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Nuvey FS, Mensah GI, Zinsstag J, Hattendorf J, Fink G, Bonfoh B, Addo KK. Management of diseases in a ruminant livestock production system: a participatory appraisal of the performance of veterinary services delivery, and utilization in Ghana. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:237. [PMID: 37968624 PMCID: PMC10647120 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustainable livestock production remains crucial for attainment of food security globally and for safeguarding the livelihoods of many households in low- and -middle income countries. However, the high prevalence of infectious livestock diseases, coupled with inadequate provision and adoption of effective control measures, leads to reduced livestock productivity, increased animal mortalities, and emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. This study sought to assess the management strategies employed by farmers for priority diseases affecting their animals and the utilization and performance of veterinary services. METHODS We conducted the study in three districts, namely, Mion, Pru East, and Kwahu Afram Plains South Districts, which represent the main livestock production belts in Ghana. We used questionnaires in surveys, to collect pertinent data from 350 ruminant livestock farmers and 13 professional veterinary officers (VOs) in the study districts. Additionally, we conducted seven focus group discussions (FGDs) with 65 livestock farmers in the study districts. The survey data was analyzed, and we describe the distribution of the priority livestock diseases, the disease management strategies employed, and the performance of veterinary services in Ghana. We also analyzed the raw FGD transcript texts deductively based on the study objectives. To validate findings across the different datasets, we used triangulation. RESULTS Almost all the farmers (98%) reared small ruminants, with about 25% also rearing cattle. The main priority livestock diseases identified includes pestes-des-petits-ruminants and mange infection in sheep and goats, as well as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and foot-and-mouth-disease in cattle. We found that majority (82%) of the farmers relied on treatment, while only 20% opted for vaccination services. Additionally, the veterinary system in Ghana did not adequately regulate the antimicrobial medications employed by farmers to manage diseases. Thus, in most of the cases, the medicines applied by farmers were not useful for the target diseases. Although our findings show the farmers perceived VOs to perform highly compared to informal providers on most of the attributes evaluated including medicine availability and quality, treatment effectiveness, advisory services, service affordability, and competence, only 33% utilized VOs services. The majority of the farmers (51%) used the services of informal providers, who were better in proximity and popularity with farmers. CONCLUSIONS The livestock sector in Ghana faces a substantial challenge due primarily to vaccine-preventable diseases. Even though VOs demonstrated superior performance on key veterinary service performance indicators, their services are underutilized by livestock farmers. Additionally, the absence of regulatory oversight by the veterinary system over antimicrobials utilized in animal production contributes to their misapplication by livestock farmers, posing a considerable risk to both public health and food security. It is thus imperative to introduce new initiatives that enhance the uptake of animal vaccines and better antimicrobial stewardship to ensure sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Sena Nuvey
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, BP 1303, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
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Kubasari C, Adeapena W, Najjemba R, Hedidor GK, Adjei RL, Manu G, Timire C, Afari-Asiedu S, Asante KP. Quality of Data Recording and Antimicrobial Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:485. [PMID: 37999604 PMCID: PMC10675351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recording of antimicrobial use data is critical for the development of interventions for the containment of antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study assessed whether dissemination activities and recommendations made after an operational research (OR) study in 2021 resulted in better data recording and improved the use of antimicrobials in a rural veterinary clinic. Routinely collected data from treatment record books were compared between 2013 and 2019 (pre-OR) and from July 2021 to April 2023 (post-OR). The most common animals presenting for care in the the pre - and post OR periods were dogs (369 and 206, respectively). Overall, antimicrobial use in animals increased from 53% to 77% between the two periods. Tetracycline was the most commonly used antimicrobial (99%) during the pre-OR period, while Penicillin-Streptomycin was the most commonly used antimicrobial (65%) during the post-OR period. All animals that received care at the clinic were documented in the register during both periods. Whereas the diagnosis was documented in 269 (90%) animals in the post-OR period compared to 242 (47%) in the pre-OR period, the routes and dosages were not adequately recorded during the both periods. Therefore, the quality of data recording was still deficient despite the dissemination and the recommendations made to some key stakeholders. Recommendations are made for a standardized antimicrobial reporting tool, refresher training, and continuous supervisory visits to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus Kubasari
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Wisdom Adeapena
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | | | | | - Raymond Lovelace Adjei
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Accra P.O Box 20, Ghana;
| | - Grace Manu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Collins Timire
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Samuel Afari-Asiedu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (W.A.); (G.M.); (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
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Akenten CW, Khan NA, Mbwana J, Krumkamp R, Fosu D, Paintsil EK, Boahen KG, Osei-Mensa J, Maiga-Ascofare O, May J, Obiri-Danso K, Phillips RO, Ofori LA, Dekker D. Carriage of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli among children in rural Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:60. [PMID: 37400910 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) and Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) present a high burden in both communities and healthcare sectors, leading to difficult-to-treat infections. Data on intestinal carriage of ESBL-KP and ESBL-EC in children is scarce, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. We provide data on faecal carriage, phenotypic resistance patterns, and gene variation of ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP among children in the Agogo region of Ghana. METHODS From July to December 2019, fresh stool samples were collected within 24 h from children < 5 years with and without diarrhoea attending the study hospital. The samples were screened for ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP on ESBL agar and confirmed using double-disk synergy testing. Bacterial identification and an antibiotic susceptibility profile were performed using the Vitek 2 compact system (bioMérieux, Inc.). ESBL genes, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM were identified by PCR and further sequencing. RESULTS Of the 435 children recruited, stool carriage of ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP was 40.9% (n/N = 178/435) with no significant difference in prevalence between children with diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea. No association between ESBL carriage and the age of the children was found. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to meropenem and imipenem. Both ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP isolates showed over 70% resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Multidrug resistance was observed in over 70% in both ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP isolates. The blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent ESBL gene detected. blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-14, and blaCTX-M-14b were found in non-diarrhoea stools of children, whereas blaCTX-M-28 was found in both the diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea patient groups. CONCLUSIONS The carriage of ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP among children with and without diarrhoea in the Agogo community with a high prevalence of blaCTX-M-15 is noteworthy, highlighting the importance of both the population as a possible reservoir. This study reports for the first time the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-28 among the studied populations in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neyaz Ahmed Khan
- One Health Bacteriology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany.
| | - Joyce Mbwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Dennis Fosu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - James Osei-Mensa
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Oumou Maiga-Ascofare
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Denise Dekker
- One Health Bacteriology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
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Afeke I, Amegan-Aho KH, Adu-Amankwaah J, Orish VN, Mensah GL, Mbroh HK, Jamfaru I, Hamid AWM, Ankrah LM, Korbuvi J, Ablordey A. Antimicrobial profile of coagulase-negative staphylococcus isolates from categories of individuals at a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital, Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 44:92. [PMID: 37229305 PMCID: PMC10204107 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.92.37229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction we compared the antimicrobial resistance profile of young infants' clinical isolates (from blood samples) of Staphylococcus epidermidis and haemolyticus with those colonizing mothers, clinical staff, and students. Also, screened for resistance to the watch and reserve classified groups, antibiotics not prescribed in the Ho Teaching Hospital (HTH), Ghana. Methods a cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2018 to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of twenty-one antimicrobials for 123 isolates consisting of 54 S. epidermidis and 69 S. haemolyticus cultured from the participants. VITEK 2 was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Staphylococcal species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Statistical analysis was done with Grad-Pad prism. Results for S. epidermidis, clinical staff isolates have the highest methicillin-resistant (65%), followed by young infants' (50%) and mothers' and students' twenty-five percent each. Both young infants and clinical staff's Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates have 100% methicillin-resistant, while mothers' and students' ones have 82% and 63%, respectively. We have identified resistance to one watch (teicoplanin), two reserves (tigecycline and fosfomycin) antimicrobial groups, and mupirocin, an unclassified group. Conclusion identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) resistance to watch and reserve groups of antimicrobials in a non-previously exposed hospital calls for further studies to determine molecular mechanisms of resistance to these antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Afeke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Kokou Hefoume Amegan-Aho
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Verner Ndudiri Orish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Jamfaru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Wahab Mawuko Hamid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Lennox Mac Ankrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - John Korbuvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Ohene Larbi R, Adeapena W, Ayim-Akonor M, Ansa EDO, Tweya H, Terry RF, Labi AK, Harries AD. Antimicrobial, Multi-Drug and Colistin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Healthy Pigs in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, 2022: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10449. [PMID: 36012083 PMCID: PMC9408530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is little published information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals in Ghana. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR-resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) and colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in healthy pigs in Accra, Ghana. Rectal swabs obtained from the pigs on 20 farms from January to March 2022, were examined for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. AMR was determined using standard microbiological techniques and the mcr-1 gene detected through molecular analysis. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 197 of 200 pigs: these comprised 195 E. coli isolates, 38 Enterobacter spp. and 3 K. pneumoniae, either singly or combined. Over 60% of E. coli were resistant to tetracycline, with 27% and 34% being resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin, respectively; 23% of E. coli and 5% of Enterobacter spp. exhibited MDR phenotypes. Phenotypic colistin resistance was found in 8% of E. coli and Enterobacter spp., with the mcr-1 gene detected in half. Our study findings should be incorporated into on-going AMR, MDR and colistin resistance surveillance programs in Ghana. We further advocate for tailored-specific education for pig farmers on animal antimicrobial use and for strengthened regulatory policy on antimicrobial usage and monitoring in the animal production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ohene Larbi
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Adeapena
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - Matilda Ayim-Akonor
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer D. O. Ansa
- CSIR—Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20 Achimota-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Hannock Tweya
- Malawi International Training and Education Center for Health (Malawi-I-TECH), Lilongwe P.O. Box 30369, Malawi
| | - Robert Fraser Terry
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Appiah-Korang Labi
- WHO Country Office, P.O. Box MB 142, 7 Ameda Street, Roman Ridge-Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Anthony D. Harries
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75001 Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Pneumococci among Ghanaian Children under Five Years Post PCV13 Using MLST. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020469. [PMID: 35208923 PMCID: PMC8879552 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in pneumococci contributes to the high pneumococcal deaths in children. We assessed the molecular characteristics of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pneumococci isolated from healthy vaccinated children under five years of age in Cape Coast, Ghana. A total of 43 MDR isolates were selected from 151 pneumococcal strains obtained from nasopharyngeal carriage. All isolates were previously serotyped by multiplex PCR and Quellung reaction. Susceptibility testing was performed using either the E-test or disk diffusion method. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were identified by PCR. Molecular epidemiology was analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Vaccine-serotypes 23F and 19F were predominant. The lytA and pavB virulence genes were present in all isolates, whiles 14–86% of the isolates carried pilus-islets 1 and 2, pcpA, and psrP genes. Penicillin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole resistance were evident in >90% of the isolates. The ermB, mefA, and tetM genes were detected in (n = 7, 16.3%), (n = 4, 9.3%) and (n = 43, 100%) of the isolates, respectively. However, >60% showed alteration in the pbp2b gene. MLST revealed five novel and six known sequence types (STs). ST156 (Spain9V-3) and ST802 were identified as international antibiotic-resistant clones. The emergence of international-MDR clones in Ghana requires continuous monitoring of the pneumococcus through a robust surveillance system.
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Abstract
Currently, thanks to the development of sensitive analytical techniques, the presence of different emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems has been evidenced; however, most of them have not been submitted to any regulation so far. Among emerging contaminants, antimicrobials have received particular attention in recent decades, mainly due to the concerning development of antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria, but little is known about the toxicological and ecological impact that antimicrobials can have on aquatic ecosystems. Their high consumption in human and veterinary medicine, food-producing animals and aquaculture, as well as persistence and poor absorption have caused antimicrobials to be discharged into receiving waters, with or without prior treatment, where they have been detected at ng-mg L−1 levels with the potential to cause effects on the various organisms living within aquatic systems. This review presents the current knowledge on the occurrence of antimicrobials in aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing their occurrence in different environmental matrixes and the effects on aquatic organisms (cyanobacteria, microalgae, invertebrates and vertebrates).
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