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Hodoameda P, Ebel GD, Mukhopadhyay S, Clem RJ. Extreme infectious titer variability in individual Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Sindbis virus is associated with both differences in virus population structure and dramatic disparities in specific infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012047. [PMID: 38412195 PMCID: PMC10923411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Variability in how individuals respond to pathogens is a hallmark of infectious disease, yet the basis for individual variation in host response is often poorly understood. The titer of infectious virus among individual mosquitoes infected with arboviruses is frequently observed to vary by several orders of magnitude in a single experiment, even when the mosquitoes are highly inbred. To better understand the basis for this titer variation, we sequenced populations of Sindbis virus (SINV) obtained from individual infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that, despite being from a highly inbred laboratory colony, differed in their titers of infectious virus by approximately 10,000-fold. We observed genetic differences between these virus populations that indicated the virus present in the midguts of low titer mosquitoes was less fit than that of high titer mosquitoes, possibly due to founder effects that occurred during midgut infection. Furthermore, we found dramatic differences in the specific infectivity or SI (the ratio of infectious units/viral genome equivalents) between these virus populations, with the SI of low titer mosquitoes being up to 10,000-fold lower than that of high titer mosquitoes. Despite having similar amounts of viral genomes, low titer mosquitoes appeared to contain less viral particles, suggesting that viral genomes were packaged into virions less efficiently than in high titer mosquitoes. Finally, antibiotic treatment, which has been shown to suppress mosquito antiviral immunity, caused an increase in SI. Our results indicate that the extreme variation that is observed in SINV infectious titer between individual Ae. aegypti mosquitoes is due to both genetic differences between virus populations and to differences in the proportion of genomes that are packaged into infectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hodoameda
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado United States of America
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana United States of America
| | - Rollie J. Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas United States of America
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Crawford JM, Buechlein AM, Moline DA, Rusch DB, Hardy RW. Host Derivation of Sindbis Virus Influences Mammalian Type I Interferon Response to Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1685. [PMID: 37632027 PMCID: PMC10458878 DOI: 10.3390/v15081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are defined by their ability to replicate in both mosquito vectors and mammalian hosts. There is good evidence that arboviruses "prime" their progeny for infection of the next host, such as via differential glycosylation of their outer glycoproteins or packaging of host ribosomal subunits. We and others have previously shown that mosquito-derived viruses more efficiently infect mammalian cells than mammalian-derived viruses. These observations are consistent with arboviruses acquiring host-specific adaptations, and we hypothesized that a virus derived from either the mammalian host or mosquito vector elicits different responses when infecting the mammalian host. Here, we perform an RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptional response of Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells to infection with either mosquito (Aedes albopictus, C7/10)- or mammalian (Baby Hamster Kidney, BHK-21)-derived Sindbis virus (SINV). We show that the C7/10-derived virus infection leads to a more robust transcriptional response in HEK-293s compared to infection with the BHK-derived virus. Surprisingly, despite more efficient infection, we found an increase in interferon-β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcripts in response to the C7/10-derived virus infection versus the BHK-derived virus infection. However, translation of interferon-stimulated genes was lower in HEK-293s infected with the C7/10-derived virus, starkly contrasting with the transcriptional response. This inhibition of ISG translation is reflective of a more rapid overall shut-off of host cell translation following infection with the C7/10-derived virus. Finally, we show that the C7/10-derived virus infection of HEK-293 cells leads to elevated levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation elongation factor-2 (eEF2), identifying a potential mechanism leading to the more rapid shut-off of host translation. We postulate that the rapid shut-off of host translation in mammalian cells infected with the mosquito-derived virus acts to counter the IFN-β-stimulated transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Crawford
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Aaron M. Buechlein
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.B.R.)
| | - Davis A. Moline
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Douglas B. Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.B.R.)
| | - Richard W. Hardy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.M.C.); (D.A.M.)
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Host-Dependent Modifications of Packaged Alphavirus Genomic RNA Influence Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122606. [PMID: 36560610 PMCID: PMC9781491 DOI: 10.3390/v14122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses must interact efficiently with two distinct host environments in order to replicate and transmit between vertebrate and mosquito hosts. Some host-origin-dependent differences in virus particle composition that appear to facilitate the transmission cycle are known. However, the impact of host-mediated modification of packaged viral genomic RNA on subsequent infection has not been previously investigated. Here we show that in human (HEK-293) cells, mosquito-derived Sindbis virus (SINV) replicates and spreads faster, producing a more infectious virus than its mammalian-derived counterpart. This enhanced replication is neither a result of differences in the stability nor the production of the infecting genomic RNA. Nevertheless, purified genomic RNA from mosquito-derived SINV established infection in HEK-293 cells more efficiently than that of mammalian-derived SINV, indicating that the genomic RNA itself is different between the two producing hosts and this difference is a determinant of infection. In agreement with this idea, we show that mosquito-derived SINV genomic RNA is a more active template for translation than mammalian-derived SINV genomic RNA, and we attribute this difference to host-dependent changes in modification of packaged genomic RNA as determined by LC/MS-MS. Our data support the hypothesis that among other factors, the host-dependent modification profile of the packaged vRNA is likely to play an important role in the efficiency of SINV infection and replication in mammalian cells.
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Wang X, Zhu J, Zhang D, Liu G. Ribosomal control in RNA virus-infected cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1026887. [PMID: 36419416 PMCID: PMC9677555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are strictly intracellular parasites requiring host cellular functions to complete their reproduction cycle involving virus infection of host cell, viral genome replication, viral protein translation, and virion release. Ribosomes are protein synthesis factories in cells, and viruses need to manipulate ribosomes to complete their protein synthesis. Viruses use translation initiation factors through their own RNA structures or cap structures, thereby inducing ribosomes to synthesize viral proteins. Viruses also affect ribosome production and the assembly of mature ribosomes, and regulate the recognition of mRNA by ribosomes, thereby promoting viral protein synthesis and inhibiting the synthesis of host antiviral immune proteins. Here, we review the remarkable mechanisms used by RNA viruses to regulate ribosomes, in particular, the mechanisms by which RNA viruses induce the formation of specific heterogeneous ribosomes required for viral protein translation. This review provides valuable insights into the control of viral infection and diseases from the perspective of viral protein synthesis.
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Differential viral RNA methylation contributes to pathogen blocking in Wolbachia-colonized arthropods. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010393. [PMID: 35294495 PMCID: PMC8959158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is part of a global biocontrol strategy to reduce the replication of mosquito-borne RNA viruses such as alphaviruses. We previously demonstrated the importance of a host cytosine methyltransferase, DNMT2, in Drosophila and viral RNA as a cellular target during pathogen-blocking. Here we report a role for DNMT2 in Wolbachia-induced alphavirus inhibition in Aedes species. Expression of DNMT2 in mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands, is elevated upon virus infection. Notably, this is suppressed in Wolbachia-colonized animals, coincident with reduced virus replication and decreased infectivity of progeny virus. Ectopic expression of DNMT2 in cultured Aedes cells is proviral, increasing progeny virus infectivity, and this effect of DNMT2 on virus replication and infectivity is dependent on its methyltransferase activity. Finally, examining the effects of Wolbachia on modifications of viral RNA by LC-MS show a decrease in the amount of 5-methylcytosine modification consistent with the down-regulation of DNMT2 in Wolbachia colonized mosquito cells and animals. Collectively, our findings support the conclusion that disruption of 5-methylcytosine modification of viral RNA is a vital mechanism operative in pathogen blocking. These data also emphasize the essential role of epitranscriptomic modifications in regulating fundamental alphavirus replication and transmission processes.
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Dicker K, Järvelin AI, Garcia-Moreno M, Castello A. The importance of virion-incorporated cellular RNA-Binding Proteins in viral particle assembly and infectivity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:108-118. [PMID: 32921578 PMCID: PMC7482619 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA is a central molecule in RNA virus biology due to its dual function as messenger and genome. However, the small number of proteins encoded by viral genomes is insufficient to enable virus infection. Hence, viruses hijack cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to aid replication and spread. In this review we discuss the 'knowns' and 'unknowns' regarding the contribution of host RBPs to the formation of viral particles and the initial steps of infection in the newly infected cell. Through comparison of the virion proteomes of ten different human RNA viruses, we confirm that a pool of cellular RBPs are typically incorporated into viral particles. We describe here illustrative examples supporting the important functions of these RBPs in viral particle formation and infectivity and we propose that the role of host RBPs in these steps can be broader than previously anticipated. Understanding how cellular RBPs regulate virus infection can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dicker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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Dunbar CA, Rayaprolu V, Wang JCY, Brown CJ, Leishman E, Jones-Burrage S, Trinidad JC, Bradshaw HB, Clemmer DE, Mukhopadhyay S, Jarrold MF. Dissecting the Components of Sindbis Virus from Arthropod and Vertebrate Hosts: Implications for Infectivity Differences. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:892-902. [PMID: 30986033 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, which is transmitted via mosquitos to a wide range of vertebrate hosts. SINV produced by vertebrate, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells is more than an order of magnitude less infectious than SINV produced from mosquito (C6/36) cells. The cause of this difference is poorly understood. In this study, charge detection mass spectrometry was used to determine the masses of intact SINV particles isolated from BHK and C6/36 cells. The measured masses are substantially different: 52.88 MDa for BHK derived SINV and 50.69 MDa for C6/36 derived. Further analysis using several mass spectrometry-based methods and biophysical approaches indicates that BHK derived SINV has a substantially higher mass than C6/36 derived because in the lipid bilayer, there is a higher portion of lipids containing long chain fatty acids. The difference in lipid composition could influence the organization of the lipid bilayer. As a result, multiple stages of the viral lifecycle may be affected including assembly and budding, particle stability during transmission, and fusion events, all of which could contribute to the differences in infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joseph C.-Y. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher J. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara Jones-Burrage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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