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Reyneke B, Havenga B, Waso-Reyneke M, Khan S, Khan W. Benefits and Challenges of Applying Bacteriophage Biocontrol in the Consumer Water Cycle. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1163. [PMID: 38930545 PMCID: PMC11205630 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria (including disinfection- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) are abundant in the consumer water cycle, where they may cause disease, and lead to biofouling and infrastructure damage in distributions systems, subsequently resulting in significant economic losses. Bacteriophages and their associated enzymes may then offer a biological control solution for application within the water sector. Lytic bacteriophages are of particular interest as biocontrol agents as their narrow host range can be exploited for the targeted removal of specific bacteria in a designated environment. Bacteriophages can also be used to improve processes such as wastewater treatment, while bacteriophage-derived enzymes can be applied to combat biofouling based on their effectiveness against preformed biofilms. However, the host range, environmental stability, bacteriophage resistance and biosafety risks are some of the factors that need to be considered prior to the large-scale application of these bacterial viruses. Characteristics of bacteriophages that highlight their potential as biocontrol agents are thus outlined in this review, as well as the potential application of bacteriophage biocontrol throughout the consumer water cycle. Additionally, the limitations of bacteriophage biocontrol and corresponding mitigation strategies are outlined, including the use of engineered bacteriophages for improved host ranges, environmental stability and the antimicrobial re-sensitisation of bacteria. Finally, the potential public and environmental risks associated with large-scale bacteriophage biocontrol application are considered, and alternative applications of bacteriophages to enhance the functioning of the consumer water cycle, including their use as water quality or treatment indicators and microbial source tracking markers, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Reyneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Havenga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Monique Waso-Reyneke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Kang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Li Z. Profiles of phage in global hospital wastewater: Association with microbial hosts, antibiotic resistance genes, metal resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171766. [PMID: 38513871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater (HWW) is known to host taxonomically diverse microbial communities, yet limited information is available on the phages infecting these microorganisms. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted an in-depth analysis using 377 publicly available HWW metagenomic datasets from 16 countries across 4 continents in the NCBI SRA database to elucidate phage-host dynamics and phage contributions to resistance gene transmission. We first assembled a metagenomic HWW phage catalog comprising 13,812 phage operational taxonomic units (pOTUs). The majority of these pOTUs belonged to the Caudoviricetes order, representing 75.29 % of this catalog. Based on the lifestyle of phages, we found that potentially virulent phages predominated in HWW. Specifically, 583 pOTUs have been predicted to have the capability to lyse 81 potentially pathogenic bacteria, suggesting the promising role of HWW phages as a viable alternative to antibiotics. Among all pOTUs, 1.56 % of pOTUs carry 108 subtypes of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 0.96 % of pOTUs carry 76 subtypes of metal resistance genes (MRGs), and 0.96 % of pOTUs carry 22 subtypes of non-phage mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Predictions indicate that certain phages carrying ARGs, MRGs, and non-phage MGEs could infect bacteria hosts, even potential pathogens. This suggests that phages in HWW may contribute to the dissemination of resistance-associated genes in the environment. This meta-analysis provides the first global catalog of HWW phages, revealing their correlations with microbial hosts and pahge-associated ARGs, MRG, and non-phage MGEs. The insights gained from this research hold promise for advancing the applications of phages in medical and industrial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology, Basic Medical College, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102200, China.
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Chen Z, Yang Y, Li G, Huang Y, Luo Y, Le S. Effective elimination of bacteria on hard surfaces by the combined use of bacteriophages and chemical disinfectants. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0379723. [PMID: 38483478 PMCID: PMC10986474 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03797-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) represent one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and controlling pathogens in the hospital environment is of great importance. Currently, the standard disinfection method in the hospital environment is chemical disinfection. However, disinfectants are usually not used strictly according to the label, making them less effective in disinfection. Therefore, there is an emergent need to find a better approach that can be used in hospitals to control pathogenic bacteria in the clinical environment. Bacteriophages (phages) are effective in killing bacteria and have been applied in the treatment of bacterial infections but have not received enough attention regarding the control of contamination in the clinical environment. In this study, we found that various phages remain active in the presence of chemical disinfectants. Moreover, the combined use of specific phages and chemical disinfectants is more effective in removing bacterial biofilms and eliminating bacteria on hard surfaces. Thus, this proof-of-concept study indicates that adding phages directly to chemical disinfectants might be an effective and economical approach to enhance clinical environment disinfection. IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated whether the combination of bacteriophages and chemical disinfectants can enhance the efficacy of reducing bacterial contamination on hard surfaces in the clinical setting. We found that specific phages are active in chemical disinfectants and that the combined use of phages and chemical disinfectants was highly effective in reducing bacterial presence on hard surfaces. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that adding specific phages directly to chemical disinfectants is an effective and cost-efficient strategy for clinical environment disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyue Chen
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Disease Surveillance Division, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Central Theater Command, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Youying Huang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Le
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Byun KH, Han SH, Choi MW, Kim BH, Ha SD. Efficacy of disinfectant and bacteriophage mixture against planktonic and biofilm state of Listeria monocytogenes to control in the food industry. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110587. [PMID: 38301541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Fresh produce and animal-based products contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes have been the main cause of listeriosis outbreaks for many years. The present investigation explored the potential of combination treatment of disinfectants with a bacteriophage cocktail to control L. monocytogenes contamination in the food industry. A mixture of 1 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and lactic acid [LA]) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) 100 of phage cocktail was applied to both planktonic cells in vitro and already-formed biofilm cells on food contact materials (FCMs; polyethylene, polypropylene, and stainless steel) and foods (celery and chicken meat). All the combinations significantly lowered the population, biofilm-forming ability, and the expression of flaA, motB, hlyA, prfA, actA, and sigB genes of L. monocytogenes. Additionally, in the antibiofilm test, approximately 4 log CFU/cm2 was eradicated by 6 h treatment on FCMs, and 3 log CFU/g was eradicated within 3 days on celery. However, <2 log CFU/g was eradicated in chicken meat, and regrowth of L. monocytogenes was observed on foods after 5 days. The biofilm eradication efficacy of the combination treatment was proven through visualization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. In the SEM images, the unusual behavior of L. monocytogenes invading from the surface to the inside was observed after treating celery with NaOCl+P or H2O2 + P. These results suggested that combination of disinfectants (NaOCl, H2O2, and LA) with Listeria-specific phage cocktail can be employed in the food industry as a novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm approach, and further research of L. monocytogenes behavior after disinfection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Hwan Byun
- Technology Innovation Research Division, Hygienic Safety and Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, South Korea
| | - Sang Ha Han
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, South Korea
| | - Min Woo Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Hu Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, South Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Chung-Ang University, Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 17546, South Korea.
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Doub JB, Fogel J, Urish KL. The stability of Staphylococcal bacteriophages with commonly used prosthetic joint infection lavage solutions. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:555-559. [PMID: 37971191 PMCID: PMC10932806 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the viability of four Staphylococcal bacteriophages when exposed to different concentrations of commonly used lavage solutions in the surgical treatment of prosthetic joint infections (PJI). Four tailed Staphylococcal bacteriophages and six different lavage solutions (chlorhexidine 4%, hydrogen peroxide 3%, acetic acid 3%, povidone iodine 10%, sodium hypochlorite 0.5%, and Vashe solution) at 100%, 1%, and 0.01% concentrations were used in this experiment. In addition, the temporal impact of exposing bacteriophages to these lavage solutions was also evaluated at 5-min exposures and 24-h exposures. The results show that the titers of the four bacteriophages were statistically significantly decreased for all lavage solutions (100% and 1%) at 5-min exposures and 24-h exposures. However, with 0.01% concentrations of the lavage solutions, only acetic acid caused a statistically significant decrease in bacteriophage titers compared to normal saline control. Our findings suggest that tailed Staphylococcal bacteriophages do not remain stable in high concentrations of the most commonly used lavage solutions. However, at very dilute concentrations the bacteriophages do remain viable. This has important clinical ramifications in that it shows when using bacteriophage therapy for PJI it is critical to thoroughly wash out any lavage solutions before the introduction of therapeutic bacteriophages especially when acetic acid is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Doub
- The Doub Translational Bacterial Research Laboratory, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessa Fogel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ken L. Urish
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, The Bone and Joint Center, Magee Women’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219
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Kamiński B, Paczesny J. Bacteriophage Challenges in Industrial Processes: A Historical Unveiling and Future Outlook. Pathogens 2024; 13:152. [PMID: 38392890 PMCID: PMC10893365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have used fermentation processes since the Neolithic period, mainly to produce beverages. The turning point occurred in the 1850s, when Louis Pasteur discovered that fermentation resulted from the metabolism of living microorganisms. This discovery led to the fast development of fermented food production. The importance of industrial processes based on fermentation significantly increased. Many branches of industry rely on the metabolisms of bacteria, for example, the dairy industry (cheese, milk, yogurts), pharmaceutical processes (insulin, vaccines, antibiotics), or the production of chemicals (acetone, butanol, acetic acid). These are the mass production processes involving a large financial outlay. That is why it is essential to minimize threats to production. One major threat affecting bacteria-based processes is bacteriophage infections, causing substantial economic losses. The first reported phage infections appeared in the 1930s, and companies still struggle to fight against phages. This review shows the cases of phage infections in industry and the most common methods used to prevent phage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
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Brenner T, Schultze DM, Mahoney D, Wang S. Reduction of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica in Broth and on Raw Chicken Breast by a Broad-spectrum Bacteriophage Cocktail. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100207. [PMID: 38142823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Globally, nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes approximately 150 million foodborne illnesses annually; many of which are linked to poultry products. Thus, improving food safety interventions in the poultry sector can reduce foodborne illness associated with prevalent NTS serotypes. Bacteriophages (phages) have shown promise as food-safe alternatives to current antimicrobial practices. However, challenges such as limited host range, bactericidal effectiveness in practical production settings, and the risk of developing host resistance remain as barriers for the widespread use of phages in commercial poultry operations. A broad-spectrum three-phage cocktail was evaluated against S. enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Kentucky. The impact of multiplicity of infection (MOI) on NTS growth was assessed in broth at 22°C for 18 hours (h). Then, phage cocktail efficacy was evaluated on raw chicken breast samples inoculated with the NTS cocktail and stored at 10°C or 22°C for 0, 1, and 5 days or 0, 4, 8, and 16 h, respectively. Most probable number (MPN) calculations were performed for NTS counts on chicken after phage treatment and storage at 10°C to account for samples with NTS counts below the detection limit. In general, a higher MOI corresponded to reduced NTS growth; however, residual nutrition in growth media and initial NTS contamination level affected samples treated with the phage cocktail at identical MOIs. On chicken, phage cocktail treatment significantly reduced NTS counts at 10°C and 22°C. After storage at 10°C for 5 days, NTS counts were reduced by >3.2 log compared to the control. After storage at 22°C for 16 h, NTS counts were reduced by >1.7 log compared to the control. Overall, the phage cocktail was effective at reducing a diverse set of prominent NTS strains in broth and on raw chicken breast, highlighting its potential for commercialization and use alongside other hurdles in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brenner
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Danielle Morgan Schultze
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Mahoney
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Raza S, Wdowiak M, Paczesny J. An Overview of Diverse Strategies To Inactivate Enterobacteriaceae-Targeting Bacteriophages. EcoSal Plus 2023; 11:eesp00192022. [PMID: 36651738 PMCID: PMC10729933 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0019-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and thus threaten industrial processes relying on the production executed by bacterial cells. Industries bear huge economic losses due to such recurring and resilient infections. Depending on the specificity of the process, there is a need for appropriate methods of bacteriophage inactivation, with an emphasis on being inexpensive and high efficiency. In this review, we summarize the reports on antiphagents, i.e., antibacteriophage agents on inactivation of bacteriophages. We focused on bacteriophages targeting the representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family, as its representative, Escherichia coli, is most commonly used in the bio-industry. The review is divided into sections dealing with bacteriophage inactivation by physical factors, chemical factors, and nanotechnology-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sada Raza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wdowiak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu Y, Zhao Y, Qian C, Huang Z, Feng L, Chen L, Yao Z, Xu C, Ye J, Zhou T. Study of Combined Effect of Bacteriophage vB3530 and Chlorhexidine on the Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:256. [PMID: 37704976 PMCID: PMC10498570 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine (CHG) is a disinfectant commonly used in hospitals. However, it has been reported that the excessive use of CHG can cause resistance in bacteria to this agent and even to other clinical antibiotics. Therefore, new methods are needed to alleviate the development of CHG tolerance and reduce its dosage. This study aimed to explore the synergistic effects of CHG in combination with bacteriophage against CHG-tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and provide ideas for optimizing disinfection strategies in clinical environments as well as for the efficient use of disinfectants. METHODS The CHG-tolerant P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in China. The bacteriophage vB3530 was isolated from the sewage inlet of the hospital, and its genome was sequenced. Time-killing curve was used to determine the antibacterial effects of vB3530 and chlorohexidine gluconate (CHG). The phage sensitivity to 16 CHG-tolerant P. aeruginosa strains and PAO1 strain was detected using plaque assay. The emergence rate of resistant bacterial strains was detected to determine the development of phage-resistant and CHG-tolerant strains. Finally, the disinfection effects of the disinfectant and phage combination on the surface of the medical devices were preliminarily evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that (1) CHG combined with bacteriophage vB3530 significantly inhibited the growth of CHG-resistant P. aeruginosa and reduced the bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) after 24 h. (2) The combination of CHG and bacteriophage inhibited the emergence of phage-resistant and CHG-tolerant strains. (3) The combination of CHG and bacteriophage significantly reduced the bacterial load on the surface of medical devices. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the combination of bacteriophage vB3530 and CHG presented a combined inactivation effect to CHG-tolerant P. aeruginosa and reduced the emergence of strains resistant to CHG and phage. This study demonstrated the potential of bacteriophage as adjuvants to traditional disinfectants. The use of bacteriophage in combination with commercial disinfectants might be a promising method for controlling the spread of bacteria in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yining Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Changrui Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Luozhu Feng
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhuocheng Yao
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunquan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Shivaram KB, Bhatt P, Applegate B, Simsek H. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol technology to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment and reduce targeted bacterial biofilms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160723. [PMID: 36496019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment is an essential process for public health and a sustainable ecosystem. Inadequate wastewater treatment can lead to the release of organic and inorganic pollutants and pathogenic bacteria into the receiving waters which could be further utilized for recreation purposes. The interaction between bacteriophage and bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant plays a major role in maintaining the treatment process. Phage therapy has been proposed as an alternative to conventional treatment methods as bacteriophages can be used on specific targets and leave useful bacteria unharmed. The bacterial species, which are responsible for bulking, foaming, and biofilm formation in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) have been identified and their respective phages are isolated to control their growth. Phages with lytic life cycles are preferred to lysogenic. Lytic phages can kill the specific target as they lyse the cell, infect most of the hosts, and have an immediate effect on controlling problems caused by bacteria in a WWTP. The bacteriophages such as T7, SPI1, GTE7, PhaxI, MAG1, MAG2, ϕPh_Se01, ϕPh_Se02, and Bxb1 have been investigated for the removal of bacterial biofilms from wastewater. Novel experimental setups have improved the efficiency of phage therapy in small-scale and pilot-scale experiments. Much more in-depth knowledge of the microbial community and their interaction would help promote the usage of phage therapy in large-scale wastewater treatments. This paper has covered the recent advancements in phage therapy as an effective biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria in the wastewater treatment process and has looked at certain shortcomings that have to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Basthi Shivaram
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Bruce Applegate
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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Chavignon M, Kolenda C, Medina M, Bonhomme M, Blazere L, Legendre T, Tristan A, Laurent F, Butin M. Bacteriophage-based decontamination to control environmental colonization by Staphylococcus capitis in neonatal intensive care units: An in vitro proof-of-concept. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1060825. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), the standard chemical-based disinfection procedures do not allow a complete eradication of pathogens from environmental surfaces. In particular, the clone Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A, a significant pathogen in neonates, was shown to colonize neonatal incubators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of a bacteriophage cocktail on NRCS-A eradication.MethodsThree bacteriophages were isolated, genetically characterized and assessed for their host range using a collection of representative clinical strains (n=31) belonging to the clone NRCS-A. The efficacy of a cocktail including these three bacteriophages to eradicate the reference strain S. capitis NRCS-A CR01 was determined in comparison or in combination with the chemical disinfectant Surfanios Premium on either dry inoculum or biofilm-embedded bacteria. The emergence of bacterial resistance against the bacteriophages alone or in cocktail was evaluated by growth kinetics.ResultsThe three bacteriophages belonged to two families and genera, namely Herelleviridae/Kayvirus for V1SC01 and V1SC04 and Rountreeviridae/Andhravirus for V1SC05. They were active against 17, 25 and 16 of the 31 tested strains respectively. Bacteriophage cocktails decreased the bacterial inoculum of both dry spots and biofilms, with a dose dependent effect. The sequential treatment with bacteriophages then Surfanios Premium did not show enhanced efficacy. No bacterial resistance was observed when using the bacteriophage cocktail.DiscussionThis study established a proof-of-concept for the use of bacteriophages to fight against S. capitis NRCS-A. Further investigations are needed using a larger bacterial collection and in real-life conditions before being able to use such technology in NICUs
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Pacios‐Michelena S, Rodríguez‐Herrera R, Rincón‐Enríquez G, Ramos‐González R, Flores‐Gallegos AC, Chávez‐González ML, de la Peña González JE, Ilina A. Effect of encapsulation and natural polyphenolic compounds on bacteriophage stability and activity on
Escherichia coli
in
Lactuca sativa
L. var.
longifolia. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pacios‐Michelena
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Raúl Rodríguez‐Herrera
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Gabriel Rincón‐Enríquez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Plant Biotechnology Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Zapopan Jalisco Mexico
| | | | - Adriana C. Flores‐Gallegos
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Mónica L. Chávez‐González
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | | | - Anna Ilina
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
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13
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Ultrafast and Multiplexed Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing by Surface Plasmon Resonance and Phase Imaging of Immobilized Phage Microarrays. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of bacteriophage (phage) therapy, there is an urgent need for a method permitting multiplexed, parallel phage susceptibility testing (PST) prior to the formulation of personalized phage cocktails for administration to patients suffering from antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Methods based on surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and phase imaging were demonstrated as candidates for very rapid (<2 h) PST in the broth phase. Biosensing layers composed of arrays of phages 44AHJD, P68, and gh-1 were covalently immobilized on the surface of an SPRi prism and exposed to liquid culture of either Pseudomonas putida or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., either the phages’ host or non-host bacteria). Monitoring of reflectivity reveals susceptibility of the challenge bacteria to the immobilized phage strains. Investigation of phase imaging of lytic replication of gh-1 demonstrates PST at the single-cell scale, without requiring phage immobilization. SPRi sensorgrams show that on-target regions increase in reflectivity more slowly, stabilizing later and to a lower level compared to off-target regions. Phage susceptibility can be revealed in as little as 30 min in both the SPRi and phase imaging methods.
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14
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Raza S, Folga M, Łoś M, Foltynowicz Z, Paczesny J. The Effect of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) on Bacteriophages. Viruses 2022; 14:867. [PMID: 35632609 PMCID: PMC9144403 DOI: 10.3390/v14050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that attack and usually kill bacteria. Their appearance in the industrial facilities using bacteria to produce active compounds (e.g., drugs, food, cosmetics, etc.) causes considerable financial losses. Instances of bacteriophage resistance towards disinfectants and decontamination procedures (such as thermal inactivation and photocatalysis) have been reported. There is a pressing need to explore new ways of phage inactivation that are environmentally neutral, inexpensive, and more efficient. Here, we study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on four different bacteriophages (T4, T7, MS2, M13). The reduction of plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL varies from greater than 7log to around 0.5log depending on bacteriophages (M13 and T7, respectively). A comparison of the importance of oxidation of nZVI versus the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions is shown. The mechanism of action is proposed in connection to redox reactions, adsorption of virions on nZVI, and the effect of released iron ions. The nZVI constitutes a critical addition to available antiphagents (i.e., anti-bacteriophage agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sada Raza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Michał Folga
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Marcin Łoś
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Phage Consultants, Partyzantów 10/18, 80-254 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zenon Foltynowicz
- Department of Non-Food Products Quality and Packaging Development, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (M.F.)
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15
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Li J, Zhao F, Zhan W, Li Z, Zou L, Zhao Q. Challenges for the application of bacteriophages as effective antibacterial agents in the food industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:461-471. [PMID: 34487550 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food contamination caused by foodborne pathogens is one of the most important concerns in public health worldwide, and accounts for a significant portion of food loss every year. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria has turned the attention of researchers back to the potential of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents, and their use has been attempted in various pre-and post-harvest food production settings. The application of phage-based antibacterial products has achieved considerable success but a number of technical, environmental and administrative challenges remain unaddressed. In this review, we summarize the current status of bacteriophage application in the food industry. We discuss the obstacles facing the further development of phage-based antibacterial products from the aspects of technology, environmental safety, and administrative policy. We also advance some possible solutions to these challenges. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyao Zhan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqi Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Bacteriophage treatment before chemical disinfection can enhance removal of plastic surface-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0098021. [PMID: 34347517 PMCID: PMC8478462 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00980-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens can linger on surfaces in hospital and building plumbing environments, leading to infections in at-risk populations. Further, biofilm-associated bacteria are protected from removal and inactivation protocols, such as disinfection. Bacteriophages show promise as tools to treat antibiotic resistant infections. As such, phages may also be useful in environmental applications to prevent newly acquired infections. In the current study, the potential of synergies between bacteriophage and chemical disinfection of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed under various conditions. Specifically, surface-associated P. aeruginosa was treated with various concentrations of phages (P1 or JG004), chemical disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite or benzalkonium chloride), or combined sequential treatments under three distinct attachment models (spot inoculations, dry biofilms, and wet biofilms). Phages were very effective at removing bacteria in spot inoculation (>3.2 log10 removal) and wet biofilms (up to 2.6 log10 removal), while phages prevented regrowth of dry biofilms in the application time. In addition, phage treatment followed by chemical disinfection inactivated more P. aeruginosa under wet biofilm conditions better than either treatment alone. This effect was hindered when chemical disinfection was applied first, followed by phage treatment, suggesting additive benefits of combination treatments are lost when phage is applied last. Further, we confirm prior evidence of greater phage tolerance to benzalkonium chloride relative to sodium hypochlorite, informing choices for combination phage-disinfectant approaches. Overall, this paper further supports the potential of using combination phage and chemical disinfectant treatments to improve inactivation of surface-associated P. aeruginosa. Importance Phages are already utilized in the healthcare industry to treat antibiotic resistant infections, such as on implant-associated biofilms and in compassionate care cases. Phage treatment could also be a promising new tool to control pathogens in the built environment, preventing infections from occurring. This study shows that phage can be combined effectively with chemical disinfectants to improve removal of wet biofilms and bacteria spotted onto surfaces while preventing regrowth in dry biofilms. This has the potential to improve pathogen containment within the built environment and drinking water infrastructure to prevent infections of opportunistic pathogens.
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17
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Abstract
Bacteriophages and bacterial biofilms are widely present in natural environments, a fact that has accelerated the evolution of phages and their bacterial hosts in these particular niches. Phage-host interactions in biofilm communities are rather complex, where phages are not always merely predators but also can establish symbiotic relationships that induce and strengthen biofilms. In this review we provide an overview of the main features affecting phage-biofilm interactions as well as the currently available methods of studying these interactions. In addition, we address the applications of phages for biofilm control in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
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18
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Kauppinen A, Siponen S, Pitkänen T, Holmfeldt K, Pursiainen A, Torvinen E, Miettinen IT. Phage Biocontrol of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Water. Viruses 2021; 13:928. [PMID: 34067885 PMCID: PMC8156286 DOI: 10.3390/v13050928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage control of harmful or pathogenic bacteria has aroused growing interest, largely due to the rise of antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to test phages as potential agents for the biocontrol of an opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Two P. aeruginosa bacteriophages (vB_PaeM_V523 and vB_PaeM_V524) were isolated from wastewater and characterized physically and functionally. Genomic and morphological characterization showed that both were myoviruses within the Pbunavirus genus. Both had a similar latent period (50-55 min) and burst size (124-134 PFU/infected cell), whereas there was variation in the host range. In addition to these environmental phages, a commercial Pseudomonas phage, JG003 (DSM 19870), was also used in the biocontrol experiments. The biocontrol potential of the three phages in water was tested separately and together as a cocktail against two P. aeruginosa strains; PAO1 and the environmental strain 17V1507. With PAO1, all phages initially reduced the numbers of the bacterial host, with phage V523 being the most efficient (>2.4 log10 reduction). For the environmental P. aeruginosa strain (17V1507), only the phage JG003 caused a reduction (1.2 log10) compared to the control. The cocktail of three phages showed a slightly higher decrease in the level of the hosts compared to the use of individual phages. Although no synergistic effect was observed in the host reduction with the use of the phage cocktail, the cocktail-treated hosts did not appear to acquire resistance as rapidly as hosts treated with a single phage. The results of this study provide a significant step in the development of bacteriophage preparations for the control of pathogens and harmful microbes in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kauppinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (S.S.); (T.P.); (A.P.); (I.T.M.)
| | - Sallamaari Siponen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (S.S.); (T.P.); (A.P.); (I.T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (S.S.); (T.P.); (A.P.); (I.T.M.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Holmfeldt
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden;
| | - Anna Pursiainen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (S.S.); (T.P.); (A.P.); (I.T.M.)
| | - Eila Torvinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Ilkka T. Miettinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (S.S.); (T.P.); (A.P.); (I.T.M.)
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19
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Pires DP, Costa AR, Pinto G, Meneses L, Azeredo J. Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:684-700. [PMID: 32472938 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge worldwide, whose implications for global health might be devastating if novel antibacterial strategies are not quickly developed. As natural predators of bacteria, (bacterio)phages may play an essential role in escaping such a dreadful future. The rising problem of antibiotic resistance has revived the interest in phage therapy and important developments have been achieved over the last years. But where do we stand today and what can we expect from phage therapy in the future? This is the question we set to answer in this review. Here, we scour the outcomes of human phage therapy clinical trials and case reports, and address the major barriers that stand in the way of using phages in clinical settings. We particularly address the potential of phage resistance to hinder phage therapy and discuss future avenues to explore the full capacity of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana Meneses
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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20
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Engeman E, Freyberger HR, Corey BW, Ward AM, He Y, Nikolich MP, Filippov AA, Tyner SD, Jacobs AC. Synergistic Killing and Re-Sensitization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Antibiotics by Phage-Antibiotic Combination Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030184. [PMID: 33668899 PMCID: PMC7996583 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections pose a serious health threat. Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy is a promising candidate for combating these infections. A 5-phage P. aeruginosa cocktail, PAM2H, was tested in combination with antibiotics (ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem) to determine if PAM2H enhances antibiotic activity. Combination treatment in vitro resulted in a significant increase in susceptibility of MDR strains to antibiotics. Treatment with ceftazidime (CAZ), meropenem, gentamicin, or ciprofloxacin in the presence of the phage increased the number of P. aeruginosa strains susceptible to these antibiotics by 63%, 56%, 31%, and 81%, respectively. Additionally, in a mouse dorsal wound model, seven of eight mice treated with a combination of CAZ and PAM2H for three days had no detectable bacteria remaining in their wounds on day 4, while all mice treated with CAZ or PAM2H alone had ~107 colony forming units (CFU) remaining in their wounds. P. aeruginosa recovered from mouse wounds post-treatment showed decreased virulence in a wax worm model, and DNA sequencing indicated that the combination treatment prevented mutations in genes encoding known phage receptors. Treatment with PAM2H in combination with antibiotics resulted in the re-sensitization of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics in vitro and a synergistic reduction in bacterial burden in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Engeman
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Helen R. Freyberger
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- ICON plc, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
| | - Brendan W. Corey
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Amanda M. Ward
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- ICON plc, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
| | - Yunxiu He
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- ICON plc, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
| | - Mikeljon P. Nikolich
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
| | - Andrey A. Filippov
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- ICON plc, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Stuart D. Tyner
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
| | - Anna C. Jacobs
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (E.E.); (H.R.F.); (A.M.W.); (Y.H.); (M.P.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.C.J.)
- ICON plc, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
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21
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Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, Fernández L, García P, Kjos M, Diep DB. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:131. [PMID: 33573022 PMCID: PMC7911828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, are common colonizers of the human microbiota. While being harmless in many cases, many virulence factors result in them being opportunistic pathogens and one of the major causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. One of these virulence factors is the ability to form biofilms-three-dimensional communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS). The EPS is composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA, and is finely regulated in response to environmental conditions. This structured environment protects the embedded bacteria from the human immune system and decreases their susceptibility to antimicrobials, making infections caused by staphylococci particularly difficult to treat. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, together with difficulty in removing biofilms, there is a great need for new treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of the stages of biofilm development and what difficulties may arise when trying to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms. Furthermore, we look into promising targets and therapeutic methods, including bacteriocins and phage-derived antibiofilm approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marita Torrissen Mårli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
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22
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Fister S, Mester P, Witte AK, Sommer J, Schoder D, Rossmanith P. Part of the problem or the solution? Indiscriminate use of bacteriophages in the food industry can reduce their potential and impair growth-based detection methods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Jończyk-Matysiak E, Łodej N, Kula D, Owczarek B, Orwat F, Międzybrodzki R, Neuberg J, Bagińska N, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Górski A. Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:583-606. [PMID: 31322022 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1646126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Phages consist of nucleic acids and proteins that may lose their activity under different physico-chemical conditions. The production process of phage formulations may decrease phage infectivity. Ingredients present in the preparation may influence phage particles, although preparation and storage conditions may also cause variations in phage titer. Significant factors are the manner of phage application, the patient's immune system status, the type of medication being taken, and diet. Areas covered: We discuss factors determining phage activity and stability, which is relevant for the preparation and application of phage formulations with the highest therapeutic efficacy. Our article should be helpful for more insightful implementation of clinical trials, which could pave the way for successful phage therapy. Expert opinion: The number of naturally occurring phages is practically unlimited and phages vary in their susceptibility to external factors. Modern methods offer engineering techniques which should lead to enhanced precision in phage delivery and anti-bacterial activity. Recent data suggesting that phages may also be used in treating nonbacterial infections as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents add further weight to such studies. It may be anticipated that different phage activities could have varying susceptibility to factors determining their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Norbert Łodej
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Dominika Kula
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Filip Orwat
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Ryszard Międzybrodzki
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,b Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Neuberg
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,b Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
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Tayyarcan EK, Acar Soykut E, Menteş Yılmaz O, Boyaci IH, Khaaladi M, Fattouch S. Investigation of different interactions betweenStaphylococcus aureusphages and pomegranate peel, grape seed, and black cumin extracts. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Acar Soykut
- Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational SchoolBolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | | | - Ismail H. Boyaci
- Department of Food EngineeringHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Maha Khaaladi
- National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT)University of Carthage Tunis Tunisia
| | - Sami Fattouch
- National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT)University of Carthage Tunis Tunisia
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25
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Sommer J, Trautner C, Witte AK, Fister S, Schoder D, Rossmanith P, Mester PJ. Don't Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted-The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments. Viruses 2019; 11:E468. [PMID: 31121941 PMCID: PMC6563225 DOI: 10.3390/v11050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a new potential measure against foodborne pathogenic bacteria was rediscovered-bacteriophages. However, despite all their advantages, in connection to their widespread application in the food industry, negative consequences such as an uncontrolled phage spread as well as a development of phage resistant bacteria can occur. These problems are mostly a result of long-term persistence of phages in the food production environment. As this topic has been neglected so far, this article reviews the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of disinfectant strategies for phage inactivation and removal. For this purpose, the main commercial phage products, as well as their application fields are first discussed in terms of applicable inactivation strategies and legal regulations. Secondly, an overview of the effectiveness of disinfectants for bacteriophage inactivation in general and commercial phages in particular is given. Finally, this review outlines a possible strategy for users of commercial phage products in order to improve the effectiveness of phage inactivation and removal after application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sommer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Trautner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Kristina Witte
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- HTK Hygiene Technologie Kompetenzzentrum GmbH, Buger Str. 80, 96049 Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fister
- Former member of Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animal and Public Veterinary Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dagmar Schoder
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick-Julian Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Big Impact of the Tiny: Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in Biofilms. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:739-752. [PMID: 31128928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have been shaping bacterial ecology and evolution for millions of years, for example, by selecting for defence strategies. Evidence supports that bacterial biofilm formation is one such strategy and that biofilm-mediated protection against phage infection depends on maturation and composition of the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, studies have revealed that phages can induce and strengthen biofilms. Here we review interactions between bacteria and phages in biofilms, discuss the underlying mechanisms, the potential of phage therapy for biofilm control, and emphasize the importance of considering biofilms in future phage research. This is especially relevant as biofilms are associated with increased tolerance towards antibiotics and are implicated in the majority of chronic infections.
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Mathieu J, Yu P, Zuo P, Da Silva MLB, Alvarez PJJ. Going Viral: Emerging Opportunities for Phage-Based Bacterial Control in Water Treatment and Reuse. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:849-857. [PMID: 30925037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Water security to protect human lives and support sustainable development is one of the greatest global challenges of this century. While a myriad of water pollutants can impact public health, the greatest threat arises from pathogenic bacteria that can be harbored in different components of water treatment, distribution, and reuse systems. Bacterial biofilms can also promote water infrastructure corrosion and biofouling, which substantially increase the cost and complexity of many critical operations. Conventional disinfection and microbial control approaches are often insufficient to keep up with the increasing complexity and renewed relevance of this pressing challenge. For example, common disinfectants cannot easily penetrate and eradicate biofilms, and are also relatively ineffective against resistant microorganisms. The use of chemical disinfectants is also curtailed by regulations aimed at minimizing the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts. Furthermore, disinfectants cannot be used to kill problematic bacteria in biological treatment processes without upsetting system performance. This underscores the need for novel, more precise, and more sustainable microbial control technologies. Bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, are the most abundant (and perhaps the most underutilized) biological resource on Earth, and hold great promise for targeting problematic bacteria. Although phages should not replace broad-spectrum disinfectants in drinking water treatment, they offer great potential for applications where selective targeting of problematic bacteria is warranted and antimicrobial chemicals are either relatively ineffective or their use would result in unintended detrimental consequences. Promising applications for phage-based biocontrol include selectively suppressing bulking and foaming bacteria that hinder activated sludge clarification, mitigating proliferation of antibiotic resistant strains in biological wastewater treatment systems where broad-spectrum antimicrobials would impair pollutant biodegradation, and complementing biofilm eradication efforts to delay corrosion and biofouling. Phages could also mitigate harmful cyanobacteria blooms that produce toxins in source waters, and could also serve as substitutes for the prophylactic use of antibiotics and biocides in animal agriculture to reduce their discharge to source waters and the associated selective pressure for resistant bacteria. Here, we consider the phage life cycle and its implications for bacterial control, and elaborate on the biochemical basis of such potential application niches in the water supply and reuse cycle. We also discuss potential technological barriers for phage-based bacterial control and suggest strategies and research needs to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Mathieu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pengxiao Zuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Marcio L. B. Da Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J. J. Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Gutiérrez D, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Role of Bacteriophages in the Implementation of a Sustainable Dairy Chain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:12. [PMID: 30723460 PMCID: PMC6349743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing human population is currently facing an unprecedented challenge regarding global food sustainability. Thus, it is of paramount to maintain food production and quality while avoiding a negative impact on climate change and the environment at large. Along the food chain, several practices could compromise future food safety and human health. One example is the widespread use of antibiotics and disinfectants in dairy production, which has contributed to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. Moreover, the uncontrolled release of antimicrobials to the environment poses a significant threat to natural ecosystems. For these reasons, research has recently focused on exploiting natural antimicrobials with the goal of achieving a safer and more sustainable dairy production chain. In this context, bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, may become good allies to prevent and treat diseases in cattle, or be used as disinfectants in dairy facilities and as preservatives in dairy products. This review provides an overview of the current research regarding the use of phages as a global approach to reduce economic losses and food waste, while increasing food safety and reducing the environmental impact of food production. Our current understanding of progress, solutions, and future challenges in dairy production, processing, safety, waste processing, and quality assurance is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez A, García P. Application of Bacteriophages in the Agro-Food Sector: A Long Way Toward Approval. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:296. [PMID: 30186776 PMCID: PMC6113595 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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Oliveira A, Sousa JC, Silva AC, Melo LDR, Sillankorva S. Chestnut Honey and Bacteriophage Application to Control Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Biofilms: Evaluation in an ex vivo Wound Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1725. [PMID: 30108574 PMCID: PMC6080586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic skin wounds represent a major burn both economically and socially. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are among the most common colonizers of infected wounds and are prolific biofilm formers. Biofilms are a major problem in infections due to their increasingly difficult control and eradication, and tolerance to multiple prescribed drugs. As so, alternative methods are necessary. Bacteriophages (phages) and honey are both seen as a promising approach for biofilm related infections. Phages have specificity toward a bacterial genus, species or even strain, self-replicating nature, and avoid dysbiosis. Honey has gained acknowledgment due to its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. In this work, the effect of E. coli and P. aeruginosa phages vB_EcoS_CEB_EC3a and vB_PaeP_PAO1-D and chestnut honey, alone and combined, were tested using in vitro (polystyrene) and ex vivo (porcine skin) models and against mono and dual-species biofilms of these bacteria. In general, colonization was higher in the porcine skins and the presence of a second microorganism in a consortium of species did not affect the effectiveness of the treatments. The antibacterial effect of combined therapy against dual-species biofilms led to bacterial reductions that were greater for biofilms formed on polystyrene than on skin. Monospecies biofilms of E. coli were better destroyed with phages and honey than P. aeruginosa monospecies biofilms. Overall, the combined phage-honey formulations resulted in higher efficacies possibly due to honey's capacity to damage the bacterial cell membrane and also to its ability to penetrate the biofilm matrix, promoting and enhancing the subsequent phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sanna Sillankorva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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