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Dastyar H, Edalat F, Pirbonyeh N, Letafati A, Soheili R, Moattari A. HA antigenic variation and phylogenetic analysis of influenza B virus in Shiraz, Iran. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107292. [PMID: 38897314 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infection is highly contagious respiratory illness triggered by the influenza virus, bearing substantial implications for global health. Influenza B viruses, specifically the Victoria and Yamagata lineages, have contributed to the disease burden, and the mismatch between circulating strains and vaccine strains has led to increased mortality and economic costs. Understanding the global epidemiology, seasonal variations, and genetic characteristics of influenza B is crucial for effective prevention and control strategies. METHODS The study investigated influenza B viruses in Shiraz, Iran during the Oct 2017 to Jan 2018. Throat swabs were collected from 235 individuals under 15 with influenza-like symptoms including fever and cough. Samples were stored at -80°C and transported to the lab for further analysis. Viral RNA was extracted and analyzed using Real-time PCR. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of positive samples was sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Amino acids indicative of adaptive mutations were identified using global sequence data. RESULTS 23 of 235 samples (9.7 %) were positive for influenza B virus. The most common clinical manifestations were rhinorrhea and myalgia, with 20 individuals (87 % of the 23 infected people) each showing these symptoms. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene showed that the Victoria isolates were close to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain (12.5 % of the positive samples) and belonged to clade-1A, while the Yamagata isolates were close to the B/Phuket/3037/2013 strain (87.5 % of the positive samples) and belonged to clade-3. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need for importance vaccine coverage in the Shiraz region to address limited genetic diversity and strain mismatch. Continuous surveillance of mutations in the HA gene resulting in amino acid substitutions and their impact on vaccine efficacy is crucial. This study showed that the circulation of influenza B in Shiraz matched with the recommended Yamagata vaccine strain. These findings contribute to the understanding of influenza B dynamics and emphasize the importance of region-specific prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Dastyar
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahime Edalat
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Pirbonyeh
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Microbiology Department, Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roben Soheili
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Korsun N, Trifonova I, Madzharova I, Christova I. Resurgence of influenza with increased genetic diversity of circulating viruses during the 2022-2023 season. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 39073070 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. After two seasons of absence and low circulation, influenza activity increased significantly in the winter of 2022-2023. This study aims to characterize virological and epidemiological aspects of influenza infection in Bulgaria during the 2022-2023 season and perform a phylogenetic/molecular analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of representative influenza strains.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Influenza A and B viruses generate new genetic groups/clades each season, replacing previously circulating variants. This results in increased antigenic distances from current vaccine strains. Strengthening existing influenza surveillance is essential to meet the challenges posed by the co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2.Methodology. We tested 2713 clinical samples from patients with acute respiratory illnesses using a multiplex real-time RT-PCR kit (FluSC2) to detect influenza A/B and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) simultaneously. Representative Bulgarian influenza strains were sequenced at the WHO Collaborating Centres in London, UK, and Atlanta, USA.Results. Influenza virus was detected in 694 (25.6 %) patients. Of these, 364 (52.4 %), 213 (30.7 %) and 117 (16.9 %) were positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B/Victoria lineage virus, respectively. HA genes of the 47 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses fell into clades 5a.2. and 5a.2a.1 within the 6B.5A.1A.5a.2 group. Twenty-seven A(H3N2) viruses belonging to subclades 2b, 2a.1, 2a.1b and 2a.3a.1 within the 3C.2a1b.2a.2 group were analysed. All 23 sequenced B/Victoria lineage viruses were classified into the V1A.3a.2 group. We identified amino acid substitutions in HA and NA compared with the vaccine strains, including several substitutions in the HA antigenic sites.Conclusion. The study's findings showed genetic diversity among the influenza A viruses and, to a lesser extent, among B viruses, circulating in the first season after the lifting of anti-COVID-19 measures.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Genetic Variation
- Phylogeny
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/classification
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/classification
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Adult
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Female
- Bulgaria/epidemiology
- Young Adult
- Aged
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Child
- Adolescent
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/virology
- Infant
- Seasons
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelina Trifonova
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iveta Madzharova
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Christova
- National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A Stoletov Blvd, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Anoma S, Bhattarakosol P, Kowitdamrong E. Characteristics and evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of Influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Thailand during 2015 to 2018. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17523. [PMID: 38846750 PMCID: PMC11155671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A(H3N2) virus evolves continuously. Its hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes have high genetic variation due to the antigenic drift. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and evolution of HA and NA genes of the influenza A(H3N2) virus in Thailand. Methods Influenza A positive respiratory samples from 2015 to 2018 were subtyped by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Full-length HA and NA genes from the positive samples of influenza A(H3N2) were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis with the maximum likelihood method was used to investigate the evolution of the virus compared with the WHO-recommended influenza vaccine strain. Homology modeling and N-glycosylation site prediction were also performed. Results Out of 443 samples, 147 (33.18%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 296 (66.82%) were A(H3N2). The A(H3N2) viruses circulating in 2015 were clade 3C.2a whereas sub-clade 3C.2a1 and 3C.2a2 dominated in 2016-2017 and 2018, respectively. Amino acid substitutions were found in all antigenic sites A, B, C, D, and E of HA but the majority of the substitutions were located at antigenic sites A and B. The S245N and N329S substitutions in the NA gene affect the N-glycosylation. None of the mutations associated with resistance to NA inhibitors were observed. Mean evolutionary rates of the HA and NA genes were 3.47 × 10 -3 and 2.98 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. Conclusion The influenza A(H3N2) virus is very genetically diverse and is always evolving to evade host defenses. The HA and NA gene features including the evolutionary rate of the influenza A(H3N2) viruses that were circulating in Thailand between 2015 and 2018 are described. This information is useful for monitoring the genetic characteristics and evolution in HA and NA genes of influenza A(H3N2) virus in Thailand which is crucial for predicting the influenza vaccine strains resulting in high vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiprapa Anoma
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduated School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekasit Kowitdamrong
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Guo X, Zhou Y, Yan H, An Q, Liang C, Liu L, Qian J. Molecular Markers and Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus Cross-Species Transmission and New Host Adaptation. Viruses 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 38932174 PMCID: PMC11209369 DOI: 10.3390/v16060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to be a serious health risk to people and result in a large-scale socio-economic loss. Avian influenza viruses typically do not replicate efficiently in mammals, but through the accumulation of mutations or genetic reassortment, they can overcome interspecies barriers, adapt to new hosts, and spread among them. Zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and exhibit limited human-to-human transmission. However, further adaptation of these viruses to humans may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Therefore, we are beginning to understand genetic changes and mechanisms that may influence interspecific adaptation, cross-species transmission, and the pandemic potential of influenza A viruses. We also discuss the genetic and phenotypic traits associated with the airborne transmission of influenza A viruses in order to provide theoretical guidance for the surveillance of new strains with pandemic potential and the prevention of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Qing An
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Macauslane KL, Pegg CL, Short KR, Schulz BL. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways by respiratory viruses. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37934111 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are amongst the leading causes of death and disability, and the greatest burden of disease impacts children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Respiratory viruses account for the majority of ARIs. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a host homeostatic defence mechanism primarily activated in response to aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein accumulation in cell stresses including viral infection. The UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases, as the respiratory system is particularly vulnerable to chronic and acute activation of the ER stress response pathway. Many respiratory viruses therefore employ strategies to modulate the UPR during infection, with varying effects on the host and the pathogens. Here, we review the specific means by which respiratory viruses affect the host UPR, particularly in association with the high production of viral glycoproteins, and the impact of UPR activation and subversion on viral replication and disease pathogenesis. We further review the activation of UPR in common co-morbidities of ARIs and discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the UPR in virally induced respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Macauslane
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rizal FA, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Iqbal M. Sequence Analysis of the Malaysian Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain H5N2 from Duck. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1973. [PMID: 37895321 PMCID: PMC10606931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5 subtype have the ability to mutate from low pathogenic (LPAI) to highly pathogenic (HPAI), which can cause high mortality in poultry. Little is known about the pathogenic switching apart from the mutations at the haemagglutinin cleavage site, which significantly contributes to the virus virulence switching phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the molecular markers in the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of a locally isolated LPAI AIV strain H5N2 from Malaysia with the reference HPAI strains using bioinformatics approaches, emphasising the pathogenic properties of the viral genes. First, the H5N2 strain A/Duck/Malaysia/8443/2004 was propagated in SPF eggs. The viral presence was verified by haemagglutination assay, RT-PCR, and sequencing. Results showed successful amplifications of HA (1695 bp), NA (1410 bp), and M (1019 bp) genes. The genes were sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences were analysed computationally using MEGA 11 and NetNGlyc software. Analysis of the HA protein showed the absence of the polybasic cleavage motif, but presence of two amino acid residues that are known to affect pathogenicity. There were also two glycosylation sites (glycosites) compared to the reference HPAI viruses, which had three or more at the HA globular head domain. No NA stalk deletion was detected but the haemadsorbing and active centres of the studied NA protein were relatively similar to the reference HPAI H5N2 isolates of duck but not chicken origins. Six NA glycosites were also identified. Finally, we observed a consistent M1 and M2 amino acid sequences between our LPAI isolate with the other HPAI H5N1 or H5N2 reference proteins. These data demonstrate distinct characteristics of the Malaysian LPAI H5N2, compared to HPAI H5N2 or H5N1 from ducks or chickens, potentially aiding the epidemiological research on genetic dynamics of circulating AIV in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Ahmad Rizal
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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Ospina-Jimenez AF, Gomez AP, Rincon-Monroy MA, Ortiz L, Perez DR, Peña M, Ramirez-Nieto G. Sequence-Based Antigenic Analyses of H1 Swine Influenza A Viruses from Colombia (2008-2021) Reveals Temporal and Geographical Antigenic Variations. Viruses 2023; 15:2030. [PMID: 37896808 PMCID: PMC10612065 DOI: 10.3390/v15102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a respiratory disease that affects the pork industry and is a public health threat. It is caused by type A influenza virus (FLUAV), which continuously undergoes genetic and antigenic variations. A large amount of information regarding FLUAV in pigs is available worldwide, but it is limited in Latin America. The HA sequences of H1 subtype FLUAV-positive samples obtained from pigs in Colombia between 2008-2021 were analyzed using sequence-based antigenic cartography and N-Glycosylation analyses. Of the 12 predicted global antigenic groups, Colombia contained five: four corresponding to pandemic strains and one to the classical swine H1N1 clade. Circulation of these clusters was observed in some regions during specific years. Ca2 was the immunodominant epitope among Colombian viruses. The counts of N-Glycosylation motifs were associated with the antigenic cluster ranging from three to five. The results show for the first time the existence of antigenic diversity of FLUAV in Colombia and highlight the impact of spatial and temporal factors on this diversity. This study provides information about FLUAV variability in pigs under natural conditions in the absence of vaccination and emphasizes the need for surveillance of its phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres F. Ospina-Jimenez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Arlen P. Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
| | - Maria A. Rincon-Monroy
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
- National Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), Bogotá 110931, Colombia
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (L.O.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (L.O.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Mario Peña
- Asociación Colombiana de Porcicultores Porkcolombia—FNP, Bogotá 111311, Colombia;
| | - Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.F.O.-J.); (A.P.G.); (M.A.R.-M.)
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Li L, Liu T, Wang Q, Ding Y, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Dou H, Jia Y, Jiao B. Genetic characterization and whole-genome sequencing-based genetic analysis of influenza virus in Jining City during 2021-2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196451. [PMID: 37426015 PMCID: PMC10324579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The influenza virus poses a significant threat to global public health due to its high mutation rate. Continuous surveillance, development of new vaccines, and public health measures are crucial in managing and mitigating the impact of influenza outbreaks. Methods Nasal swabs were collected from individuals with influenza-like symptoms in Jining City during 2021-2022. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect influenza A viruses, followed by isolation using MDCK cells. Additionally, nucleic acid detection was performed to identify influenza A H1N1, seasonal H3N2, B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata strains. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 24 influenza virus strains, and subsequent analyses included characterization, phylogenetic construction, mutation analysis, and assessment of nucleotide diversity. Results A total of 1,543 throat swab samples were collected. The study revealed the dominance of the B/Victoria influenza virus in Jining during 2021-2022. Whole-genome sequencing showed co-prevalence of B/Victoria influenza viruses in the branches of Victoria clade 1A.3a.1 and Victoria clade 1A.3a.2, with a higher incidence observed in winter and spring. Comparative analysis demonstrated lower similarity in the HA, MP, and PB2 gene segments of the 24 sequenced influenza virus strains compared to the Northern Hemisphere vaccine strain B/Washington/02/2019. Mutations were identified in all antigenic epitopes of the HA protein at R133G, N150K, and N197D, and the 17-sequence antigenic epitopes exhibited more than 4 amino acid variation sites, resulting in antigenic drift. Moreover, one sequence had a D197N mutation in the NA protein, while seven sequences had a K338R mutation in the PA protein. Conclusion This study highlights the predominant presence of B/Victoria influenza strain in Jining from 2021 to 2022. The analysis also identified amino acid site variations in the antigenic epitopes, contributing to antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Li
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Qingchuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Jining Municipal Government Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Yajuan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Zengding Wu
- Department of AI and Bioinformatics, Nanjing Chengshi BioTech (TheraRNA) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Huixin Dou
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Yongjian Jia
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Boyan Jiao
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
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Dudin GA, Aziz IM, Alzayed RM, Ahmed A, Hussain T, Somily AM, Alsaadi MM, Almajhdi FN. Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Kinetics of Influenza A Virus H3N2 Subtypes Circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030702. [PMID: 36992286 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Presence of a large foreign workforce and the annual gathering of people for pilgrimage from around the globe have significantly contributed to the emergence and diversity of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia. Here, we report the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the H3N2 subtype of influenza A virus (IAV) in clinical samples collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Based on RT-PCR, IAV was found in 88 (28.3%) of the 311 samples screened. Of the 88-IAV positive samples, 43 (48.8%) were H1N1 subtype while the remaining 45 (51.2%) were found to be of the H3N2 subtype. Complete sequencing of HA and NA genes of H3N2 revealed, twelve and nine amino acid (AA) substitutions respectively, and importantly, these variations are absent in the current vaccine strains. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the majority of H3N2 strains were grouped in the same clades as the vaccine strains. Importantly, the N-glycosylation sites at AA 135(NSS) were found to be unique to 6 strains in the investigated HA1 protein and were absent in the current vaccine strains. These data may have significant clinical implications in designing novel and population-based vaccines for IAV and underscore the need for regular monitoring of efficacy of vaccines due to emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gani Asa Dudin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M Alzayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Somily
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim M Alsaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Pseudotyped Viruses for Lyssavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:191-208. [PMID: 36920698 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Lyssaviruses, which belong to the family Rhabdoviridae, are enveloped and bullet-shaped ssRNA viruses with genetic diversity. All members of Lyssavirus genus are known to infect warm-blooded animals and cause the fatal disease rabies. The rabies virus (RABV) in lyssavirus is the major pathogen to cause fatal rabies. The pseudotyped RABV is constructed to study the biological functions of G protein and evaluation of anti-RABV products including vaccine-induced antisera, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG), neutralizing mAbs, and other antiviral inhibitors. In this chapter, we focus on RABV as a representative and describe the construction of RABV G protein bearing pseudotyped virus and its applications. Other non-RABV lyssaviruses are also included.
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11
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Pająk B, Zieliński R, Manning JT, Matejin S, Paessler S, Fokt I, Emmett MR, Priebe W. The Antiviral Effects of 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a Dual D-Glucose and D-Mannose Mimetic, against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Highly Pathogenic Viruses. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185928. [PMID: 36144664 PMCID: PMC9503362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection almost invariably causes metabolic changes in the infected cell and several types of host cells that respond to the infection. Among metabolic changes, the most prominent is the upregulated glycolysis process as the main pathway of glucose utilization. Glycolysis activation is a common mechanism of cell adaptation to several viral infections, including noroviruses, rhinoviruses, influenza virus, Zika virus, cytomegalovirus, coronaviruses and others. Such metabolic changes provide potential targets for therapeutic approaches that could reduce the impact of infection. Glycolysis inhibitors, especially 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), have been intensively studied as antiviral agents. However, 2-DG’s poor pharmacokinetic properties limit its wide clinical application. Herein, we discuss the potential of 2-DG and its novel analogs as potent promising antiviral drugs with special emphasis on targeted intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pająk
- Independent Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- WPD Pharmaceuticals, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (W.P.)
| | - Rafał Zieliński
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - John Tyler Manning
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Stanislava Matejin
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Izabela Fokt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Mark R. Emmett
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (W.P.)
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12
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Sarkar A, Paul S, Singh C, Chowdhury N, Nag P, Das S, Kumar S, Sharma A, Das DK, Dutta D, Thakur KG, Bagchi A, Shriti S, Das KP, Ringe RP, Das S. A Novel Plant Lectin, NTL-125, Interferes with SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with hACE2. Virus Res 2022; 315:198768. [PMID: 35398454 PMCID: PMC8988448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has had profound impact on the world in the past two years. Intense research is going on to find effective drugs to combat the disease. Over the past year several vaccines were approved for immunization. But SARS-CoV-2 being an RNA virus is continuously mutating to generate new variants, some of which develop features of immune escape. This raised serious doubts over the long-term efficacy of the vaccines. We have identified a unique mannose binding plant lectin from Narcissus tazetta bulb, NTL-125, which effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero-E6 cell line. In silico docking studies revealed that NTL-125 has strong affinity to viral Spike RBD protein, preventing it from attaching to hACE2 receptor, the gateway to cellular entry. Binding analyses revealed that all the mutant variants of Spike protein also have stronger affinity for NTL-125 than hACE2. The unique α-helical tail of NTL-125 plays most important role in binding to RBD of Spike. NTL-125 also interacts effectively with some glycan moieties of S-protein in addition to amino acid residues adding to the binding strength. Thus, NTL-125 is a highly potential antiviral compound of natural origin against SARS-CoV-2 and may serve as an important therapeutic for management of COVID-19.
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13
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Influenza Vaccine: An Engineering Vision from Virological Importance to Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022; 27:714-738. [PMID: 36313971 PMCID: PMC9589582 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) every year, millions of people are affected by flu. Flu is a disease caused by influenza viruses. For preventing this, seasonal influenza vaccinations are widely considered the most efficient way to protect against the negative effects of the flu. To date, there is no "one-size-fits-all" vaccine that can be effective all over the world to protect against all seasonal or pandemic influenza virus types. Because influenza virus transforms its genetic structure and it can emerges as immunogenically new (antigenic drift) which causes epidemics or new virus subtype (antigenic shift) which causes pandemics. As a result, annual revaccination or new subtype viral vaccine development is required. Currently, three types of vaccines (inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant) are approved in different countries. These can be named "conventional influenza vaccines" and their production are based on eggs or cell culture. Although, there is good effort to develop new influenza vaccines for broader and longer period of time protection. In this sense these candidate vaccines are called "universal influenza vaccines". In this article, after we mentioned the short history of flu then virus morphology and infection, we explained the diseases caused by the influenza virus in humans. Afterward, we explained in detail the production methods of available influenza vaccines, types of bioreactors used in cell culture based production, conventional and new vaccine types, and development strategies for better vaccines.
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Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. Virus Genes 2021; 57:541-555. [PMID: 34625868 PMCID: PMC8500266 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the ‘Influenza Research Database’. Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential.
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15
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Campbell AC, Tanner JJ, Krause KL. Optimisation of Neuraminidase Expression for Use in Drug Discovery by Using HEK293-6E Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101893. [PMID: 34696326 PMCID: PMC8538103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a highly contagious virus that causes significant human mortality and morbidity annually. The most effective drugs for treating influenza are the neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistance to these inhibitors has emerged, and additional drug discovery research on neuraminidase and other targets is needed. Traditional methods of neuraminidase production from embryonated eggs are cumbersome, while insect cell derived protein is less reflective of neuraminidase produced during human infection. Herein we describe a method for producing neuraminidase from a human cell line, HEK293-6E, and demonstrate the method by producing the neuraminidase from the 1918 H1N1 pandemic influenza strain. This method produced high levels of soluble neuraminidase expression (>3000 EU/mL), was enhanced by including a secretion signal from a viral chemokine binding protein, and does not require co-expression of additional proteins. The neuraminidase produced was of sufficient quantity and purity to support high resolution crystal structure determination. The structure solved using this protein conformed to the previously reported structure. Notably the glycosylation at three asparagine residues was superior in quality to that from insect cell derived neuraminidase. This method of production of neuraminidase should prove useful in further studies, such as the characterisation of inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - John J. Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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16
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Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
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The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091851. [PMID: 34578433 PMCID: PMC8472980 DOI: 10.3390/v13091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak caused by H7N3 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) occurred in commercial turkey farms in the states of North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), United States in March of 2020. Subsequently, H7N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected on a turkey farm in SC. The infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the H7N3 HPAIV and two LPAIV isolates, including one with a deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) protein stalk, were studied in turkeys and chickens. High infectivity [<2 log10 50% bird infectious dose (BID50)] and transmission to birds exposed by direct contact were observed with the HPAIV in turkeys. In contrast, the HPAIV dose to infect chickens was higher than for turkeys (3.7 log10 BID50), and no transmission was observed. Similarly, higher infectivity (<2–2.5 log10 BID50) and transmissibility were observed with the H7N3 LPAIVs in turkeys compared to chickens, which required higher virus doses to become infected (5.4–5.7 log10 BID50). The LPAIV with the NA stalk deletion was more infectious in turkeys but did not have enhanced infectivity in chickens. These results show clear differences in the pathobiology of AIVs in turkeys and chickens and corroborate the high susceptibility of turkeys to both LPAIV and HPAIV infections.
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In Vitro Characterization of the Carbohydrate-Binding Agents HHA, GNA, and UDA as Inhibitors of Influenza A and B Virus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01732-20. [PMID: 33288640 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01732-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the anti-influenza virus activity of the mannose-binding agents Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and the (N-acetylglucosamine) n -specific Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). These carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) strongly inhibited various influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B viruses in vitro, with 50% effective concentration values ranging from 0.016 to 83 nM, generating selectivity indexes up to 125,000. Somewhat less activity was observed against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and an A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. In time-of-addition experiments, these CBA lost their inhibitory activity when added 30 min postinfection (p.i.). Interference with virus entry processes was also evident from strong inhibition of virus-induced hemolysis at low pH. However, a direct effect on acid-induced refolding of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) was excluded by the tryptic digestion assay. Instead, HHA treatment of HA-expressing cells led to a significant reduction of plasma membrane mobility. Crosslinking of membrane glycoproteins, through interaction with HA, could also explain the inhibitory effect on the release of newly formed virions when HHA was added at 6 h p.i. These CBA presumably interact with one or more N-glycans on the globular head of HA, since their absence led to reduced activity against mutant influenza B viruses and HHA-resistant A(H1N1) viruses. The latter condition emerged only after 33 cell culture passages in the continuous presence of HHA, and the A(H3N2) virus retained full sensitivity even after 50 passages. Thus, these CBA qualify as potent inhibitors of influenza A and B viruses in vitro with a pleiotropic mechanism of action and a high barrier for viral resistance.
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Identification of Important N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein and Their Functional Impact on DC-SIGN Mediated Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020743. [PMID: 33451024 PMCID: PMC7828482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), has been reported to mediate several viral infections. We previously reported that DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 influenza A virus (AIVs) infection, however, the important DC-SIGN interaction with N-glycosylation sites remain unknown. This study aims to identify the optimal DC-SIGN interacting N-glycosylation sites in HA proteins of H5N1-AIVs. Results from NetNGlyc program analyzed the H5 hemagglutinin sequences of isolates during 2004–2020, revealing that seven and two conserved N-glycosylation sites were detected in HA1 and HA2 domain, respectively. A lentivirus pseudotyped A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 envelope (H5N1-PVs) was generated which displayed an abundance of HA5 proteins on the virions via immuno-electron microscope observation. Further, H5N1-PVs or reverse-genetics (H5N1-RG) strains carrying a serial N-glycosylated mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis assay. Human recombinant DC-SIGN (rDC-SIGN) coated ELISA showed that H5N1-PVs bound to DC-SIGN, however, mutation on the N27Q, N39Q, and N181Q significantly reduced this binding (p < 0.05). Infectivity and capture assay demonstrated that N27Q and N39Q mutations significantly ameliorated DC-SIGN mediated H5N1 infection. Furthermore, combined mutations (N27Q&N39Q) significantly waned the interaction on either H5N1-PVs or -RG infection in cis and in trans (p < 0.01). This study concludes that N27 and N39 are two essential N-glycosylation contributing to DC-SIGN mediating H5N1 infection.
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Chepur SV, Pluzhnikov NN, Chubar OV, Bakulina LS, Litvinenko IV, Makarov VA, Gogolevsky AS, Myasnikov VA, Myasnikova IA, Al-Shehadat RI. Respiratory RNA Viruses: How to Be Prepared for an Encounter with New Pandemic Virus Strains. BIOLOGY BULLETIN REVIEWS 2021; 11. [PMCID: PMC8078390 DOI: 10.1134/s207908642102002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the biology of influenza viruses and coronavirus that determine the implementation of the infectious process are presented. With provision for pathogenesis of infection possible effects of serine proteinase inhibitors, heparin, and inhibitors of heparan sulfate receptors in the prevention of cell contamination by viruses are examined. It has been determined that chelators of metals of variable valency and antioxidants should be used for the reduction of replicative activity of viruses and anti-inflammatory therapy. The possibility of a pH-dependent impairment of glycosylation of cellular and viral proteins was traced for chloroquine and its derivatives. The use of low-toxicity drugs as part of adjunct therapy increases the effectiveness of synthetic antiviral drugs and interferons and ensures the safety of baseline therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Chepur
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N. N. Pluzhnikov
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O. V. Chubar
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L. S. Bakulina
- Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | | | - V. A. Makarov
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Gogolevsky
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. A. Myasnikov
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I. A. Myasnikova
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R. I. Al-Shehadat
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Chen S, Quan K, Wang D, Du Y, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Truncation or Deglycosylation of the Neuraminidase Stalk Enhances the Pathogenicity of the H5N1 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus in Mallard Ducks. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583588. [PMID: 33193225 PMCID: PMC7641914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49–68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (NA) became a major epidemic virus. To determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the NA stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005 (SY) to recover the long-stalk virus (rSNA+). A series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the long-stalk virus, and then the characteristics and pathogenicity of the resulting viruses were evaluated. The results showed that most of the short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses had smaller plaques, and increased thermal and low-pH stability, and a decreased neuraminidase activity when compared with the virus rSNA+. In a mallard ducks challenge study, most of the short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses showed increased pathological lesions and virus titers in the organ tissues and increased virus shedding in the oropharynx and cloaca when compared with the rSNA+ virus, while most of the short-stalk viruses, especially rSNA-20, showed higher pathogenicity than the deglycosylated-stalk virus. In addition, the short-stalk viruses showed a significantly upregulated expression of the immune-related factors in the lungs of the infected mallard ducks, including IFN-α, Mx1, and IL-8. The results suggested that NA stalk truncation or deglycosylation increases the pathogenicity of H5N1 subtype AIV in mallard ducks, which will provide a pre-warning for prevention and control of H5N1 subtype avian influenza in the waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinping Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Makarov V, Riabova O, Ekins S, Pluzhnikov N, Chepur S. The past, present and future of RNA respiratory viruses: influenza and coronaviruses. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa046. [PMID: 32860686 PMCID: PMC7499567 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronaviruses continue to cause pandemics across the globe. We now have a greater understanding of their functions. Unfortunately, the number of drugs in our armory to defend us against them is inadequate. This may require us to think about what mechanisms to address. Here, we review the biological properties of these viruses, their genetic evolution and antiviral therapies that can be used or have been attempted. We will describe several classes of drugs such as serine protease inhibitors, heparin, heparan sulfate receptor inhibitors, chelating agents, immunomodulators and many others. We also briefly describe some of the drug repurposing efforts that have taken place in an effort to rapidly identify molecules to treat patients with COVID-19. While we put a heavy emphasis on the past and present efforts, we also provide some thoughts about what we need to do to prepare for respiratory viral threats in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Olga Riabova
- Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Nikolay Pluzhnikov
- State Research Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, St Petersburg 195043, Russia
| | - Sergei Chepur
- State Research Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, St Petersburg 195043, Russia
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23
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Wen F, Li W, Guo J, Yang J, Zhang X, Mei K, Liu H, El-Ashram S, Luo K, Yuan S, Chi S, Huang S. Genetic characterization of a novel genotype H9N2 avian influenza virus from chicken in South China. J Infect 2020; 81:816-846. [PMID: 32956732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Mei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shihong Chi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No. 33 guangyun road, Shishan town, Nanhai district, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China.
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N-Linked Glycan Sites on the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Head Domain Are Required for Efficient Viral Incorporation and Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00874-20. [PMID: 32699088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00874-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycans commonly contribute to secretory protein folding, sorting, and signaling. For enveloped viruses, such as the influenza A virus (IAV), large N-linked glycans can also be added to prevent access to epitopes on the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). Sequence analysis showed that in the NA head domain of H1N1 IAVs, three N-linked glycosylation sites are conserved and that a fourth site is conserved in H3N2 IAVs. Variable sites are almost exclusive to H1N1 IAVs of human origin, where the number of head glycosylation sites first increased over time and then decreased with and after the introduction of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV of Eurasian swine origin. In contrast, variable sites exist in H3N2 IAVs of human and swine origin, where the number of head glycosylation sites has mainly increased over time. Analysis of IAVs carrying N1 and N2 mutants demonstrated that the N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA head domain are required for efficient virion incorporation and replication in cells and eggs. It also revealed that N1 stability is more affected by the head domain glycans, suggesting N2 is more amenable to glycan additions. Together, these results indicate that in addition to antigenicity, N-linked glycosylation sites can alter NA enzymatic stability and the NA amount in virions.IMPORTANCE N-linked glycans are transferred to secretory proteins upon entry into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. In addition to promoting secretory protein maturation, enveloped viruses also utilize these large oligosaccharide structures to prevent access to surface antigen epitopes. Sequence analyses of the influenza A virus (IAV) surface antigen neuraminidase (NA or N) showed that the conservation of N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA enzymatic head domain differs by IAV subtype (H1N1 versus H3N2) and species of origin, with human-derived IAVs possessing the most variability. Experimental analyses verified that the N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA head domain contribute to virion incorporation and replication. It also revealed that the head domain glycans affect N1 stability more than N2, suggesting N2 is more accommodating to glycan additions. These results demonstrate that in addition to antigenicity, changes in N-linked glycosylation sites can alter other properties of viral surface antigens and virions.
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Bhatta TR, Ryt-Hansen P, Nielsen JP, Larsen LE, Larsen I, Chamings A, Goecke NB, Alexandersen S. Infection Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus in a Danish Pig Herd Reveals Recurrent Infections with Different Variants of the H1N2 Swine Influenza A Virus Subtype. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091013. [PMID: 32927910 PMCID: PMC7551734 DOI: 10.3390/v12091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), causes respiratory illness in pigs around the globe. In Danish pig herds, a H1N2 subtype named H1N2dk is one of the main circulating swIAV. In this cohort study, the infection dynamic of swIAV was evaluated in a Danish pig herd by sampling and PCR testing of pigs from two weeks of age until slaughter at 22 weeks of age. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Overall, 76.6% of the pigs became PCR positive for swIAV during the study, with the highest prevalence at four weeks of age. Detailed analysis of the virus sequences obtained showed that the majority of mutations occurred at antigenic sites in the HA and NA proteins of the virus. At least two different H1N2 variants were found to be circulating in the herd; one H1N2 variant was circulating at the sow and nursery sites, while another H1N2 variant was circulating at the finisher site. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that individual pigs had recurrent swIAV infections with the two different H1N2 variants, but re-infection with the same H1N2 variant was also observed. Better understandings of the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic diversity of swIAV may help to design better health interventions for the prevention and control of swIAV infections in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Inge Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nicole B. Goecke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
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Chang D, Hackett WE, Zhong L, Wan XF, Zaia J. Measuring Site-specific Glycosylation Similarity between Influenza a Virus Variants with Statistical Certainty. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1533-1545. [PMID: 32601173 PMCID: PMC8143645 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) mutates rapidly, resulting in antigenic drift and poor year-to-year vaccine effectiveness. One challenge in designing effective vaccines is that genetic mutations frequently cause amino acid variations in IAV envelope protein hemagglutinin (HA) that create new N-glycosylation sequons; resulting N-glycans cause antigenic shielding, allowing viral escape from adaptive immune responses. Vaccine candidate strain selection currently involves correlating antigenicity with HA protein sequence among circulating strains, but quantitative comparison of site-specific glycosylation information may likely improve the ability to design vaccines with broader effectiveness against evolving strains. However, there is poor understanding of the influence of glycosylation on immunodominance, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of HA, and there are no well-tested methods for comparing glycosylation similarity among virus samples. Here, we present a method for statistically rigorous quantification of similarity between two related virus strains that considers the presence and abundance of glycopeptide glycoforms. We demonstrate the strength of our approach by determining that there was a quantifiable difference in glycosylation at the protein level between WT IAV HA from A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (SWZ13) and a mutant strain of SWZ13, even though no N-glycosylation sequons were changed. We determined site-specifically that WT and mutant HA have varying similarity at the glycosylation sites of the head domain, reflecting competing pressures to evade host immune response while retaining viral fitness. To our knowledge, our results are the first to quantify changes in glycosylation state that occur in related proteins of considerable glycan heterogeneity. Our results provide a method for understanding how changes in glycosylation state are correlated with variations in protein sequence, which is necessary for improving IAV vaccine strain selection. Understanding glycosylation will be especially important as we find new expression vectors for vaccine production, as glycosylation state depends greatly on the host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Hackett
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA; MU Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; MU Institute for Data Science & Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Zepeda-Cervantes J, Ramírez-Jarquín JO, Vaca L. Interaction Between Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) and Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) From Dendritic Cells (DCs): Toward Better Engineering of VLPs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1100. [PMID: 32582186 PMCID: PMC7297083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to be strong activators of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their activation prompts the priming of immunity mediators based on B and T cells. The first step for the activation of DCs is the binding of VLPs to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of DCs, followed by VLP internalization. Like wild-type viruses, VLPs use specific PRRs from the DC; however, these recognition interactions between VLPs and PRRs from DCs have not been thoroughly reviewed. In this review, we focused on the interaction between proteins that form VLPs and PRRs from DCs. Several proteins that form VLP contain glycosylations that allow the direct interaction with PRRs sensing carbohydrates, prompting DC maturation and leading to the development of strong adaptive immune responses. We also discussed how the knowledge of the molecular interaction between VLPs and PRRs from DCs can lead to the smart design of VLPs, whether based on the fusion of foreign epitopes or their chemical conjugation, as well as other modifications that have been shown to induce a stronger adaptive immune response and protection against infectious pathogens of importance in human and veterinary medicine. Finally, we address the use of VLPs as tools against cancer and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zepeda-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josué Orlando Ramírez-Jarquín
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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28
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Radovanov J, Ristic M, Medic S, Kovacevic G, Dopud N, Nikolic N, Patic A, Cvjetkovic IH, Petrovic V. Genetic variability of the neuraminidase gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating from the 2012/2013 to 2017/2018 season in Vojvodina Province, Serbia. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 52:101557. [PMID: 32147497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radovanov
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Mioljub Ristic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snezana Medic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Kovacevic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nela Dopud
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa Nikolic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Patic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Hrnjakovic Cvjetkovic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Petrovic
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoska 121, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 1-3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Chae W, Kim P, Hwang BJ, Seong BL. Universal monoclonal antibody-based influenza hemagglutinin quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vaccine 2019; 37:1457-1466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
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31
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Lee J, Son A, Kim P, Kwon SB, Yu JE, Han G, Seong BL. RNA‐dependent chaperone (chaperna) as an engineered pro‐region for the folding of recombinant microbial transglutaminase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:490-502. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
| | - Ahyun Son
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
- Present affiliation: Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryKnoebel Institute for Healthy AgingUniversity of DenverDenver Colorado
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
| | - Soon Bin Kwon
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
| | - Baik L. Seong
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul Korea
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32
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Shin WJ, Seong BL. Novel antiviral drug discovery strategies to tackle drug-resistant mutants of influenza virus strains. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:153-168. [PMID: 30585088 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1560261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of drug-resistant influenza virus strains highlights the need for new antiviral therapeutics to combat future pandemic outbreaks as well as continuing seasonal cycles of influenza. Areas covered: This review summarizes the mechanisms of current FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs and patterns of resistance to those drugs. It also discusses potential novel targets for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs and recent progress in novel drug design to overcome drug resistance in influenza. Expert opinion: Using the available structural information about drug-binding pockets, research is currently underway to identify molecular interactions that can be exploited to generate new antiviral drugs. Despite continued efforts, antivirals targeting viral surface proteins like HA, NA, and M2, are all susceptible to developing resistance. Structural information on the internal viral polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, and PA) provides a new avenue for influenza drug discovery. Host factors, either at the initial step of viral infection or at the later step of nuclear trafficking of viral RNP complex, are being actively pursued to generate novel drugs with new modes of action, without resulting in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Shin
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Baik L Seong
- b Department of Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University , Seoul , South Korea.,c Vaccine Translational Research Center , Yonsei University , Seoul , South Korea
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Mohebbi A, Fotouhi F, Jamali A, Yaghobi R, Farahmand B, Mohebbi R. Molecular epidemiology of the hemagglutinin gene of prevalent influenza virus A/H1N1/pdm09 among patient in Iran. Virus Res 2018; 259:38-45. [PMID: 30336188 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the influenza virus A/H1N1/pdm09 strain outbreak became prevalent throughout the different provinces of Iran. There are relatively limited complete genetic sequences available for this virus from Asian countries. Diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza is essential for detecting novel genetic variants causing epidemic potential. This study describes the genetic properties of HA genome of influenza A/H1N1 pdm09 viruses circulating in Iran during the 2015/2016 season. In order to investigate the genetic pattern of influenza A/H1N1 pdm09, a total of 1758 nasopharyngeal swabs were screened by real-time RT-PCR. Of those, 510 cases were found to be positive for A/H1N1/pdm09 virus. Evolution of the approximately 100 positive specimens with high virus load was conducted via genomic phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes of the A/H1N1pdm09 viruses revealed the circulation of clade 6B1, characterized by amino acid substitutions S84N, S162N and I216T, where position 162 became glycosylated. The N-glycosylation of HA protein is post or co-translational modification that affect the evolution of influenza viruses. For influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses, we found more mutations in the antigenic sites than in the stem region. The results of this study confirmed the necessity of constant regular antigenic and molecular surveillance of circulating seasonal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohebbi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Jamali
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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