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Chen Y, Guo S, Jiang L, Yan F, Hao K, Wang Z, An M, Xia Z, Li F, Zhou X, Wu Y. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a novel monopartite geminivirus infecting tobacco in China. Virology 2024; 594:110061. [PMID: 38518441 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of geminiviruses causes significant economic losses in many economically important crops. In this study, a novel geminivirus isolated from tobacco in Sichuan province of China, named tomato leaf curl Chuxiong virus (TLCCxV), was characterized by small RNA-based deep sequencing. The full-length of TLCCxV genome was determined to be 2744 nucleotides (nt) encoding six open reading frames. Phylogenetic and genome-wide pairwise identity analysis revealed that TLCCxV shared less than 91% identities with reported geminiviruses. A TLCCxV infectious clone was constructed and successfully infected Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, N. glutinosa, Solanum lycopersicum and Petunia hybrida plants. Furthermore, expression of the V2, C1 and C4 proteins through a potato virus X vector caused severe chlorosis or necrosis symptom in N. benthamiana. Taken together, we identified a new geminivirus in tobacco plants, and found that V2, C1 and C4 contribute to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Shiping Guo
- Sichuan Tobacco Company, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Lianqiang Jiang
- Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Panzhihua, Sichuan, 617000, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
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Ye X, Ding D, Chen Y, Liu C, Li Z, Lou B, Zhou Y. Identification of RNA silencing suppressor encoded by citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328289. [PMID: 38333582 PMCID: PMC10850569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) is an economically important citrus virus associated with leaf curling, deformation, and chlorosis found in China. Plants have evolved RNA silencing to defend against viral infections; however, the mechanism by which CCDaV suppresses RNA silencing in citrus remains unknown. Methods Six proteins encoded by CCDaV were ectopically expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana 16c using the pCHF3 vector to identify RNA-silencing suppression activities. Results V2 protein encoded by CCDaV suppressed local RNA silencing and systemic RNA silencing triggered by GFP RNA, but did not impede short-distance movement of the RNA silencing signal in N. benthamiana 16c. GFP fluorescence observations showed that the ability of V2 protein to suppress RNA silencing was weaker than tomato bushy stunt virus P19. Deletion analysis showed that the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS, 25-54 aa) was involved in the RNA silencing suppression activity of V2 protein. Furthermore, V2 protein cannot block dsRNA-triggered RNA silencing. The subcellular localization assay suggested that V2 protein was localized to nucleus of N. benthamiana. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that CCDaV-V2 acts as an activity of silencing suppression. This is the first reported RNA-silencing suppressor encoded by Citlodavirus and will be valuable in revealing the molecular mechanism of CCDaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ye
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongdong Ding
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Lemon Industry Development Center, Anyue, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongan Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binghai Lou
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Research Center of Engineering Technology/Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Shakir S, Mubin M, Nahid N, Serfraz S, Qureshi MA, Lee TK, Liaqat I, Lee S, Nawaz-ul-Rehman MS. REPercussions: how geminiviruses recruit host factors for replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1224221. [PMID: 37799604 PMCID: PMC10548238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1224221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular single-stranded DNA viruses of the family Geminiviridae encode replication-associated protein (Rep), which is a multifunctional protein involved in virus DNA replication, transcription of virus genes, and suppression of host defense responses. Geminivirus genomes are replicated through the interaction between virus Rep and several host proteins. The Rep also interacts with itself and the virus replication enhancer protein (REn), which is another essential component of the geminivirus replicase complex that interacts with host DNA polymerases α and δ. Recent studies revealed the structural and functional complexities of geminivirus Rep, which is believed to have evolved from plasmids containing a signature domain (HUH) for single-stranded DNA binding with nuclease activity. The Rep coding sequence encompasses the entire coding sequence for AC4, which is intricately embedded within it, and performs several overlapping functions like Rep, supporting virus infection. This review investigated the structural and functional diversity of the geminivirus Rep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shakir
- Plant Genetics Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liѐge, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Mubin
- Virology Lab, Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Nahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saad Serfraz
- Virology Lab, Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amir Qureshi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman
- Virology Lab, Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Qin Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Ye X, Zhou C, Zhou Y. Regulation of Nicotiana benthamiana cell death induced by citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus-RepA protein by WRKY 1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1164416. [PMID: 37180388 PMCID: PMC10167294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1164416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) is a Citlodavirus species in the Geminiviridae family that causes tremendous economic loss to the citrus industry in China. Some proteins encoded by geminiviruses are crucial for the interaction between the virus and its host plant. However, the exact functions of CCDaV-encoded proteins such as CCDaV-RepA have not been investigated. This study presents evidence that CCDaV-RepA elicits a hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana that was accompanied by the production of H2O2 and ion leakage, which suggested that CCDaV-RepA is a potential recognition target for inducing host defense responses. Furthermore, the rolling-circle replication motifs of CCDaV-RepA are associated with triggering HR-like cell death in N. benthamiana. Confocal microscopy and deletion mutagenesis assays showed that CCDaV-RepA was located in the nucleus, while the first eight amino acids (aa) at the N terminus and two regions located between aa residues 122-263 and 220-264 of RepA were not associated with nuclear localization. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing of the key signaling cascade components revealed that HR-like cell death induced by RepA was inhibited in WRKY1-silenced N. benthamiana. Moreover, WRKY1 expression was upregulated in RepA-GFP infiltrated Overall, the results suggest that NbWRKY1 positively regulated CCDaV-RepA -induced cell death in N. benthamiana. These findings provide novel information for further research on the interactions between CCDaV and the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sun PP, Zhang L, Xu XZ, Zhu M, Zhang B, Li ZN. Molecular Characterization of Three Apple Geminivirus Isolates in Crabapples Detected in Inner Mongolia, China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:195. [PMID: 36616324 PMCID: PMC9824349 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apple geminivirus 1 (AGV) in the genus Maldovirus of the family Geminiviridae was first identified infecting apple trees in the year 2015 in China. In this work, we characterized three isolates of the AGV in the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The viruses were detected by Illumina sequencing and its existence was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of an AGV fragment. Between the three AGV isolates and the initially characterized AGV isolate PL2015, the nucleotide sequence identities of the complete genome ranged from 91.2 to 91.7%, of the coat protein gene (V1) ranged from 95.4% to 97.3%, and of the replicase gene (C1) ranged from 87.3% to 88.0%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three isolates formed a monophyletic group together with the AGV, separated from the current genera in the family Geminiviridae. This is the first description of the AGV infecting crabapples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiao-Zhao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences & Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010028, China
| | - Zheng-Nan Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Bahari A, Castillo AG, Safaie N, Bejarano ER, Luna AP, Shams-Bakhsh M. Functional Analysis of V2 Protein of Beet Curly Top Iran Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3351. [PMID: 36501393 PMCID: PMC9736138 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is one of the main causal agents of the beet curly top disease in Iran and the newly established Becurtovirus genus type species. Although the biological features of known becurtoviruses are similar to those of curtoviruses, they only share a limited sequence identity, and no information is available on the function of their viral genes. In this work, we demonstrate that BCTIV V2, as the curtoviral V2, is also a local silencing suppressor in Nicotiana benthamiana and can delay the systemic silencing spreading, although it cannot block the cell-to-cell movement of the silencing signal to adjacent cells. BCTIV V2 shows the same subcellular localization as curtoviral V2, being detected in the nucleus and perinuclear region, and its ectopic expression from a PVX-derived vector also causes the induction of necrotic lesions in N. benthamiana, such as the ones produced during the HR, both at the local and systemic levels. The results from the infection of N. benthamiana with a V2 BCTIV mutant showed that V2 is required for systemic infection, but not for viral replication, in a local infection. Considering all these results, we can conclude that BCTIV V2 is a functional homologue of curtoviral V2 and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity and systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Bahari
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
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The Rep and C1 of Beet curly top Iran virus represent pathogenicity factors and induce hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Virus Genes 2022; 58:550-559. [PMID: 35960462 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is a member of the genus Becurtovirus (Family Geminiviridae) with a circular single-strand DNA genome. BCTIV causes leaf curling and vein swelling symptoms in plants. However, the potential pathogenicity factor/s in BCTIV is/are not known. This study presents characterization of complementary-sense transcripts of BCTIV and the viral factors in directing the pathogenicity and hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In both local and systemic infection, splicing of the complementary transcripts of BCTIV was observed. Notably, a small number (8.3%) of transcripts were spliced to produce Rep (C1:C2) transcripts after deletion of 155 nt (position 1892-2046 from BCTIV). Expression of BCTIV genes in N. benthamiana using tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vector showed that Rep together with C1 are the main pathogenicity factors which cause typical viral leaf curling symptoms. In addition, the V2 caused a mild leaf curling, thickening, and asymmetric leaves, while the V1, V3, and C2 had no clear effect on the plant phenotype. Transient expression of individual viral genes showed that both the C1 and Rep trigger a HR response in N. benthamiana. The higher expression of HR marker genes, harpin-induced 1 (Hin1) and hypersensitivity-related (Hsr203JI), supported the role of C1 and Rep in HR response in plants. It is concluded that Rep and C1 are the main pathogenicity factors that also trigger HR response in plants.
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Lu W, Han X, Yang L, Shi Y, Li H, Chen L, Liu Y, Yang X, Shi Y. Identification and characterization of a new geminivirus from soybean plants and determination of V2 as a pathogenicity factor and silencing suppressor. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:362. [PMID: 35869422 PMCID: PMC9308217 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is one of the four major crops in China. The occurrence of viruses in soybean causes significant economic losses. RESULTS In this study, the soybean leaves from stay-green plants showing crinkle were collected for metatranscriptomic sequencing. A novel geminivirus, tentatively named soybean geminivirus A (SGVA), was identified in soybean stay-green plants. Sequence analysis of the full-length SGVA genome revealed a genome of 2762 nucleotides that contain six open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SGVA was located adjacent to the clade of begomoviruses in both the full genome-based and C1-based phylogenetic tree, while in the CP-based phylogenetic tree, SGVA was located adjacent to the clade of becurtoviruses. SGVA was proposed as a new recombinant geminivirus. Agroinfectious clone of SGVA was constructed. Typical systemic symptoms of curly leaves were observed at 11 dpi in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and severe dwarfism was observed after 3 weeks post inoculation. Expression of the SGVA encoded V2 and C1 proteins through a potato virus X (PVX) vector caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana. The V2 protein inhibited local RNA silencing in co-infiltration assays in GFP transgenic 16C N. benthamiana plants. Further study revealed mild symptoms in N. benthamiana plants inoculated with SGVA-ZZ V2-STOP and SGVA-ZZ V2-3738AA mutants. Both the relative viral DNA and CP protein accumulation levels significantly decreased when compared with SGVA-inoculated plants. CONCLUSIONS This work identified a new geminivirus in soybean stay-green plants and determined V2 as a pathogenicity factor and silencing suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ National Centre for Plant Breeding, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, 510550, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Fan L, He C, Gao D, Xu T, Xing F, Yan J, Zhan B, Li S, Wang H. Identification of Silencing Suppressor Protein Encoded by Strawberry Mottle Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:786489. [PMID: 35712581 PMCID: PMC9195133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.786489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) is associated with strawberry decline disease, causing losses to fruit yield and quality. In this study, using a screening system that enables detection of both local and systemic plant host (RNA silencing) defense responses, we found that Pro2Glu and P28, encoded by SMoV RNA2 genome, functioned to suppress local and systemic RNA silencing triggered by single- but not double-stranded GFP RNA. Subcellular localization assay revealed that both Pro2Glu and P28 were localized to nucleus and cytoplasm. The deletion of 11 amino acid residues at the C-terminus destabilized Pro2Glu protein, and the disruption of two conserved GW motifs deprived Pro2Glu of ability to suppress RNA silencing. Additionally, SMoV Pro2Glu and P28 enhanced the accumulation of potato virus X (PVX) in Nicotiana benthamiana 22 days post-infiltration, and P28 exacerbated significantly the symptoms of PVX. Collectively, these data indicate that the genome of SMoV RNA2 encodes two suppressors of RNA silencing. This is the first identification of a stramovirus suppressor of RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Fan
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dehang Gao
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Identification of Crucial Amino Acids in Begomovirus C4 Proteins Involved in the Modulation of the Severity of Leaf Curling Symptoms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030499. [PMID: 35336906 PMCID: PMC8955491 DOI: 10.3390/v14030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses frequently inflict upward or downward leaf curling symptoms on infected plants, leading to severe economic damages. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism controlling the leaf curling severity may facilitate the development of alternative disease management strategies. In this study, through genomic recombination between Ageratum yellow vein virus Nan-Tou strain (AYVV-NT) and Tomato leaf curl virus Tai-Chung Strain (TLCV-TC), which caused upward and downward leaf curling on Nicotiana benthamiana, respectively, it was found that the coding region of C4 protein might be involved in the determination of leaf curling directions. Sequence comparison and mutational analysis revealed that the cysteine and glycine at position 8 and 14 of AYVV-TC C4 protein, respectively, are involved in the modulation of leaf curling symptoms. Cross-protection assays further demonstrated that N. benthamiana inoculated with AYVV-carrying mutations of the aforementioned amino acids exhibited attenuated leaf curling symptoms under the challenge of wild-type AYVV-NT. Together, these findings revealed a new function of begomovirus C4 proteins involved in the modulation of leaf curling severity during symptom formation and suggested potential applications for managing viral diseases through manipulating the symptoms.
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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13
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Martin IR, Vigne E, Velt A, Hily JM, Garcia S, Baltenweck R, Komar V, Rustenholz C, Hugueney P, Lemaire O, Schmitt-Keichinger C. Severe Stunting Symptoms upon Nepovirus Infection Are Reminiscent of a Chronic Hypersensitive-like Response in a Perennial Woody Fruit Crop. Viruses 2021; 13:2138. [PMID: 34834945 PMCID: PMC8625034 DOI: 10.3390/v13112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of plants can result in various degrees of detrimental impacts and disparate symptom types and severities. Although great strides have been made in our understanding of the virus-host interactions in herbaceous model plants, the mechanisms underlying symptom development are poorly understood in perennial fruit crops. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) causes variable symptoms in most vineyards worldwide. To better understand GFLV-grapevine interactions in relation to symptom development, field and greenhouse trials were conducted with a grapevine genotype that exhibits distinct symptoms in response to a severe and a mild strain of GFLV. After validation of the infection status of the experimental vines by high-throughput sequencing, the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles in plants infected with the two viral strains were tested and compared by RNA-Seq and LC-MS, respectively, in the differentiating grapevine genotype. In vines infected with the severe GFLV strain, 1023 genes, among which some are implicated in the regulation of the hypersensitive-type response, were specifically deregulated, and a higher accumulation of resveratrol and phytohormones was observed. Interestingly, some experimental vines restricted the virus to the rootstock and remained symptomless. Our results suggest that GFLV induces a strain- and cultivar-specific defense reaction similar to a hypersensitive reaction. This type of defense leads to a severe stunting phenotype in some grapevines, whereas others are resistant. This work is the first evidence of a hypersensitive-like reaction in grapevine during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Schmitt-Keichinger
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (E.V.); (A.V.); (J.-M.H.); (S.G.); (R.B.); (V.K.); (C.R.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
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14
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Abstract
The fast-paced evolution of viruses enables them to quickly adapt to the organisms they infect by constantly exploring the potential functional landscape of the proteins encoded in their genomes. Geminiviruses, DNA viruses infecting plants and causing devastating crop diseases worldwide, produce a limited number of multifunctional proteins that mediate the manipulation of the cellular environment to the virus’ advantage. Among the proteins produced by the members of this family, C4, the smallest one described to date, is emerging as a powerful viral effector with unexpected versatility. C4 is the only geminiviral protein consistently subjected to positive selection and displays a number of dynamic subcellular localizations, interacting partners, and functions, which can vary between viral species. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on this remarkable viral protein, encompassing the different aspects of its multilayered diversity, and discuss what it can teach us about geminivirus evolution, invasion requirements, and virulence strategies.
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15
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Li P, Su F, Meng Q, Yu H, Wu G, Li M, Qing L. The C5 protein encoded by Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus is a virulence factor and contributes to the virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1149-1158. [PMID: 34219358 PMCID: PMC8359000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports have indicated that begomoviruses encode four proteins (AC1/C1, AC2/C2, AC3/C3, and AC4/C4 proteins) using complementary-sense DNA as the template. In recent years, several reports have shown that some begomoviruses also encode an AC5/C5 protein from the complementary DNA strand, and these AC5/C5 proteins play different roles in virus infections. Here, we provide evidence showing that Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus (ALCScV), a monopartite begomovirus, also encodes a C5 protein that is important for disease symptom formation and can affect viral replication. Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with a potato virus X (PVX)-based vector carrying the ALCScV C5 gene resulted in more severe disease symptoms and higher virus accumulation levels. ALCScV C5 protein can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Furthermore, this protein is also a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Mutational analysis showed that knockout of C5 gene expression significantly reduced ALCScV-induced disease symptoms and virus accumulation, while expression of the C5 gene using the PVX-based vector enhanced ALCScV accumulation in coinfected N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Feng Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qiyuan Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huabin Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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16
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Luna AP, Romero-Rodríguez B, Rosas-Díaz T, Cerero L, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Castillo AG, Bejarano ER. Characterization of Curtovirus V2 Protein, a Functional Homolog of Begomovirus V2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 32636860 PMCID: PMC7318802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA plant viruses with circular genomes packaged within geminate particles. Among the Geminiviridae family, Begomovirus and Curtovirus comprise the two best characterized genera. Curtovirus and Old World begomovirus possess similar genome structures with six to seven open-reading frames (ORF). Among them, begomovirus and curtovirus V2 ORFs share the same location in the viral genome, encode proteins of similar size, but show extremely poor sequence homology between the genera. V2 from Beet curly top virus (BCTV), the model species for the Curtovirus genus, as it begomoviral counterpart, suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by impairing the RDR6/SGS3 pathway and localizes in the nucleus spanning from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery. By aminoacid sequence comparison we have identified that curtoviral and begomoviral V2 proteins shared two hydrophobic domains and a putative phosphorylation motif. These three domains are essential for BCTV V2 silencing suppression activity, for the proper nuclear localization of the protein and for systemic infection. The lack of suppression activity in the mutated versions of V2 is complemented by the impaired function of RDR6 in Nicotiana benthamiana but the ability of the viral mutants to produce a systemic infection is not recovered in gene silencing mutant backgrounds. We have also demonstrated that, as its begomoviral homolog, V2 from BCTV is able to induce systemic symptoms and necrosis associated with a hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) when expressed from Potato virus X vector in N. benthamiana, and that this pathogenicity activity does not dependent of its ability to supress PTGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Luna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Tábata Rosas-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Cerero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Edgar A Rodríguez-Negrete
- CONACyT, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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17
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Luna AP, Lozano-Durán R. Geminivirus-Encoded Proteins: Not All Positional Homologs Are Made Equal. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:878. [PMID: 32431689 PMCID: PMC7214792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Superinfection by PHYVV Alters the Recovery Process in PepGMV-Infected Pepper Plants. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030286. [PMID: 32151060 PMCID: PMC7150747 DOI: 10.3390/v12030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are important plant pathogens that affect crops around the world. In some geminivirus-host interactions, infected plants show recovery, a phenomenon characterized by symptom disappearance in newly emerging leaves. In pepper-Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) interaction, the host recovery process involves a silencing mechanism that includes both post-transcriptional (PTGS) and transcriptional (TGS) gene silencing pathways. Under field conditions, PepGMV is frequently found in mixed infections with Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), another bipartite begomovirus. Mixed infected plants generally show a synergetic phenomenon and do not present recovery. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of this interaction. In the present study, we explored the effect of superinfection by PHYVV on a PepGMV-infected pepper plant showing recovery. Superinfection with PHYVV led to (a) the appearance of severe symptoms, (b) an increase of the levels of PepGMV DNA accumulation, (c) a decrease of the relative methylation levels of PepGMV DNA, and (d) an increase of chromatin activation marks present in viral minichromosomes. Finally, using heterologous expression and silencing suppression reporter systems, we found that PHYVV REn presents TGS silencing suppressor activity, whereas similar experiments suggest that Rep might be involved in suppressing PTGS.
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19
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Li P, Jing C, Ren H, Jia Z, Ghanem H, Wu G, Li M, Qing L. Analysis of Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors of Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:527787. [PMID: 33042171 PMCID: PMC7527423 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.527787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus (ALCScV) is a novel monopartite begomovirus, which was identified from Ageratum conyzoides plants in Sichuan Province, China. In this study, we showed that ALCScV can induce typical dwarf and downward leaf-curling symptoms in Ageratum conyzoides, Helianthus annuus, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants and that the noncognate betasatellite can enhance disease symptoms and increase viral accumulation. Expression of the ALCScV-encoded V2, C1, and C4 proteins through a Potato virus X (PVX) vector caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana. Further study revealed no symptoms in N. benthamiana plants inoculated with infectious ALCScV clones lacking the C4 protein and that the relative viral DNA accumulation levels significantly decreased when compared with ALCScV-inoculated plants. Thus, our mutational analyses demonstrated that C4 is a pathogenicity determinant that plays key roles in symptom formation and virus accumulation. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that the second glycine of C4 was critical for ALCScV pathogenicity.
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