B, Yang DK. A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:241-284. [PMID: 38381612 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America. Although rabies is not a candidate for eradication, over a billion doses of vaccine-laden baits distributed strategically by hand, at baiting stations, or via aircraft, resulted in widespread disease prevention, control, or local disease elimination among mesocarnivores. Pure, potent, safe, and efficacious vaccines consisted of either modified-live, highly attenuated, or recombinant viruses contained within attractive, edible baits. Since the late 1970s, major free-ranging target species have included coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Operational progress has occurred in all but the latter species. Programmatic evaluations of oral rabies vaccination success have included: demonstration of biomarkers incorporated within vaccine-laden baits in target species as representative of bait contact; serological measurement of the induction of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, indicative of an immune response to vaccine; and most importantly, the decreasing detection of rabies virus antigens in the brains of collected animals via enhanced laboratory-based surveillance, as evidence of management impact. Although often conceived mistakenly as a panacea, such cost-effective technology applied to free-ranging wildlife represents a real-world, One Health application benefiting agriculture, conservation biology, and public health. Based upon lessons learned with oral rabies vaccination of mesocarnivores, opportunities for future extension to other taxa and additional diseases will have far-reaching, transdisciplinary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Tore Buchanan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L1Z8, Canada
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009 Malzeville, France
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Derech HaMaccabim 62, Rishon Lezion, 50250, Israel
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
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Beasley EM, Nelson KM, Slate D, Gilbert AT, Pogmore FE, Chipman RB, Davis AJ. Oral Rabies Vaccination of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) across a Development Intensity Gradient in Burlington, Vermont, USA, 2015-2017. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:1-13. [PMID: 37972639 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Management of the raccoon rabies virus variant in North America is conducted primarily using oral rabies vaccination (ORV). When a sufficient proportion of the population is vaccinated (∼60%), rabies transmission can be eliminated. To date, ORV programs have successfully controlled and eliminated raccoon rabies in rural areas, but there has been less success in urban areas. We studied the proportions of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in a raccoon (Procyon lotor) population during a 3-yr ORV trial in developed areas of Burlington, Vermont, US. We used a modified N-mixture model to estimate raccoon abundance, RVNA seroprevalence, and capture rates jointly to examine factors that relate to ORV success to better inform management. We found that raccoon abundance was lower in less-developed areas compared to urban centers. Raccoon RVNA seroprevalence decreased as population abundance increased; it increased as the average age of the population increased. Nontarget opossum (Didelphis virginiana) captures correlated with a decrease in raccoon RVNA seroprevalence in low-development areas, suggesting that they may be competing for baits. The target bait density across the entire study area was 150 baits/km2, but a hand baiting strategy was heavily concentrated on roads, resulting in uneven bait densities within sampling sites (0-484 baits/km2). Uneven bait distribution across the study area may explain low RVNA seroprevalence in some locations. Our results suggest that increases in bait density across the study area may improve RVNA seroprevalence and support annual ORV to account for raccoon population turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Beasley
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
- Current affiliation: Université de Montréal, Département de Sciences Biologiques, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kathleen M Nelson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Dennis Slate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
- Current affiliation: Chippewa Bay Wildlife Art and Science LLC, 1132 County Road 6, Hammond, New York 13646, USA
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Frederick E Pogmore
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 617 Comstock Road, Suite 9, Berlin, Vermont 05602, USA
| | - Richard B Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Amy J Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
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Cardia Caserta L, Mansano do Nascimento G, Joshi LR, Mausbach Simão R, Miller ME, Nunes Felippe PA, Diel DG, Weis Arns C. Bacterial and Viral Diversity of Didelphid Opossums from Brazil. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:362-369. [PMID: 38091183 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Marsupials belonging to the Didelphis genus are widely distributed in the American Continent, and Didelphis albiventris and Didelphis aurita, are common in all of their areas of distribution in Brazil. Here we describe the bacterial and viral diversity of samples from opossums captured in three forest fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Microbiomes from the same body site were more similar across species and sampling sites while oral swabs presented higher bacterial diversity than rectal swabs. We also identified sequences related to bacterial species involved in zoonotic diseases. The detection of pathogens in such abundant mammal species warns for the possibility of emergence in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cardia Caserta
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lok Raj Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Raphael Mausbach Simão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael E Miller
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Nunes Felippe
- Departamento de Proteção e Bem-Estar Animal - Prefeitura de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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ORAL RABIES VACCINATION STRATEGIES TOWARD RACCOON (PROCYON LOTOR) RABIES ELIMINATION ON SUBURBAN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:132-144. [PMID: 33635968 DOI: 10.7589/2018-02-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1.86 million baits containing a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine were distributed with helicopters, vehicles, and bait stations during 2006-10. A bait density of 250 baits/km2 effectively controlled rabies cases in enzootic and preepizootic areas. However, a cluster of 11 rabid raccoons at the eastern edge of infection resulted in the initiation of semiannual, high-density (500 baits/km2) vaccination campaigns in approximately 20% of the oral rabies vaccination zone during July and September (2007-09). Bait success (i.e., chewed sachets or removed baits) at bait stations was negatively associated with station distances from water. Conversely, bait success improved with increasing distances from roads. Bait stations deployed significantly more baits in developed open space when compared to low- and medium- to high-intensity developed areas. However, a difference was not detected between developed open space and forest habitats. Rabies was confined to 86 raccoons within 317 km2 (10%) of a 3,133 km2 suburban landscape, with a disproportionate number of rabid raccoons (n=74) in developed areas, when compared to 10 cases in forest-wetland habitats. Two rabid raccoons did not fall within either general land-use classification. Rabies advanced 15.1 km eastward at a rate of 6.4 km/yr during a 28-mo interval (2004-06).
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Chen R, Little R, Mihaylova L, Delahay R, Cox R. Wildlife surveillance using deep learning methods. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9453-9466. [PMID: 31534668 PMCID: PMC6745675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife conservation and the management of human-wildlife conflicts require cost-effective methods of monitoring wild animal behavior. Still and video camera surveillance can generate enormous quantities of data, which is laborious and expensive to screen for the species of interest. In the present study, we describe a state-of-the-art, deep learning approach for automatically identifying and isolating species-specific activity from still images and video data.We used a dataset consisting of 8,368 images of wild and domestic animals in farm buildings, and we developed an approach firstly to distinguish badgers from other species (binary classification) and secondly to distinguish each of six animal species (multiclassification). We focused on binary classification of badgers first because such a tool would be relevant to efforts to manage Mycobacterium bovis (the cause of bovine tuberculosis) transmission between badgers and cattle.We used two deep learning frameworks for automatic image recognition. They achieved high accuracies, in the order of 98.05% for binary classification and 90.32% for multiclassification. Based on the deep learning framework, a detection process was also developed for identifying animals of interest in video footage, which to our knowledge is the first application for this purpose.The algorithms developed here have wide applications in wildlife monitoring where large quantities of visual data require screening for certain species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Chen
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Ruth Little
- Department of GeographyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Lyudmila Mihaylova
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Richard Delahay
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal and Plant Health AgencyGloucestershireUK
| | - Ruth Cox
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal and Plant Health AgencyGloucestershireUK
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Rupprecht CE, Dietzschold B. Special Issue: Rabies Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E59. [PMID: 30270916 PMCID: PMC6082069 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis found throughout the world. Despite being one of the oldest recognized pathogens, its impact remains substantial in public health, veterinary medicine, and conservation biology.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Dietzschold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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