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Dee DP, Lam G, Edielu A, Anguajibi V, Webb EL, Wamboko A, Mawa PA, Friedman JF, Simpson H, Bustinduy AL. A cross-sectional pilot household study of Schistosoma mansoni burden and associated morbidities in Lake Albert, Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:334-342. [PMID: 38356464 PMCID: PMC10984764 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schistosomiasis is persistent in Lake Albert, Uganda, but local data are limited. This study aims to describe the local burden of moderate-to-heavy infection and associated morbidity in all ages and identify factors associated with these outcomes to guide further research. METHODS This cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in July-August, 2022 in four village sites (Walukuba, Rwentale, Kyabarangwa and Runga) of the Praziquantel in Preschoolers (PIP) trial. Residents (approximately four per household) of any age of households of PIP participants were eligible, but individuals <10 years were only enrolled if no older individuals were available. Socio-demographic information, household location, single stool Kato-Katz and hepatic ultrasound results were obtained for a convenience sampled subset of trial households. The primary outcome, moderate-to-heavy infection (≥100 eggs per gram of faeces), was analysed using mixed-effects logistic regression, with a household random effect. Univariate analyses were used for the secondary outcome, periportal fibrosis (Niamey protocol ultrasound image pattern C-F). RESULTS Of 243 participants with a median age of 22 (interquartile range 12-33) years from 66 households, 49.8% (103/207 with a Kato-Katz result) had moderate-to-heavy infection and 11.2% (25/224 with ultrasound data) had periportal fibrosis. Moderate-to-heavy infection clustered by household (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.11) and, in multivariable analysis, varied by village (Walukuba vs. Kyabarangwa adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.71), was highest in participants aged 10-15 years (vs. 5-9 years aOR 6.14, 95% CI 1.61-23.38) and lower in those reporting praziquantel treatment in the past year (aOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18-0.88). CONCLUSIONS In this setting, schistosome infection and morbidity are pervasive in all age groups. More intensive interventions are needed, for example more frequent praziquantel treatment, under investigation in the PIP trial and improved water and sanitation. More research is needed to understand local treatment barriers and optimal control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Dee
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Germain Lam
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Edielu
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Emily L Webb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrice A Mawa
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Hope Simpson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Pach S, Webb EL, Edielu A, Nagawa R, Anguajibi V, Mpooya S, Wu H, Colt S, Mawa P, Richter J, Friedman JF, Bustinduy AL. Baseline Liver Ultrasound Findings in Preschool Children From the Praziquantel in Preschoolers Trial in Lake Albert, Uganda. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:14-20. [PMID: 37922490 PMCID: PMC10842963 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periportal fibrosis is a late-stage manifestation of chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni . Praziquantel (PZQ), the only drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis, has limited effect in treating established morbidity. Preschool-age children (PSAC) are not considered to be an at-risk population for severe morbidity. However, the prevalence of periportal fibrosis in PSAC in S. mansoni endemic settings is unknown. METHODS As part of a phase II clinical trial comparing different dosing regimens of PZQ in children age 12-47 months infected with S. mansoni in Uganda ("praziquantel in preschoolers" trial), we present baseline results assessing liver ultrasound (US) findings as per the WHO Niamey Protocol. RESULTS A total of 7/347 (2%) PSAC had Image Pattern C with pipe stems and echogenic rings suggestive of periportal fibrosis, 29/347 (8%) had Image Pattern B and 58 (17%) had evidence of periportal thickening There were higher adjusted odds of periportal thickening with older age [odds ratio (OR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.07], primary maternal education (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.07) and being taken to the lake weekly (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.19-7.63). A further 44/347 children (13%) had a rounded caudal liver edge which was associated with high S. mansoni infection intensity (adjusted OR: 3.31; 95% CI: 1.46-7.51). CONCLUSIONS Incipient schistosomiasis-related liver morbidity was detected in young children enrolled in the praziquantel in preschoolers trial. Adequate age-adjusted reference measurements for liver ultrasound findings in very small children are lacking but urgently needed. Schistosomiasis-related fibrosis may be delayed or averted with early and repeated PZQ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Edielu
- From the Department of Clinical Research
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Roy Nagawa
- J.B International Medical Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Hannah Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Susannah Colt
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Patrice Mawa
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Richter
- Global Health Center, Institute of International Health, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Free and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basle, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Njikho SL, Quan VC, Mbonane TP, Van Wyk RH. Evaluating the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis Amongst School-Aged Children in Low- and Middle-Income Communities: Ehlanzeni District Municipality, South Africa, 2015-2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:522. [PMID: 38133454 PMCID: PMC10748275 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and identify risk factors of schistosomiasis among school-aged children in low- and middle-income communities. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to review patient records of school-age children. Data on gender, age, sub-district, area residing in, patient status, history of bilharzia, presence of blood in the urine, and schistosomiasis diagnoses were collected. The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Logistic regression was employed to determine the factors associated with schistosomiasis. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis in the study population was 75%, with higher prevalence observed among male children (89%), children aged between 10 and 14 years (59%), urban areas (51%), and rural-dominated districts, particularly Bushbuckridge (42%) and City of Mbombela (51%). Age, especially 10-14 years old (p ˂ 0.01; 95%CI: 1.98-2.29), a history of bilharzia (p = 0.01; 95%CI: 1.15-1.96), and the presence of blood in urine (p ˂ 0.01; 95%CI: 2.02-2.40) were significantly associated with schistosomiasis while being a female child was found to be a protective factor (AOR: 0.35; CI 0.35-0.41). This study underscores the importance of implementing robust screening procedures and the necessity for health education to mitigate the high prevalence of schistosomiasis and prevent its further spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnieboy Lot Njikho
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (S.L.N.); (T.P.M.)
- Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa;
| | - Vanessa Cecilia Quan
- Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa;
| | - Thokozani Patrick Mbonane
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (S.L.N.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Renay Helouise Van Wyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa; (S.L.N.); (T.P.M.)
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Lim RM, Arme TM, Pedersen AB, Webster JP, Lamberton PHL. Defining schistosomiasis hotspots based on literature and shareholder interviews. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1032-1049. [PMID: 37806786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed a new operational definition which designates communities with ≥10% prevalence of Schistosoma spp. infection as a persistent hotspot, when, after at least two rounds of high-coverage annual preventive chemotherapy, there is a lack of appropriate reduction. However, inconsistencies and challenges from both biological and operational perspectives remain, making the prescriptive use of this definition difficult. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the use of the term 'hotspot' across schistosomiasis research over time, including both literature searches and opinions from a range of stakeholders, to assess the utility and generalisability of the new WHO definition of a persistent hotspot. Importantly, we propose an updated definition based on our analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka M Lim
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Thomas M Arme
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Linsuke S, Ilombe G, Disonama M, Nzita JD, Mbala P, Lutumba P, Van Geertruyden JP. Schistosoma Infection Burden and Risk Factors among School-Aged Children in a Rural Area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 37755916 PMCID: PMC10535068 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts to control schistosomiasis (SCH) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), it still poses a significant challenge. In order to enhance control measures, additional research is necessary. This study documents the burden of SCH infection and its predictors in a rural area of the DRC. We conducted a household cross-sectional study from June to August 2021 among 480 school-aged children (SAC) aged 5-15 years living in a rural area of Kisangi, in the southwest DRC. We collected and examined stool, urine, and blood samples of each child. Additionally, we obtained data on anthropometry, socio-demographics, household information, and individual water contact behaviors. The overall prevalence of SCH infection was 55.8% (95% CI: 51.4-60.3), with prevalences of 41% (95% CI: 36.6-45.5), 36.3% (95% CI: 31.9-40.6), and 38.4% (95% CI: 32.6-44.3) for S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections and both infections, respectively. Among those with SCH infection, most had a light (67.5%) or heavy (51.7%) infection intensity. The geometric mean egg count was 16.6 EP 10 mL (95% CI: 12.9-21.3) for S. haematobium and 390.2 EPG (95% CI: 300.2-507.3) for S. mansoni. However, age (10 years and above (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5-3.1; p < 0.001)) was an independent risk factor for SCH infection. The overall prevalence of malaria infection was 16.9% (95% CI: 13.5-20.2), that of stunting was 28.7% (95% CI: 24.7-32.8), that of underweight was 17.1% (95% CI: 12.8-21.4), and that of thinness was 7.1% (95% CI: 4.8-9.4). Anemia was prevalent at 49.4% (95% CI: 44.9-5), and the median Hb level of all participants was 11.6 g/dL (IQR: 10.5-12.6 g/dL). Anemia was strongly associated with SCH infection (aOR: 3.4; 95% CI: 2.3-5.1; p < 0.001) yet there was no association with the risk for malaria infection (aOR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6-1.8; p = 0.563). In addition, the risk of anemia increased with heavy infection intensities (p < 0.026 and p < 0.013 for S. haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively). However, stunting had a protective factor for anemia (aOR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2-0.4; p < 0.001). To conclude, SCH infection was widespread among the SAC and strongly linked to anemia. These results provide evidence of the hyperendemicity of infection in the study area, which requires preventative measures such as chemotherapy to reduce the schistosomiasis-associated morbidity, and micronutrient supplements to avoid anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Linsuke
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa 01015, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.I.); (J.-P.V.G.)
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.I.); (J.-P.V.G.)
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa 01015, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michel Disonama
- Health Zone of Kwilu-Ngongo, Kongo-Central Province, Kwilu-Ngongo 20, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.); (J.D.N.)
| | - Jean Deny Nzita
- Health Zone of Kwilu-Ngongo, Kongo-Central Province, Kwilu-Ngongo 20, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (M.D.); (J.D.N.)
| | - Placide Mbala
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa 01015, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Department of Virology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01015, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01015, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.I.); (J.-P.V.G.)
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Sandema C, Daka V, Syapiila P, Tembo M, Sikalima J, Patel S, Mudenda S, Mfune RL, Mutanekelwa I, Zyambo C, Mwanakasale V. Prevalence and correlates of Schistosoma haematobium infections among school going-children aged 5 to 17 years in Kawama, Ndola, Zambia. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:170. [PMID: 37900207 PMCID: PMC10611913 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.170.41193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and remains a disease of public health concern. Despite its relative importance, paucity of information on schistosomiasis in urban settings such as Ndola remains. Here, we present findings on the prevalence and factors associated with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infections among School-going children in the Kawama in Ndola district in Zambia, an urban area in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Methods we employed a cross-sectional study design among 354 school going-children between 5 and 17 years of age between November 2020 and February 2021. A Multivariate forward step-wise logistic regression model was used to determine the associations of risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are reported. Results of the 354 school-going children included in the analysis, 13.3% had S. haematobium infection. Children who swam in the stream/dam were more likely to have S. haematobium infection as compared to those who did not (aOR 6.531, 95% CI: 2.90-14.69). Conclusion S. haematobium infection is endemic among school-going children in an urban setup of the Kawama area of Ndola City, Zambia. There is a need for targeted interventions to mitigate infections among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chileshe Sandema
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paul Syapiila
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mathias Tembo
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jay Sikalima
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
- Churches Health Association of Zambia, Molecular Laboratory Department, P.O.BOX 34511, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shivangi Patel
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Imukusi Mutanekelwa
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Cosmas Zyambo
- University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Department of Community and Family Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Mwanakasale
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
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Kouadio JN, Giovanoli Evack J, Sékré JBK, Achi LY, Ouattara M, Hattendorf J, Balmer O, Bonfoh B, Zinsstag J, Utzinger J, N’Goran EK. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in seasonal transmission settings in northern Côte d'Ivoire: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011487. [PMID: 37459286 PMCID: PMC10351694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection remain public health problems in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis and hookworm was studied in seasonal transmission settings in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODOLOGY In August 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Urine and stool samples were collected from 742 individuals aged 6-96 years in 16 localities from four departments in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for quantification of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were counted. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to determine demographic characteristics and to identify risk factors of schistosomiasis and STHs. Malacologic surveys were carried out at water points that are contacted by humans and animals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prevalence of schistosomiasis was very low. Only two cases of S. mansoni were found (0.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1-1.0%). The distribution of S. haematobium was focal, with cases found only in two departments; Ferkessédougou (5.4%, 95% CI: 2.5-9.9%) and Ouangolodougou (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.9-6.3%). Hookworm was the only STH species observed with a prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8-2.8%). A higher risk of S. haematobium infection was observed in males compared to females, but the difference was not statistically significant (2.3% versus 1.3%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.7). Participants aged 16-20 years showed the highest prevalence of S. haematobium. A total of 111 human- and animal-water contact points were identified at 47 water sources. Three potential intermediate host snails of schistosomes were collected; namely, Bulinus forskalii (n = 761), Bulinus truncatus (n = 205), and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (n = 1). Yet, only one specimen of Bu. truncatus was found to be shedding schistosome cercariae. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms very low transmission of schistosomiasis and hookworm in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The establishment and rigorous implementation of integrated surveillance-response systems could lead to the elimination of schistosomiasis and hookworm in this part of Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules N. Kouadio
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jennifer Giovanoli Evack
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste K. Sékré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louise Y. Achi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Ecole de Spécialisation en Elevage et des Métiers de la Viande de Bingerville, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Mohammed T, Hu W, Aemero M, Gebrehiwot Y, Erko B. Current Status of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Communities in Kurmuk District, Western Ethiopia: Prevalence and Intensity of Infection. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231172323. [PMID: 37223332 PMCID: PMC10201144 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231172323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent but neglected tropical disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, urogenital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic in several lowland areas. This study was designed to determine the current prevalence and intensity of the urogenital schistosomiasis among communities in Kurmuk District, western Ethiopia. Methods Urine filtration technique and urine dipstick test were used to screen for S. haematobium eggs and hematuria, respectively. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 23. Logistic regression and odds ratio were used to measure associations and strength between prevalence, intensity, and independent variables. P-values <.05 at 95% CI were considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection as determined by urine filtration was 34.2% (138/403). In bivariate analysis, the most infected (45.4%) age groups were 5 to 12 years (odds ratio [OR] = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.36-12.67), followed by 13 to 20 years (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.01-10.35) with higher significant mean egg count (MEC). The mean egg intensity ranged from 2.39 in Ogendu (CI: 1.05-3.72) to 14.1 in Dulshatalo (CI: 4.98-23.12) villages. The main predictor of infection was swimming habits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.43 [CI: 1.19-4.94]). The prevalence of hematuria was 39.2% (158/403), the odds being 2.64 times higher among participants who resided in Dulshatalo than those who resided in Kurmuk (AOR 2.64 [95% CI: 1.43-4.87], P = .004). Conclusion To reduce the infection and interrupt transmission, the PC in place in the area using PZQ should be strengthened and continued, alongside with provision of sanitary facilities, safe alternative water supplies and health education. The Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia should also collaborate with the health authorities of the Sudan government for the control of trans-boundary transmission of the disease as the transmission foci are shared between the 2 countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology,
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Catholic University, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Microbiology and
Microbial Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Jiangwan Campus,
Shanghai, China
| | - Mulugeta Aemero
- Department of Medical Parasitology,
College of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
| | - Yirgalem Gebrehiwot
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology,
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology,
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Agniwo P, Sidibé B, Diakité A, Niaré SD, Guindo H, Akplogan A, Ibikounlé M, Boissier J, Dabo A. Ultrasound aspects and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school children in Mali. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 37081494 PMCID: PMC10116742 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in Mali and is a major cause of serious morbidity in large parts of the world. This disease is responsible for many socio-economic and public health issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the disease on morbidity and to describe demographic and socioeconomic factors in relation to the status of children with urogenital schistosomiasis in Mali. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in November 2021 of 971 children aged 6 to 14 years selected at random from six schools in three districts in the Kayes Region of Mali. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected on survey forms. Clinical data were collected following a medical consultation. Hematuria was systematically searched for through the use of strips. The search for Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine was done via the filtration method. The urinary tract was examined by ultrasound. Associations between each of these variables and disease infection were tested using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis detected was 50.2%. The average intensity of infection was 36 eggs/10 ml of urine. The associated risk factors for urogenital schistosomiasis showed that children who bathed, used the river/pond as a domestic water source, and who habitually urinated in the river/pond were more affected (P < 0.05). Children with farming parents were most affected (P = 0.032). The collection of clinical signs revealed that boys had more pollakiuria (58.6%) and dysuria (46.4%) than girls. Ultrasound data showed that focal lesion rates were recorded in all villages with the lowest rate in Diakalel (56.1%). Ultrasound and parasitological findings showed that irregularity and thickening were strongly associated with urinary schistosomiasis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Schistosoma haematobium infection was still endemic in the study site despite more than a decade of mass treatment with praziquantel. However, the high percentage of symptoms associated with high intensity reinforces the idea that further studies in terms of schistosomiasis-related morbidity are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privat Agniwo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin.
| | - Bakary Sidibé
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Assitan Diakité
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Safiatou Doumbo Niaré
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Hassim Guindo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ahristode Akplogan
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moudachirou Ibikounlé
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Abdoulaye Dabo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, IRl 3189 (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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Kone KJ, Onifade AK, Dada EO. Risk factors affecting the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract infections in some communities of Ondo State, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:27-34. [PMID: 36705495 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases, affecting about 240 million people worldwide. Urinary schistosomiasis (US) is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by blood flukes, Schistosoma haematobium, and people with US are vulnerable to secondary infections caused by bacteria. The study was designed to evaluate the risk factors involved in US and urinary tract infection (UTI) in parts of Ondo State, Nigeria. The study areas were rural communities known to be endemic for schistosomiasis, with farming as their major occupation and they depend solely on the use of the infected rivers for their day to day activities. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain information concerning the infections. Five hundred and nine community dwellers participated in the study. The results showed that schistosomiasis was significant for gender and age (X2(1) = 23.934, p = 0.000) and (X2(7) = 85.991, p = 0.000), respectively, while UTI was not significant for age and gender. The study revealed that gender, age, contact with infected water, and duration spent in the water were risk factors associated with the development of schistosomiasis and UTI in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikelomo Jennifer Kone
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria E-mail: ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kayode Onifade
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria E-mail:
| | - Ebenezer Oluyemi Dada
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria E-mail:
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11
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Fine-scale mapping of Schistosoma mansoni infections and infection intensities in sub-districts of Makenene in the Centre region of Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010852. [PMID: 36227962 PMCID: PMC9595529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis control relies mainly on mass drug administration of Praziquantel (PZQ) to school aged children (SAC). Although precision mapping has recently guided decision making, the sub-districts and the epidemiological differences existing between bio-ecological settings in which infected children come from were not taken into consideration. This study was designed to fill this gap by using POC-CCA and KK to comparatively determine the prevalence and infection intensities of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and to perform fine-scale mapping of S. mansoni infections and its infection intensities with the overarching goal of identifying sub-districts presenting high transmission risk where control operations must be boosted to achieve schistosomiasis elimination. Methodology During a cross- sectional study conducted in Makenene, 1773 stool and 2253 urine samples were collected from SAC of ten primary schools. S. mansoni infections were identified using the point of care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) and Kato-Katz (KK) test respectively on urine and stool samples. Geographical coordinates of houses of infected SAC were recorded using a global position system device. Schistosome infections and infection intensities were map using QGIS software. Results The prevalence of S. mansoni inferred from POC-CCA and KK were 51.3% and 7.3% respectively. Most infected SAC and those bearing heavy infections intensities were clustered in sub-districts of Baloua, Mock-sud and Carrière. Houses with heavily-infected SAC were close to risky biotopes. Conclusion This study confirms the low sensitivity of KK test compared to POC-CCA to accurately identify children with schistosome infection and bearing different schistosome burden. Fine-scale mapping of schistosome infections and infection intensities enabled to identify high transmission sub-districts where control measures must be boosted to reach schistosomiasis elimination. Although some disparities in terms of prevalence and infection intensities have been acknowledged within and between schistosomiasis endemic areas, the current control measures did not take into consideration the disparities within endemic areas. To improve the control of schistosomiasis, a fine-scale mapping of schistosome infections and their intensities were undertaken using KK in comparison to POC-CCA to identify sub-districts with potential high transmission risk and where control operations must be boosted to achieve elimination. After the identification of schistosome infections by the point of care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) and Kato-Katz (KK) test, the geographical coordinates of each infected child’s house were recorded using a global position system device (GPS). QGIS software was used to create a map showing schistosome infections and their infection intensities. Our results showed that the majority of infected children and those bearing heavy infection intensities were clustering mostly in Baloua, Carrière and Mock-Sud sub-districts of Makenene while children with light and moderate infection intensity were widely distributed and far away from risky biotopes. The fine-scale mapping of schistosome infections and their infection intensities enable to identify hotspot transmission sites where control strategy must be boosted to achieve the elimination of intestinal schistosomiasis in Makenene.
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12
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Ghazy RM, Ellakany WI, Badr MM, Taktak NEM, Elhadad H, Abdo SM, Hagag A, Hussein AR, Tahoun MM. Determinants of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in hotspots at the late stage of elimination in Egypt. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 36138424 PMCID: PMC9503191 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain settings, the prevalence and severity of schistosoma infection do not lessen despite repeated rounds of preventative chemotherapy; these areas are known as hotspots. This study aimed to investigate the role of human practices, besides environmental and malacological factors, in the maintenance of the Schistosoma mansoni infection transmission chain in hotspot areas in Egypt. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and November 2019 in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. A pre-designed structured interviewing questionnaire was used to collect humanitarian data. Stool samples were collected from children aged 6-15 years on three successive days and examined using the Kato-Katz technique. Simultaneously, water and snail samples were taken from watercourses surrounding houses. Snails were identified based on their shell morphology and structure and tested for cercaria shedding. Water samples were analyzed for their physicochemical and biological characteristics. RESULTS A total of 2259 fecal samples (1113 in summer and 1146 in fall) were collected from 861 children. About 46.9% of the participants were males, and 31.8% were aged 6-10 years. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was higher during the summer than during the fall (19.1% vs 7.2%, respectively, P < 0.01). The intensity of infection (light, moderate, and heavy) during summer versus fall was (93.55 vs 89.38%, 6.45 vs 8.85%, and 0.00% vs 1.77%), respectively (P < 0.05). A higher prevalence of human infection was observed among males than females [OR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.10-2.40, P = 0.015], children aged 11-15 years than among their counterparts aged 6-10 years (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.72-5.06, P < 0.001), and mothers with a low level of education (OR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.70-6.52, P < 0.001). The main identified risk factors were contacting the main body of water-canal for washing clothes (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-2.49, P = 0.015), land irrigation (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.32-4.96, P = 0.004), water collection (OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.82-4.73, P < 0.001), bathing (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.21-4.31, P = 0.009), and garbage disposal (OR = 2.38, 95% CI:1.38-4.12, P < 0.001). The count of Biomphalaria alexandrina was distinct between seasons (P < 0.01) in consistent with statistically significant differences in water temperature, salinity, turbidity, the total concentration of coliforms, depth, velocity, and water level (P < 0.01). The presence of grasses and duckweeds was significantly associated with snail infection (P = 0.00 l). Significant effects of water depth, pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids on snail count were also observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The persistence of the infection is due to adoption of risky behaviors and environmental factors that enhance snail survival and infection. Schistosomiasis elimination in hotspots requires an integrated control approach that combines preventive chemotherapy with other complementary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Ismail Ellakany
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Badr
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nehad E. M. Taktak
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Elhadad
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria university, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Abdo
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ayat Hagag
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tembo R, Muleya W, Yabe J, Kainga H, Nalubamba KS, Zulu M, Mwaba F, Saad SA, Kamwela M, Mukubesa AN, Monde N, Kallu SA, Mbewe N, Phiri AM. Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Schistosoma haematobium among Children in Lusaka and Siavonga Districts, Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090239. [PMID: 36136650 PMCID: PMC9505432 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in Zambia. Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is the most widely distributed infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis and identify the strain of S. haematobium among children in the Siavonga and Lusaka districts in Zambia. Urine samples were collected from 421 primary school children and S. haematobium eggs were examined under light microscopy. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the socio-demographic characteristics and the potential risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis. DNA of the parasite eggs was extracted from urine samples and the internal transcribed spacer gene was amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 9.7% (41/421) (95% CI: 7.16–13.08), male participants made up 6.2% (26/232) (95% CI: 4.15–9.03), having a higher burden of disease than female participants who made up 3.5% (15/421) (95% CI: 2.01–5.94). The age group of 11–15 years had the highest overall prevalence of 8.3% (35/421) (5.94–11.48). Participants that did not go fishing were 0.008 times less likely to be positive for schistosomiasis while participants whose urine was blood-tinged or cloudy on physical examination and those that lived close to water bodies were 9.98 and 11.66 times more likely to test positive for schistosomiasis, respectively. A phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that S. haematobium isolates were closely related to pure S. haematobium from Zimbabwe and hybrids of S. haematobium × S. bovis from Benin, Senegal and Malawi. The current study shows that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in the study areas and is associated with water contact, and S. haematobium isolated is closely related to hybrids of S. bovis × S. haematobium strain, indicating the zoonotic potential of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabecca Tembo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 26-097-8363-271
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - John Yabe
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 1005, Namibia
| | - Henson Kainga
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi or
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - King S. Nalubamba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Mildred Zulu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Florence Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Shereen Ahmed Saad
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal, Wau P.O. Box 10739, South Sudan
| | - Moses Kamwela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka P.O. Box 31909, Zambia
| | - Andrew N. Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Ngula Monde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia
| | - Simegnew Adugna Kallu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Natalia Mbewe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing Sciences, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Andrew M. Phiri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
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Alehegne KD, Mitiku BA. Schistosoma mansoni Epidemiology Among Snails, Rodents and Children: A One Health Approach. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5629-5643. [PMID: 36187732 PMCID: PMC9518684 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s363953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma is one of the prevalent parasitic infection in humans and animals. Schistosomiasis in children is particularly serious and results in liver and spleen enlargement, anemia, stunting, reduced ability to learn and death. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in children, rodents and snail populations in Aleffa and Takusa districts, north-west Ethiopia. Methods Disease status and exposure were simultaneously measured from December 2020 to December 2021. School children's stool specimens were collected for schistosomiasis examination by Kato Katz and formal-ether techniques. Live rodents and snails were trapped and collected in search of adult schistosoma, eggs, and cercariae, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analytic technique by using SPSS version 20 was conducted. Results Of 460 stool specimens examined, 116 (25.22) were found positive for S. mansoni infection. In the present finding, the possible determinants for the occurrence of intestinal schistosomiasis in school children were female sex (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.37–2.96); working with bare foot (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08–1.52); skin cut/abrasion history (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.08–7.43) and swimming habit (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.33–1.99). The overall (n = 108) rodent prevalence of S. mansoniwas 23 (21.3%). Only 6 snails were shedding the infective stage of schistosoma cercariae. Conclusion The study revealed that there is a moderate prevalence of schistosomiasis in different hosts. Thus, multi-host intervention is crucial to achieving the goal of interrupting transmission of schistosomiasis in the study area. Further research to better understand and exploit the broader environmental, ecological context and encompassing dynamic interactions between all hosts over time will be crucial for building predictive models beyond the known fact of having or not having reservoirs/hybridization of schistosoma in our study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenaw Dessie Alehegne
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Agmas Mitiku
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Birhan Agmas Mitiku, Email
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Kyambikwa Bisangamo C. Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The agents of etiology of these diseases are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma guineensis, Schistosoma intercalatum, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma mekongi. Symptoms include anemia, stunting, fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, genital lesions, and eosinophilia. Freshwater mollusks are suitable intermediate hosts, and the definitive hosts are the parasitized men. The transmission gap of disease is bridged when people come into contact with unwholesome water sources infested. People are infected through their usual agricultural, domestic, professional, or recreational activities, which expose them to contaminated water. Various animals, such as cattle, dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, horses, and goats, serve as reservoirs. Treatment of at-risk people on a wide scale, access to good water, improved sanitation, hygiene education, and snail control are all used to combat schistosomiasis. The WHO’s schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low.
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Onyekwere A, Rey O, Nwanchor M, Alo M, Angora E, Allienne J, Boissier J. Prevalence and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00255. [PMID: 35832869 PMCID: PMC9272031 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic to Nigeria and one which continues to pose a public health problem especially among school-age children in rural communities. This study was carried out in remote areas where most people depend on natural water bodies and rainwater for their daily water needs. The present research investigates the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and the significant risk factors associated with the infection among primary school children in Nigeria. From August 2019 to December 2019, a total of 5514 primary school-age children from twelve sites were diagnosed with the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in their urine. Socio-demographic, sociocultural, and socioeconomic indices and data on behaviors (e.g contact frequency with freshwater bodies) were also collected for each diagnosed individual through the use of a questionnaire. Associations between each of these variables and disease infection were tested using a multivariate logistic regression. A total of 392 of the 5514-urine samples were positive for the infection, the overall prevalence reached 7.1% and ranged from 4.6% (East Nigeria) to 15,9% (West Nigeria). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the significant risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection are frequent contact with freshwater bodies (rivers/steams), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4.92; 3.34–7.24, washing/swimming, AOR: 46.49; 27.64–78.19, and fishing, AOR: 11.57; 8.74–15.32. For socioeconomic factors, primary education of fathers which resulted in an AOR of 1.63; 1.01–2.45 was significantly associated with the infection. The socio-demographic factor for the 12–14 year age group had an AOR of 1.68; 1.21–2.33, and was also significantly associated with the disease. Nigeria remains endemic for urogenital schistosomiasis as indicated by the data obtained from all the studied sites, and it is clear that efforts need to be intensified in order to control and eradicate the disease throughout the country.
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Mating Interactions between Schistosoma bovis and S. mansoni and Compatibility of Their F1 Progeny with Biomphalaria glabrata and Bulinus truncatus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061251. [PMID: 35744769 PMCID: PMC9227498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the majority of other Trematoda, Schistosoma species are gonochoric. Consequently, in endemic areas where several schistosome species overlap and can co-infect the same definitive host, there may be frequent opportunities for interspecific pairing. Our experimental study provides novel insight on the pairing behavior between Schistosoma bovis and S. mansoni in mixed infections in mice. We used six mate choice experiments to assess mating interactions between the two schistosome species. We show that mating between the two Schistosoma species is not random and that S. mansoni exhibits greater mate recognition compared to S. bovis. We also performed reciprocal crosses (male S. mansoni × female S. bovis) and (female S. mansoni × male S. bovis) that produce active swimming miracidia. These miracidia were genotyped by ITS2 sequencing and proposed for mollusc infection. Molecular analyses show that all the miracidia are parthenogenetically produced (i.e., their harbor the mother ITS2 genotype) and as a consequence can only infect the mollusc of the maternal species. Offspring produced by male S. mansoni × female S. bovis pairing can only infect Bulinus truncatus whereas offspring produced by female S. mansoni × male S. bovis can only infect Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Evolutionary and epidemiological consequences are discussed.
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Angora EK, Vangraefschepe A, Allienne JF, Menan H, Coulibaly JT, Meïté A, Raso G, Winkler MS, Yavo W, Touré AO, N'Goran EK, Zinsstag J, Utzinger J, Balmer O, Boissier J. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids among school-aged children in Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite 2022; 29:23. [PMID: 35522066 PMCID: PMC9074780 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While population genetics of Schistosoma haematobium have been investigated in West Africa, only scant data are available from Côte d’Ivoire. The purpose of this study was to analyze both genetic variability and genetic structure among S. haematobium populations and to quantify the frequency of S. haematobium × S. bovis hybrids in school-aged children in different parts of Côte d’Ivoire. Urine samples were subjected to a filtration method and examined microscopically for Schistosoma eggs in four sites in the western and southern parts of Côte d’Ivoire. A total of 2692 miracidia were collected individually and stored on Whatman® FTA cards. Of these, 2561 miracidia were successfully genotyped for species and hybrid identification using rapid diagnostic multiplex mitochondrial cox1 PCR and PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the nuclear ITS2 region. From 2164 miracidia, 1966 (90.9%) were successfully genotyped using at least 10 nuclear microsatellite loci to investigate genetic diversity and population structure. Significant differences were found between sites in all genetic diversity indices and genotypic differentiation was observed between the site in the West and the three sites in the East. Analysis at the infrapopulation level revealed clustering of parasite genotypes within individual children, particularly in Duekoué (West) and Sikensi (East). Of the six possible cox1-ITS2 genetic profiles obtained from miracidia, S. bovis cox1 × S. haematobium ITS2 (42.0%) was the most commonly observed in the populations. We identified only 15 miracidia (0.7%) with an S. bovis cox1 × S. bovis ITS2 genotype. Our study provides new insights into the population genetics of S. haematobium and S. haematobium × S. bovis hybrids in humans in Côte d’Ivoire and we advocate for researching hybrid schistosomes in animals such as rodents and cattle in Côte d’Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne K Angora
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland - Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alexane Vangraefschepe
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Hervé Menan
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean T Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland - Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire - Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboulaye Meïté
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, 06 BP 6394, Abidjan 06, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mirko S Winkler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - William Yavo
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - André O Touré
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, BPV 490 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire - Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - University of Basel, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
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Tazebew B, Temesgen D, Alehegn M, Salew D, Tarekegn M. Prevalence of S. mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Guangua District, Northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:1005637. [PMID: 35469275 PMCID: PMC9034956 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed. Four hundred twenty-two participants were selected. Data was collected through observation and interview with structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected and examined using two-slide Kato-Katz method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Logistic regression was fitted for analysis. Variables with p value <0.25 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. Those with <0.05 were identified as significantly associated risk factors. To assure the quality of the data, training was given for data collectors and supervisors, and the tools were pretested on 5% of the sample size. Results 404 (95.7%) school children were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 12.6%. School children in the age group 5-9 years old (AOR (95% CI): 22.27 (3.70-134.01), p = 0.001), age group 10-14 years old (AOR (95% CI): 4.58 (1.14-18.42), p = 0.032), grade levels 5-8 (AOR (95% CL): 14.95 (4.297-52.03), p = 0.001),who swim frequently (AOR (95% CI): 11.35 (2.33-55.33), p = 0.003), and those who cultivate near the irrigation area (AOR (95% CI): 7.10 (2.31-21.80), p = 0.001) were significantly associated with high risk of S. mansoni infection. Conclusion and Recommendation. From the finding of the current study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni in the study area is relatively high. Age of fourteen and younger years old, swimming in the river, and irrigation practice were the main risk factors of S. mansoni infection. Thus, therapeutic interventions as well as health education are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaynesh Tazebew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Denekew Temesgen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Alehegn
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box-79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Onyekwere AM, Rey O, Allienne JF, Nwanchor MC, Alo M, Uwa C, Boissier J. Population Genetic Structure and Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040425. [PMID: 35456103 PMCID: PMC9026724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is a major poverty-related disease caused by dioecious parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma with a health impact on both humans and animals. Hybrids of human urogenital schistosome and bovine intestinal schistosome have been reported in humans in several of Nigeria’s neighboring West African countries. No empirical studies have been carried out on the genomic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Here, we present novel data on the presence and prevalence of hybrids and the population genetic structure of S. haematobium. Methods: 165 Schistosoma-positive urine samples were obtained from 12 sampling sites in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs from each sample were hatched and each individual miracidium was picked and preserved in Whatman® FTA cards for genomic analysis. Approximately 1364 parasites were molecularly characterized by rapid diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RD-PCR) for mitochondrial DNA gene (Cox1 mtDNA) and a subset of 1136 miracidia were genotyped using a panel of 18 microsatellite markers. Results: No significant difference was observed in the population genetic diversity (p > 0.05), though a significant difference was observed in the allelic richness of the sites except sites 7, 8, and 9 (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed two clusters of populations: west (populations 1−4) and east (populations 7−12). Of the 1364 miracidia genotyped, 1212 (89%) showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile and 152 (11%) showed an S. haematobium cox1 profile. All parasites showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile except for some at sites 3 and 4. Schistosoma miracidia full genotyping showed 59.3% of the S. bovis ITS2 allele. Conclusions: This study provides novel insight into hybridization and population genetic structure of S. haematobium in Nigeria. Our findings suggest that S. haematobium x S. bovis hybrids are common in Nigeria. More genomic studies on both human- and animal-infecting parasites are needed to ascertain the role of animals in schistosome transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Mathias Onyekwere
- Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria; (A.M.O.); (C.U.)
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | | | - Moses Alo
- Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria;
| | - Clementina Uwa
- Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria; (A.M.O.); (C.U.)
| | - Jerome Boissier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-430-192-312
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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and Associated Risk Factors in Human and Biomphalaria Snails in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:31-48. [PMID: 34259986 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Schistosomiasis is one of the leading chronic parasitic diseases in Ethiopia. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of S. mansoni in human and Biomphalaria snails as well as risk factors in Ethiopia. METHODS Literature search was carried out from Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed which reported Schistosoma mansoni infection in human and Biomphalaria snails in Ethiopia. The overall prevalence was estimated by a random-effect model and heterogeneities among studies were assessed by I2 test. RESULTS A total of 178,251 participants and 1,097 snails were tested for the presence of S. mansoni in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni was 32.5% (95% CI 28.0-37.0) and 15.9% (95% CI - 5.6-37.5) in human and Biomphalaria snails in Ethiopia, respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was 43.2% (95% CI 27.3-59.1) in South Nations and National Peoples region while the lowest pooled prevalence was 25% (95% CI 19.3-30.7) observed in the Afar region. Interestingly, the pooled prevalence of S. mansoni declined from 40.7% (95% CI 33-48.4) to 22.4% (95% CI 18.5-26.3) after the launching of mass drug administration (MDA). The analysis of risk factors showed that swimming habit (OR, 2.78; 95% CI 2.35-3.21) and participation in irrigation (OR, 2.69; 95% CI 1.45-3.73) were independent predictors for S. mansoni infection. CONCLUSION This study revealed that about one-third of human and nearly 16% of Biomphalaria snails were infected with S. mansoni in Ethiopia. This review indicated that the prevalence of S. mansoni declined after the implementation of MDA. This study highlights the importance of further integrated approaches for better control of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia.
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22
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Bassa FK, Eze IC, Assaré RK, Essé C, Koné S, Acka F, Laubhouet-Koffi V, Kouassi D, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK. Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d'Ivoire. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:3. [PMID: 34983662 PMCID: PMC8728899 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem, also among adults, and infected individuals not treated serve as a reservoir for continued transmission. Despite this fact, evidence on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in adults in Côte d’Ivoire is scanty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma infection and co-infection with other helminth species and Plasmodium among adults in the Taabo region in the south-central part of Côte d’Ivoire. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in April and May 2017 in the frame of the “Côte d’Ivoire Dual Burden of Disease Study” (CoDuBu). A total of 901 randomly selected individuals, aged 18–90 years, provided blood, stool and urine samples for the diagnosis of malaria and helminth infections. Stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz technique for detection of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth eggs, while urine samples were examined for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and circulating cathodic antigen of S. mansoni. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using health examination and questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regressions were employed to identify risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with S. mansoni mono- and co-infections. Results The prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 23.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Most S. mansoni were mono-infections (81.3%). Independent determinants of S. mansoni infection were young age, low socioeconomic status (mono- and co-infection) and poor hygiene practices (co-infection) (P < 0.05). S. mansoni infection was independently associated with higher pain and symptom scores (mono-infection), poor self-rated health and low healthcare use (co-infection) (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that adults represent a substantial reservoir of S. mansoni. To sustain schistosomiasis control and improve people’s wellbeing, it is important to expand preventive chemotherapy from school-aged children to adults, coupled with hygiene and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle K Bassa
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Ikenna C Eze
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rufin K Assaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Clémence Essé
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut d'Ethnosociologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01, P.O. Box 34,, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Koné
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Félix Acka
- Institut National de Santé Publique, 01, P.O. Box 47, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Véronique Laubhouet-Koffi
- Ligue Ivoirienne Contre l'Hypertension Artérielle et les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, 17, P.O. Box 773, Abidjan 17, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dinard Kouassi
- Institut National de Santé Publique, 01, P.O. Box 47, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
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Mewamba EM, Tiofack AAZ, Kamdem CN, Ngassam RIK, Mbagnia MCT, Nyangiri O, Noyes H, Womeni HM, Njiokou F, Simo G. Field assessment in Cameroon of a reader of POC-CCA lateral flow strips for the quantification of Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen in urine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009569. [PMID: 34260610 PMCID: PMC8312929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Determining Schistosoma mansoni infection rate and intensity is challenging due to the low sensitivity of the Kato-Katz (KK) test that underestimates the true disease prevalence. Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) excreted in urine is constantly produced by adult worms and has been used as the basis of a simple, non-invasive point of care test (POC-CCA) for Schistosoma mansoni infections. Although the abundance of CCA in urine is proportional to worm burden, the POC-CCA test is marketed as a qualitative test, making it difficult to investigate the wide range of infection intensities. This study was designed to compare the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni by KK and POC-CCA and quantify, on fresh and frozen (<-20°C) urine samples, CCA using the visual scores and the ESEquant LR3 reader. Methodology Stool and urine samples were collected from 759 school-aged children. The prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni were determined using KK and POC-CCA. The degree of the positivity of POC-CCA was estimated by quantifying CCA on fresh and frozen urine samples using visual scores and strip reader. The prevalence, the infection intensity as well the relative amounts of CCA were compared. Results The S. mansoni infection rates inferred from POC-CCA and KK were 40.7% and 9.4% respectively. Good correlations were observed between infection intensities recorded by; i) the reader and visual scoring system on fresh (Rho = 0.89) and frozen samples (Rho = 0.97), ii) the reader on fresh urine samples and KK (epg) (Rho = 0.44). Nevertheless, 238 POC-CCA positive children were negative for KK, and sixteen of them had high levels of CCA. The correlation between results from the reader on fresh and frozen samples was good (Rho = 0.85). On frozen samples, CCA was not detected in 55 samples that were positive in fresh urine samples. Conclusion This study confirmed the low sensitivity of KK and the high capacity of POC-CCA to provide reliable data on the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infections. The lateral flow reader enabled accurate quantification of CCA under field conditions on fresh and frozen urine samples with less time and effort than KK. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis has relied on the Kato-Katz technique which remains challenging due to its low sensitivity. To overcome this limitation, the Point-of-care-Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) test has been developed to detect CCA produced by adult living worm. However, this test is sold for qualitative use only because it is difficult to estimate the intensity of the positive band by eye. This study was designed with the aim of comparing the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infections by KK and POC-CCA and quantifying under field conditions on fresh and frozen (<-20°C) urine samples, CCA using the visual scores and the ESEquant LR3 reader. We conducted the KK and POC-CCA tests on stool and urine samples collected from SAC (5 to 4 years) in Makenene, Cameroon. Our results showed discrepancies between results from KK and POC-CCA test. The numerical values generated by the reader made it possible to avoid subjective visual interpretation of POC-CCA results. This study also identified children with high levels of CCA in their urine but without schistosome eggs in their stools. The good correlation observed between results obtained on fresh and frozen urine samples confirmed that POC-CCA test can be used on samples stored for one year at -20° C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Mezajou Mewamba
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Auvaker Zebaze Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Nguemnang Kamdem
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Mureille Carole Tchami Mbagnia
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Oscar Nyangiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hilaire Marcaire Womeni
- Unité de Recherche de Biochimie, des plantes Médicinales, des Sciences alimentaires et Nutrition, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- * E-mail: ,
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Gong YF, Zhu LQ, Li YL, Zhang LJ, Xue JB, Xia S, Lv S, Xu J, Li SZ. Identification of the high-risk area for schistosomiasis transmission in China based on information value and machine learning: a newly data-driven modeling attempt. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:88. [PMID: 34176515 PMCID: PMC8237418 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis control is striving forward to transmission interruption and even elimination, evidence-lead control is of vital importance to eliminate the hidden dangers of schistosomiasis. This study attempts to identify high risk areas of schistosomiasis in China by using information value and machine learning. METHODS The local case distribution from schistosomiasis surveillance data in China between 2005 and 2019 was assessed based on 19 variables including climate, geography, and social economy. Seven models were built in three categories including information value (IV), three machine learning models [logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), generalized boosted model (GBM)], and three coupled models (IV + LR, IV + RF, IV + GBM). Accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), and F1-score were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the models. The optimal model was selected to predict the risk distribution for schistosomiasis. RESULTS There is a more prone to schistosomiasis epidemic provided that paddy fields, grasslands, less than 2.5 km from the waterway, annual average temperature of 11.5-19.0 °C, annual average rainfall of 1000-1550 mm. IV + GBM had the highest prediction effect (accuracy = 0.878, AUC = 0.902, F1 = 0.920) compared with the other six models. The results of IV + GBM showed that the risk areas are mainly distributed in the coastal regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Poyang Lake region, and the Dongting Lake region. High-risk areas are primarily distributed in eastern Changde, western Yueyang, northeastern Yiyang, middle Changsha of Hunan province; southern Jiujiang, northern Nanchang, northeastern Shangrao, eastern Yichun in Jiangxi province; southern Jingzhou, southern Xiantao, middle Wuhan in Hubei province; southern Anqing, northwestern Guichi, eastern Wuhu in Anhui province; middle Meishan, northern Leshan, and the middle of Liangshan in Sichuan province. CONCLUSIONS The risk of schistosomiasis transmission in China still exists, with high-risk areas relatively concentrated in the coastal regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Coupled models of IV and machine learning provide for effective analysis and prediction, forming a scientific basis for evidence-lead surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Gong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ling-Qian Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yin-Long Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; HC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
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Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009127. [PMID: 33577601 PMCID: PMC7880478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable progress towards the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis was made by the Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission project from 2012 till 2016, when biannual praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) alone or with additional snail control or behaviour change interventions were implemented. Annual MDA was continued in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019, imposing a 16-month treatment gap. We monitored the Schistosoma haematobium prevalence from 2012 till 2020 and assessed recrudescence patterns with focus on 2020. Methodology Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted from 2011/12 till 2020 in 90 communities and 90 schools in Zanzibar. Annually, around 4,500 adults and up to 20,000 schoolchildren were surveyed. The S. haematobium prevalence was detected by urine filtration and reagent strips. In 2020, risk factors for infection were investigated using generalized estimated equation models. Principal findings In adults, the apparent S. haematobium prevalence was 3.9% in 2011 and 0.4% in 2020. In schoolchildren, the prevalence decreased from 6.6% in 2012 to 1.2% in 2019 with vicissitudes over the years. Prominent recrudescence of infection from 2.8% in 2019 to 9.1% (+225%) in 2020 was observed in 29 schools with historically moderate prevalences (≥10%). Compared with 2019, reinfection in 2020 was particularly striking in boys aged 9–16 years. Being male was a risk factor for infection in 2020 (adults: odds ratio (OR): 6.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.96–19.60; schoolchildren: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.52–2.78). Living near to a natural freshwater body significantly increased the odds of infection in adults (OR: 2.90, CI: 1.12–7.54). Conclusions/Significance After 11 rounds of MDA over 7 years and a 16-month treatment gap, the urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence considerably rebounded in hotspot areas. Future elimination efforts in Zanzibar should focus on re-intensifying MDA plus additional interventions in hotspot areas. In low-prevalence areas, the strategy might be adapted from MDA to targeted surveillance-response. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. On the Zanzibar islands, United Republic of Tanzania, interventions to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis commenced in 2012. From 2012 to 2016, the population was treated biannually with praziquantel and, additionally, some areas received mollusciciding against the intermediate host snail, or educational measures for behavior change. Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel was continued annually in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019. As a result of the interventions, the overall S. haematobium prevalence was reduced to 0.4% in adults and 3.4% in schoolchildren in 2020. However, in some areas, the MDA gap in 2019 resulted in a considerable rebound of infections. The recrudescence in 2020 was particularly striking for boys aged 9–16 years. In general, in 2020, male participants had higher odds of infection than females. Adults living near to a natural freshwater body also showed an increased risk of S. haematobium infection. Future elimination efforts in Zanzibar should focus on re-intensifying elimination interventions, including MDA, snail control and behavior change in hotspot areas. In low-prevalence areas, the strategy might be adapted from MDA to targeted interventions, such as surveillance-response.
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Kouadio JN, Giovanoli Evack J, Achi LY, Fritsche D, Ouattara M, Silué KD, Bonfoh B, Hattendorf J, Utzinger J, Zinsstag J, Balmer O, N'Goran EK. Prevalence and distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in Côte d'Ivoire: results from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:446. [PMID: 33203412 PMCID: PMC7672978 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma and Fasciola are zoonotic parasites of public health and veterinary importance. However, while the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in humans is well studied, little is known about fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in livestock in Côte d'Ivoire. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis across Côte d'Ivoire. In 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in abattoirs and farms in 13 departments of Côte d'Ivoire. In abattoirs, the mesenteric veins and livers of slaughtered cattle, sheep and goats were examined for adult Schistosoma and Fasciola flukes. Faeces from live cattle, goats and sheep were collected and examined for Schistosoma and Fasciola eggs using a sedimentation technique. RESULTS A total of 386 cattle, 174 goats and 151 sheep from abattoirs and 435 cattle, 22 goats and 176 sheep from farms were sampled. The observed prevalence of schistosomiasis was higher in slaughtered animals. Fascioliasis was more prevalent in farm animals. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in slaughtered cattle varied between 5.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7-19.7%) and 53.3% (95% CI: 37.9-68.3%) with the highest prevalence observed in Ouangolodougou in the North. Cattle from farms had a relatively low prevalence of schistosomiasis, with the highest prevalence found in Ouangolodougou (2.4%, 95% CI: 0.7-6.1%). The prevalence of fascioliasis varied considerably from one department to another, ranging from nil (95% CI: 0.0-18.5%) to 50.8% (95% CI: 43.4-58.2%), with the highest prevalence found in farm cattle in Dikodougou in the North. Sheep and goats had a lower prevalence of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis than cattle. In slaughtered animals, cattle aged 4 years and older were at highest risk for schistosomiasis (odds ratio (OR): 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0-5.6) and fascioliasis (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9). In farm animals, male cattle had higher odds of being infected with Schistosoma (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 0.7-26.9) than females. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that schistosomiasis and fascioliasis are endemic in livestock across Côte d'Ivoire. A strategic control programme should be considered, especially for cattle, including providing drinking water in troughs to reduce faecal contamination of water sources by cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules N Kouadio
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jennifer Giovanoli Evack
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louise Y Achi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Ecole de Spécialisation en Elevage et des Métiers de la Viande de Bingerville, BP 58 Bingerville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dominik Fritsche
- University of Zurich, Ramistrasse 71, P.O. Box CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kigbafori D Silué
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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High prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids in schoolchildren in Côte d'Ivoire. Parasitology 2019; 147:287-294. [PMID: 31727202 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease, though it is highly prevalent in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. While Schistosoma haematobium-bovis hybrids have been reported in West Africa, no data about Schistosoma hybrids in humans are available from Côte d'Ivoire. This study aimed to identify and quantify S. haematobium-bovis hybrids among schoolchildren in four localities of Côte d'Ivoire. Urine samples were collected and examined by filtration to detect Schistosoma eggs. Eggs were hatched and 503 miracidia were individually collected and stored on Whatman® FTA cards for molecular analysis. Individual miracidia were molecularly characterized by analysis of mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) DNA regions. A mitochondrial cox1-based diagnostic polymerase chain reaction was performed on 459 miracidia, with 239 (52.1%) exhibiting the typical band for S. haematobium and 220 (47.9%) the S. bovis band. The cox1 and ITS 2 amplicons were Sanger sequenced from 40 randomly selected miracidia to confirm species and hybrids status. Among the 33 cox1 sequences analysed, we identified 15 S. haematobium sequences (45.5%) belonging to seven haplotypes and 18 S. bovis sequences (54.5%) belonging to 12 haplotypes. Of 40 ITS 2 sequences analysed, 31 (77.5%) were assigned to pure S. haematobium, four (10.0%) to pure S. bovis and five (12.5%) to S. haematobium-bovis hybrids. Our findings suggest that S. haematobium-bovis hybrids are common in Côte d'Ivoire. Hence, intense prospection of domestic and wild animals is warranted to determine whether zoonotic transmission occurs.
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