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Kumar R, Dasgupta I. Abscisic acid: An emerging player in plant-virus interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109046. [PMID: 39153391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
In the evolutionary arm race between plants and viral pathogens, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has surfaced as a crucial player. This review accumulates substantial evidence that portrays ABA as a crucial regulatory hub, coordinating the complex network of plant antiviral immunity. It is capable of synchronizing resistance pathways, yet it can also be exploited as a susceptibility factor by viral effectors. ABA fortifies multi-layered defenses on one hand, by activating RNA silencing mechanisms that precisely degrade viral genomes, strengthening plasmodesmal gateways with callose barriers, and priming the transcriptional programs of resistance genes. On the other hand, ABA can augment susceptibility by counteracting other defense hormones, dampening oxidative bursts, and inhibiting antiviral defence proteins. Interestingly, a variety of viruses have independently evolved strategies to manipulate ABA signalling pathways. This fascinating paradigm of hormonal conflicts unveils ABA as an important regulatory handle that determines infection trajectories. Future studies should carefully explore the multifaceted impacts of ABA modulation on plant immunity and susceptibility to diverse pathogens before considering practical applications in viral resistance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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2
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Zhang R, Wu Y, Qu X, Yang W, Wu Q, Huang L, Jiang Q, Ma J, Zhang Y, Qi P, Chen G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wei Y, Xu Q. The RING-finger ubiquitin E3 ligase TaPIR1 targets TaHRP1 for degradation to suppress chloroplast function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6905. [PMID: 39134523 PMCID: PMC11319775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are key players in photosynthesis and immunity against microbial pathogens. However, the precise and timely regulatory mechanisms governing the control of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) expression in plant immunity remain largely unknown. Here we report that TaPIR1, a Pst-induced RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates Pst resistance by specifically interacting with TaHRP1, an atypical transcription factor histidine-rich protein. TaPIR1 ubiquitinates the lysine residues K131 and K136 in TaHRP1 to regulate its stability. TaHRP1 directly binds to the TaHRP1-binding site elements within the PhANGs promoter to activate their transcription via the histidine-rich domain of TaHRP1. PhANGs expression induces the production of chloroplast-derived ROS. Although knocking out TaHRP1 reduces Pst resistance, TaHRP1 overexpression contributes to photosynthesis, and chloroplast-derived ROS production, and improves disease resistance. TaPIR1 expression inhibits the downstream activation of TaHRP1 and TaHRP1-induced ROS accumulation in chloroplasts. Overall, we show that the TaPIR1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TaHRP1 alters PhANGs expression to disrupt chloroplast function, thereby increasing plant susceptibility to Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangru Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Niu J, Zhao J, Guo Q, Zhang H, Yue A, Zhao J, Yin C, Wang M, Du W. WGCNA Reveals Hub Genes and Key Gene Regulatory Pathways of the Response of Soybean to Infection by Soybean mosaic virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:566. [PMID: 38790195 PMCID: PMC11120672 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the main pathogens that can negatively affect soybean production and quality. To study the gene regulatory network of soybeans in response to SMV SC15, the resistant line X149 and susceptible line X97 were subjected to transcriptome analysis at 0, 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). Differential expression analysis revealed that 10,190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responded to SC15 infection. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify highly related resistance gene modules; in total, eight modules, including 2256 DEGs, were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of 2256 DEGs revealed that the genes significantly clustered into resistance-related pathways, such as the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Among these pathways, we found that the flg22, Ca2+, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and abscisic acid (ABA) regulatory pathways were fully covered by 36 DEGs. Among the 36 DEGs, the gene Glyma.01G225100 (protein phosphatase 2C, PP2C) in the ABA regulatory pathway, the gene Glyma.16G031900 (WRKY transcription factor 22, WRKY22) in Ca2+ and H2O2 regulatory pathways, and the gene Glyma.04G175300 (calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPK) in Ca2+ regulatory pathways were highly connected hub genes. These results indicate that the resistance of X149 to SC15 may depend on the positive regulation of flg22, Ca2+, H2O2, and ABA regulatory pathways. Our study further showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, H2O2 content, and catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were significantly up-regulated in the resistant line X149 compared with those in 0 hpi. This finding indicates that the H2O2 regulatory pathway might be dependent on flg22- and Ca2+-pathway-induced ROS generation. In addition, two hub genes, Glyma.07G190100 (encoding F-box protein) and Glyma.12G185400 (encoding calmodulin-like proteins, CMLs), were also identified and they could positively regulate X149 resistance. This study provides pathways for further investigation of SMV resistance mechanisms in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China;
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Congcong Yin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Min Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.)
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Nawaz MA, Khalil HK, Azeem F, Ali MA, Pamirsky IE, Golokhvast KS, Yang SH, Atif RM, Chung G. In Silico Comparison of WRKY Transcription Factors in Wild and Cultivated Soybean and Their Co-expression Network Arbitrating Disease Resistance. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10701-z. [PMID: 38411942 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
WRKY Transcription factors (TFs) play critical roles in plant defence mechanisms that are activated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, information on the Glycine soja WRKYs (GsoWRKYs) is scarce. Owing to its importance in soybean breeding, here we identified putative WRKY TFs in wild soybean, and compared the results with Glycine max WRKYs (GmaWRKYs) by phylogenetic, conserved motif, and duplication analyses. Moreover, we explored the expression trends of WRKYs in G. max (oomycete, fungi, virus, bacteria, and soybean cyst nematode) and G. soja (soybean cyst nematode), and identified commonly expressed WRKYs and their co-expressed genes. We identified, 181 and 180 putative WRKYs in G. max and G. soja, respectively. Though the number of WRKYs in both studied species is almost the same, they differ in many ways, i.e., the number of WRKYs on corresponding chromosomes, conserved domain structures, WRKYGQK motif variants, and zinc-finger motifs. WRKYs in both species grouped in three major clads, i.e., I-III, where group-II had sub-clads IIa-IIe. We found that GsoWRKYs expanded mostly through segmental duplication. A large number of WRKYs were expressed in response to biotic stresses, i.e., Phakospora pachyrhizi, Phytoplasma, Heterodera glycines, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Soybean mosaic virus; 56 GmaWRKYs were commonly expressed in soybean plants infected with these diseases. Finally, 30 and 63 GmaWRKYs and GsoWRKYs co-expressed with 205 and 123 non-WRKY genes, respectively, indicating that WRKYs play essential roles in biotic stress tolerance in Glycine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Advanced Engineering School (Agrobiotek), Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, Tomsk Oblast, Russia, 634050.
- Center for Research in the Field of Materials and Technologies, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Hafiz Kashif Khalil
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics / CAS-AFS, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Igor Eduardovich Pamirsky
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of AgrobiotechnologyCentralnaya, Presidium, Krasnoobsk, Russia, 633501
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Advanced Engineering School (Agrobiotek), Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, Tomsk Oblast, Russia, 634050
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of AgrobiotechnologyCentralnaya, Presidium, Krasnoobsk, Russia, 633501
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, Tomsk State University, Lenin Str. 36, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu Campus, Yeosu-si, 59626, South Korea
| | - Rana Muhammad Atif
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics / CAS-AFS, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Precision Agriculture and Analytics Lab, National Centre in Big Data and Cloud Computing, Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu Campus, Yeosu-si, 59626, South Korea.
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5
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Li H, Liu J, Yuan X, Chen X, Cui X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key pathways and regulatory networks in early resistance of Glycine max to soybean mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241076. [PMID: 38033585 PMCID: PMC10687721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a high-value oilseed crop, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is limited by various biotic stresses during its growth and development. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a devastating viral infection of soybean that primarily affects young leaves and causes significant production and economic losses; however, the synergistic molecular mechanisms underlying the soybean response to SMV are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed RNA sequencing on SMV-infected resistant and susceptible soybean lines to determine the molecular mechanism of resistance to SMV. When the clean reads were aligned to the G. max reference genome, a total of 36,260 genes were identified as expressed genes and used for further research. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with resistance were found to be enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and circadian rhythm according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. In addition to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, which are well known in plant disease resistance, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin are also involved in the immune response to SMV in soybean. Most of the Ca2+ signaling related DEGs enriched in plant-pathogen interaction negatively influence SMV resistance. Furthermore, the MAPK cascade was involved in either resistant or susceptible responses to SMV, depending on different downstream proteins. The phytochrome interacting factor-cryptochrome-R protein module and the MEKK3/MKK9/MPK7-WRKY33-CML/CDPK module were found to play essential roles in soybean response to SMV based on protein-protein interaction prediction. Our findings provide general insights into the molecular regulatory networks associated with soybean response to SMV and have the potential to improve legume resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Vermeulen A, Takken FLW, Sánchez-Camargo VA. Translation Arrest: A Key Player in Plant Antiviral Response. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1293. [PMID: 37372472 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved several mechanisms to protect themselves against viruses. Besides recessive resistance, where compatible host factors required for viral proliferation are absent or incompatible, there are (at least) two types of inducible antiviral immunity: RNA silencing (RNAi) and immune responses mounted upon activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors. RNAi is associated with viral symptom recovery through translational repression and transcript degradation following recognition of viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection. NLR-mediated immunity is induced upon (in)direct recognition of a viral protein by an NLR receptor, triggering either a hypersensitive response (HR) or an extreme resistance response (ER). During ER, host cell death is not apparent, and it has been proposed that this resistance is mediated by a translational arrest (TA) of viral transcripts. Recent research indicates that translational repression plays a crucial role in plant antiviral resistance. This paper reviews current knowledge on viral translational repression during viral recovery and NLR-mediated immunity. Our findings are summarized in a model detailing the pathways and processes leading to translational arrest of plant viruses. This model can serve as a framework to formulate hypotheses on how TA halts viral replication, inspiring new leads for the development of antiviral resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Vermeulen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor A Sánchez-Camargo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Alazem M, Bwalya J, Pai H, Yu J, Cam HC, Burch-Smith T, Kim KH. Viral synergism suppresses R gene-mediated resistance by impairing downstream defense mechanisms in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad255. [PMID: 37099452 PMCID: PMC10400036 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Viral synergism occurs when mixed infection of a susceptible plant by two or more viruses leads to increased susceptibility to at least one of the viruses. However, the ability of one virus to suppress R gene-controlled resistance against another virus has never been reported. In soybean (Glycine max) extreme resistance (ER) against soybean mosaic virus (SMV), governed by the Rsv3 R-protein, manifests a swift asymptomatic resistance against the avirulent strain SMV-G5H. Still, the mechanism by which Rsv3 confers ER is not fully understood. Here, we show that viral synergism broke this resistance by impairing downstream defense mechanisms triggered by Rsv3 activation. We found that activation of the antiviral RNA silencing pathway and the proimmune mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), along with the suppression of the proviral MAPK6, are hallmarks of Rsv3-mediated ER against SMV-G5H. Surprisingly, infection with bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) disrupted this ER, allowing SMV-G5H to accumulate in Rsv3-containing plants. BPMV subverted downstream defenses by impairing the RNA silencing pathway and activating MAPK6. Further, BPMV reduced the accumulation of virus-related siRNAs and increased the virus-activated siRNA that targeted several defense-related nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat receptors (NLRs) genes through the action of the suppression of RNA-silencing activities encoded in its large and small coat protein subunits. These results illustrate that viral synergism can result from abolishing highly specific R gene resistance by impairing active mechanisms downstream of the R gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - John Bwalya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jisuk Yu
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Chu Cam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tatineni S, Hein GL. Plant Viruses of Agricultural Importance: Current and Future Perspectives of Virus Disease Management Strategies. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:117-141. [PMID: 36095333 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0167-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause significant losses in agricultural crops worldwide, affecting the yield and quality of agricultural products. The emergence of novel viruses or variants through genetic evolution and spillover from reservoir host species, changes in agricultural practices, mixed infections with disease synergism, and impacts from global warming pose continuous challenges for the management of epidemics resulting from emerging plant virus diseases. This review describes some of the most devastating virus diseases plus select virus diseases with regional importance in agriculturally important crops that have caused significant yield losses. The lack of curative measures for plant virus infections prompts the use of risk-reducing measures for managing plant virus diseases. These measures include exclusion, avoidance, and eradication techniques, along with vector management practices. The use of sensitive, high throughput, and user-friendly diagnostic methods is crucial for defining preventive and management strategies against plant viruses. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has great potential for detecting unknown viruses in quarantine samples. The deployment of genetic resistance in crop plants is an effective and desirable method of managing virus diseases. Several dominant and recessive resistance genes have been used to manage virus diseases in crops. Recently, RNA-based technologies such as dsRNA- and siRNA-based RNA interference, microRNA, and CRISPR/Cas9 provide transgenic and nontransgenic approaches for developing virus-resistant crop plants. Importantly, the topical application of dsRNA, hairpin RNA, and artificial microRNA and trans-active siRNA molecules on plants has the potential to develop GMO-free virus disease management methods. However, the long-term efficacy and acceptance of these new technologies, especially transgenic methods, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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9
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Bwalya J, Kim KH. The Crucial Role of Chloroplast-Related Proteins in Viral Genome Replication and Host Defense against Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:28-38. [PMID: 36760047 PMCID: PMC9929168 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for worldwide production losses of numerous economically important crops. The most common plant RNA viruses are positivesense single-stranded RNA viruses [(+)ss RNA viruses]. These viruses have small genomes that encode a limited number of proteins. The viruses depend on their host's machinery for the replication of their RNA genome, assembly, movement, and attraction to the vectors for dispersal. Recently researchers have reported that chloroplast proteins are crucial for replicating (+)ss plant RNA viruses. Some chloroplast proteins, including translation initiation factor [eIF(iso)4E] and 75 DEAD-box RNA helicase RH8, help viruses fulfill their infection cycle in plants. In contrast, other chloroplast proteins such as PAP2.1, PSaC, and ATPsyn-α play active roles in plant defense against viruses. This is also consistent with the idea that reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid are produced in chloroplast. However, knowledge of molecular mechanisms and functions underlying these chloroplast host factors during the virus infection is still scarce and remains largely unknown. Our review briefly summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the possible role of chloroplast in plant virus replication, emphasizing chloroplast-related proteins. We have highlighted current advances regarding chloroplast-related proteins' role in replicating plant (+)ss RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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10
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Sett S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Resistance genes on the verge of plant-virus interaction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1242-1252. [PMID: 35902346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are acellular pathogens that cause severe infections in plants, resulting in worldwide crop losses every year. The lack of chemical agents to control viral diseases exacerbates the situation. Thus, to devise proper management strategies, it is important that the defense mechanisms of plants against viruses are understood. Resistance (R) genes regulate plant defense against invading pathogens by eliciting a hypersensitive response (HR). Compatible interaction between plant R gene and viral avirulence (Avr) protein activates the necrotic cell death response at the site of infection, resulting in the cessation of disease. Here, we review different aspects of R gene-mediated dominant resistance against plant viruses in dicotyledonous plants and possible ways for developing crops with better disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sett
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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11
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Usovsky M, Chen P, Li D, Wang A, Shi A, Zheng C, Shakiba E, Lee D, Canella Vieira C, Lee YC, Wu C, Cervantez I, Dong D. Decades of Genetic Research on Soybean mosaic virus Resistance in Soybean. Viruses 2022; 14:1122. [PMID: 35746594 PMCID: PMC9230979 DOI: 10.3390/v14061122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the history and current state of the known genetic basis for soybean resistance to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), and examines how the integration of molecular markers has been utilized in breeding for crop improvement. SVM causes yield loss and seed quality reduction in soybean based on the SMV strain and the host genotype. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of SMV-soybean interactions and the genes conferring resistance to SMV has been a focus of intense research interest for decades. Soybean reactions are classified into three main responses: resistant, necrotic, or susceptible. Significant progress has been achieved that has greatly increased the understanding of soybean germplasm diversity, differential reactions to SMV strains, genotype-strain interactions, genes/alleles conferring specific reactions, and interactions among resistance genes and alleles. Many studies that aimed to uncover the physical position of resistance genes have been published in recent decades, collectively proposing different candidate genes. The studies on SMV resistance loci revealed that the resistance genes are mainly distributed on three chromosomes. Resistance has been pyramided in various combinations for durable resistance to SMV strains. The causative genes are still elusive despite early successes in identifying resistance alleles in soybean; however, a gene at the Rsv4 locus has been well validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Usovsky
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Delta Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA; (D.L.); (C.C.V.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Dexiao Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest University of Agriculture, Jiangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | | | - Ehsan Shakiba
- Rice Research and Extension Center, Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA;
| | - Dongho Lee
- Delta Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA; (D.L.); (C.C.V.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Caio Canella Vieira
- Delta Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA; (D.L.); (C.C.V.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Yi Chen Lee
- Delta Center, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873, USA; (D.L.); (C.C.V.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Innan Cervantez
- Bayer CropScience, Global Soybean Breeding, 1781 Gavin Road, Marion, AR 72364, USA;
| | - Dekun Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
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12
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Perrot T, Pauly M, Ramírez V. Emerging Roles of β-Glucanases in Plant Development and Adaptative Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091119. [PMID: 35567119 PMCID: PMC9099982 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the glycoside bond they cleave, plant β-glucanases have been grouped into three categories: (i) β-1,4-glucanases degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds to remodel and disassemble the wall during cell growth. (ii) β-1,3-glucanases are responsible for the mobilization of callose, governing the symplastic trafficking through plasmodesmata. (iii) β-1,3-1,4-glucanases degrade mixed linkage glucan, a transient wall polysaccharide found in cereals, which is broken down to obtain energy during rapid seedling growth. In addition to their roles in the turnover of self-glucan structures, plant β-glucanases are crucial in regulating the outcome in symbiotic and hostile plant-microbe interactions by degrading non-self glucan structures. Plants use these enzymes to hydrolyse β-glucans found in the walls of microbes, not only by contributing to a local antimicrobial defence barrier, but also by generating signalling glucans triggering the activation of global responses. As a counterpart, microbes developed strategies to hijack plant β-glucanases to their advantage to successfully colonize plant tissues. This review outlines our current understanding on plant β-glucanases, with a particular focus on the latest advances on their roles in adaptative responses.
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13
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Bwalya J, Alazem M, Kim K. Photosynthesis-related genes induce resistance against soybean mosaic virus: Evidence for involvement of the RNA silencing pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:543-560. [PMID: 34962034 PMCID: PMC8916206 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence indicate that chloroplast-related genes are involved in plant-virus interactions. However, the involvement of photosynthesis-related genes in plant immunity is largely unexplored. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from the soybean cultivar L29, which carries the Rsv3 resistance gene, showed that several chloroplast-related genes were strongly induced in response to infection with an avirulent strain of soybean mosaic virus (SMV), G5H, but were weakly induced in response to a virulent strain, G7H. For further analysis, we selected the PSaC gene from the photosystem I and the ATP-synthase α-subunit (ATPsyn-α) gene whose encoded protein is part of the ATP-synthase complex. Overexpression of either gene within the G7H genome reduced virus levels in the susceptible cultivar Lee74 (rsv3-null). This result was confirmed by transiently expressing both genes in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by G7H infection. Both proteins localized in the chloroplast envelope as well as in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Because the chloroplast is the initial biosynthesis site of defence-related hormones, we determined whether hormone-related genes are involved in the ATPsyn-α- and PSaC-mediated defence. Interestingly, genes involved in the biosynthesis of several hormones were up-regulated in plants infected with SMV-G7H expressing ATPsyn-α. However, only jasmonic and salicylic acid biosynthesis genes were up-regulated following infection with the SMV-G7H expressing PSaC. Both chimeras induced the expression of several antiviral RNA silencing genes, which indicate that such resistance may be partially achieved through the RNA silencing pathway. These findings highlight the role of photosynthesis-related genes in regulating resistance to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agriculture BiotechnologyCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Mazen Alazem
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kook‐Hyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture BiotechnologyCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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14
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Widyasari K, Tran PT, Shin J, Son H, Kim KH. Overexpression of purple acid phosphatase GmPAP2.1 confers resistance to Soybean mosaic virus in a susceptible soybean cultivar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1623-1642. [PMID: 34758072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A purple acid phosphatase, GmPAP2.1, from the soybean (Glycine max) cultivar L29 may function as a resistance factor acting against specific strains of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). In this study, we found that overexpression of GmPAP2.1 from L29 conferred SMV resistance to a susceptible cultivar, Lee 74. We determined that GmPAP2.1 interacted with the SMV protein P1 in the chloroplasts, resulting in the up-regulation of the ICS1 gene, which in turn promoted the pathogen-induced salicylic acid (SA) pathway. SA accumulation was elevated in response to the co-expression of GmPAP2.1 and SMV, while transient knockdown of endogenous SA-related genes resulted in systemic infection by SMV strain G5H, suggesting that GmPAP2.1-derived resistance depended on the SA-pathway for the activation of a defense response. Our findings thus suggest that GmPAP2.1 purple acid phosphatase of soybean cultivar L29 functions as an SA-pathway-dependent resistance factor acting against SMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Widyasari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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15
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Király L, Albert R, Zsemberi O, Schwarczinger I, Hafez YM, Künstler A. Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Symptomless, Extreme Resistance to Potato virus X in Tobacco. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1870-1884. [PMID: 33593113 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0540-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Samsun NN Rx1) the development of Rx1 gene-mediated, symptomless, extreme resistance to Potato virus X (PVX) is preceded by an early, intensive accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide (O2·-), evident between 1 and 6 h after inoculation and associated with increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activities. This suggests a direct contribution of this ROS to virus restriction during symptomless, extreme resistance. Superoxide inhibition in PVX-inoculated leaves by infiltration of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT]) partially suppresses extreme resistance in parallel with the appearance of localized leaf necrosis resembling a hypersensitive resistance (HR) response. F1 progeny from crosses of Rx1 and ferritin overproducer (deficient in production of the ROS OH·) tobaccos also display a suppressed extreme resistance to PVX, because significantly increased virus levels are coupled to HR, suggesting a role of the hydroxyl radical (OH·) in this symptomless antiviral defense. In addition, treatment of PVX-susceptible tobacco with a superoxide-generating agent (riboflavin/methionine) results in HR-like symptoms and reduced PVX titers. Finally, by comparing defense responses during PVX-elicited symptomless, extreme resistance and HR-type resistance elicited by Tobacco mosaic virus, we conclude that defense reactions typical of an HR (e.g., induction of cell death/ROS-regulator genes and antioxidants) are early and transient in the course of extreme resistance. Our results demonstrate the contribution of early accumulation of ROS (superoxide, OH·) in limiting PVX replication during symptomless extreme resistance and support earlier findings that virus-elicited HR represents a delayed, slower resistance response than symptomless, extreme resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Albert
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Zsemberi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center & Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Zhao X, Jing Y, Luo Z, Gao S, Teng W, Zhan Y, Qiu L, Zheng H, Li W, Han Y. GmST1, which encodes a sulfotransferase, confers resistance to soybean mosaic virus strains G2 and G3. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2777-2792. [PMID: 33866595 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most widespread and devastating viral diseases worldwide. The genetic architecture of qualitative resistance to SMV in soybean remains unclear. Here, the Rsvg2 locus was identified as underlying soybean resistance to SMV by genome-wide association and linkage analyses. Fine mapping results showed that soybean resistance to SMV strains G2 and G3 was controlled by a single dominant gene, GmST1, on chromosome 13, encoding a sulfotransferase (SOT). A key variation at position 506 in the coding region of GmST1 associated with the structure of the encoded SOT and changed SOT activity levels between RSVG2-S and RSVG2-R alleles. In RSVG2-S allele carrier "Hefeng25", the overexpression of GmST1 carrying the RSVG2-R allele from the SMV-resistant line "Dongnong93-046" conferred resistance to SMV strains G2 and G3. Compared to Hefeng25, the accumulation of SMV was decreased in transgenic plants carrying the RSVG2-R allele. SMV infection differentiated both the accumulation of jasmonates and expression patterns of genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signalling, biosynthesis and catabolism in RSVG2-R and RSVG2-S allele carriers. This characterization of GmST1 suggests a new scenario explaining soybean resistance to SMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenghui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sainan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkun Zheng
- Bioinformatics Division, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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17
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Ross BT, Zidack NK, Flenniken ML. Extreme Resistance to Viruses in Potato and Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658981. [PMID: 33889169 PMCID: PMC8056081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens, including viruses, negatively impact global crop production. Plants have evolved complex immune responses to pathogens. These responses are often controlled by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs), which recognize intracellular, pathogen-derived proteins. Genetic resistance to plant viruses is often phenotypically characterized by programmed cell death at or near the infection site; a reaction termed the hypersensitive response. Although visualization of the hypersensitive response is often used as a hallmark of resistance, the molecular mechanisms leading to the hypersensitive response and associated cell death vary. Plants with extreme resistance to viruses rarely exhibit symptoms and have little to no detectable virus replication or spread beyond the infection site. Both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response can be activated by the same NLR genes. In many cases, genes that normally provide an extreme resistance phenotype can be stimulated to cause a hypersensitive response by experimentally increasing cellular levels of pathogen-derived elicitor protein(s). The molecular mechanisms of extreme resistance and its relationship to the hypersensitive response are largely uncharacterized. Studies on potato and soybean cultivars that are resistant to strains of Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) indicate that abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling and NLR nuclear translocation are important for the extreme resistance response. Recent research also indicates that some of the same proteins are involved in both extreme resistance and the hypersensitive response. Herein, we review and synthesize published studies on extreme resistance in potato and soybean, and describe studies in additional species, including model plant species, to highlight future research avenues that may bridge the gaps in our knowledge of plant antiviral defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Ross
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Nina K. Zidack
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Montana State Seed Potato Certification Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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18
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Effect of virus infection on the secondary metabolite production and phytohormone biosynthesis in plants. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:547. [PMID: 33269181 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved according to their environmental conditions and continuously interact with different biological entities. These interactions induce many positive and negative effects on plant metabolism. Many viruses also associate with various plant species and alter their metabolism. Further, virus-plant interaction also alters the expression of many plant hormones. To overcome the biotic stress imposed by the virus's infestation, plants produce different kinds of secondary metabolites that play a significant role in plant defense against the viral infection. In this review, we briefly highlight the mechanism of virus infection, their influence on the plant secondary metabolites and phytohormone biosynthesis in response to the virus-plant interactions.
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19
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DeMers LC, Redekar NR, Kachroo A, Tolin SA, Li S, Saghai Maroof MA. A transcriptional regulatory network of Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance against Soybean mosaic virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231658. [PMID: 32315334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0231658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance genes are an effective means for disease control in plants. They predominantly function by inducing a hypersensitive reaction, which results in localized cell death restricting pathogen spread. Some resistance genes elicit an atypical response, termed extreme resistance, where resistance is not associated with a hypersensitive reaction and its standard defense responses. Unlike hypersensitive reaction, the molecular regulatory mechanism(s) underlying extreme resistance is largely unexplored. One of the few known, naturally occurring, instances of extreme resistance is resistance derived from the soybean Rsv3 gene, which confers resistance against the most virulent Soybean mosaic virus strains. To discern the regulatory mechanism underlying Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance, we generated a gene regulatory network using transcriptomic data from time course comparisons of Soybean mosaic virus-G7-inoculated resistant (L29, Rsv3-genotype) and susceptible (Williams82, rsv3-genotype) soybean cultivars. Our results show Rsv3 begins mounting a defense by 6 hpi via a complex phytohormone network, where abscisic acid, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid pathways are suppressed. We identified putative regulatory interactions between transcription factors and genes in phytohormone regulatory pathways, which is consistent with the demonstrated involvement of these pathways in Rsv3-mediated resistance. One such transcription factor identified as a putative transcriptional regulator was MYC2 encoded by Glyma.07G051500. Known as a master regulator of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling, MYC2 specifically recognizes the G-box motif ("CACGTG"), which was significantly enriched in our data among differentially expressed genes implicated in abscisic acid- and jasmonic acid-related activities. This suggests an important role for Glyma.07G051500 in abscisic acid- and jasmonic acid-derived defense signaling in Rsv3. Resultantly, the findings from our network offer insights into genes and biological pathways underlying the molecular defense mechanism of Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance against Soybean mosaic virus. The computational pipeline used to reconstruct the gene regulatory network in this study is freely available at https://github.com/LiLabAtVT/rsv3-network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C DeMers
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Neelam R Redekar
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sue A Tolin
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Song Li
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - M A Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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20
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DeMers LC, Redekar NR, Kachroo A, Tolin SA, Li S, Saghai Maroof MA. A transcriptional regulatory network of Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance against Soybean mosaic virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231658. [PMID: 32315334 PMCID: PMC7173922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance genes are an effective means for disease control in plants. They predominantly function by inducing a hypersensitive reaction, which results in localized cell death restricting pathogen spread. Some resistance genes elicit an atypical response, termed extreme resistance, where resistance is not associated with a hypersensitive reaction and its standard defense responses. Unlike hypersensitive reaction, the molecular regulatory mechanism(s) underlying extreme resistance is largely unexplored. One of the few known, naturally occurring, instances of extreme resistance is resistance derived from the soybean Rsv3 gene, which confers resistance against the most virulent Soybean mosaic virus strains. To discern the regulatory mechanism underlying Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance, we generated a gene regulatory network using transcriptomic data from time course comparisons of Soybean mosaic virus-G7-inoculated resistant (L29, Rsv3-genotype) and susceptible (Williams82, rsv3-genotype) soybean cultivars. Our results show Rsv3 begins mounting a defense by 6 hpi via a complex phytohormone network, where abscisic acid, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid pathways are suppressed. We identified putative regulatory interactions between transcription factors and genes in phytohormone regulatory pathways, which is consistent with the demonstrated involvement of these pathways in Rsv3-mediated resistance. One such transcription factor identified as a putative transcriptional regulator was MYC2 encoded by Glyma.07G051500. Known as a master regulator of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid signaling, MYC2 specifically recognizes the G-box motif ("CACGTG"), which was significantly enriched in our data among differentially expressed genes implicated in abscisic acid- and jasmonic acid-related activities. This suggests an important role for Glyma.07G051500 in abscisic acid- and jasmonic acid-derived defense signaling in Rsv3. Resultantly, the findings from our network offer insights into genes and biological pathways underlying the molecular defense mechanism of Rsv3-mediated extreme resistance against Soybean mosaic virus. The computational pipeline used to reconstruct the gene regulatory network in this study is freely available at https://github.com/LiLabAtVT/rsv3-network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. DeMers
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Neelam R. Redekar
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sue A. Tolin
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Song Li
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - M. A. Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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21
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Alazem M, Lin NS. Interplay between ABA signaling and RNA silencing in plant viral resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:1-7. [PMID: 32222536 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant responses to different stimuli including viral infections through two different defense mechanisms; the antiviral RNA silencing pathway and callose accumulation. In some pathosystems, induction of these defense mechanisms is stronger in plants with resistance (R)-genes than in more susceptible plants. Mutants in several RNA silencing genes are hypersensitive to ABA, which suggests that these genes exert a regulatory feedback loop on ABA signaling. This scenario suggests that the RNA silencing pathway can target genes involved in the ABA pathway to control ABA production/signaling since prolonged production of this stress hormone arrests plant growth and development. Mutations in the ABA or salicylic acid pathways do not completely repress RNA silencing genes, indicating that RNA silencing represents a regulatory hub through which different pathways exert some of their functions, and thus the regulation of RNA silencing could be subject to hormone balancing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Soybean Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020219. [PMID: 32046350 PMCID: PMC7076706 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) occurs in all soybean-growing areas in the world and causes huge losses in soybean yields and seed quality. During early viral infection, molecular interactions between SMV effector proteins and the soybean resistance (R) protein, if present, determine the development of resistance/disease in soybean plants. Depending on the interacting strain and cultivar, R-protein in resistant soybean perceives a specific SMV effector, which triggers either the extreme silent resistance or the typical resistance manifested by hypersensitive responses and induction of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. In this review, we consider the major advances that have been made in understanding the soybean–SMV arms race. We also focus on dissecting mechanisms SMV employs to establish infection and how soybean perceives and then responds to SMV attack. In addition, progress on soybean R-genes studies, as well as those addressing independent resistance genes, are also addressed.
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Alazem M, Widyasari K, Kim KH. An Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Reverses the Defensive Effect of Abscisic Acid in a Susceptible Soybean Cultivar. Viruses 2019; 11:E879. [PMID: 31546878 PMCID: PMC6783863 DOI: 10.3390/v11090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In soybean cultivar L29, the Rsv3 gene is responsible for extreme resistance (ER) against the soybean mosaic virus avirulent strain G5H, but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Part of this ER is attributed to the rapid increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and callose, and to the rapid induction of several genes in the RNA-silencing pathway. Whether these two defense mechanisms are correlated or separated in the ER is unknown. Here, we found that ABA treatment of L29 plants increased the expression of several antiviral RNA-silencing genes as well as the PP2C3a gene, which was previously shown to increase callose accumulation; as a consequence, ABA increased the resistance of L29 plants to G7H. The effect of ABA treatment on these genes was weaker in the rsv3-null cultivar (Somyungkong) than in L29. Besides, G5H-infection of Somyungkong plants subverted the effect of ABA leading to reduced callose accumulation and decreased expression of several RNA-silencing genes, which resulted in increased susceptibility to G5H infection. ABA treatment, however, still induced some resistance to G7H in Somyungkong, but only AGO7b was significantly induced. Our data suggest that Rsv3 modulates the effect of ABA on these two resistance mechanisms, i.e., callose accumulation and the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway, and that in the absence of Rsv3, some strains can reverse the effect of ABA and thereby facilitate their replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kristin Widyasari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Effects of Abscisic Acid and Salicylic Acid on Gene Expression in the Antiviral RNA Silencing Pathway in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102538. [PMID: 31126102 PMCID: PMC6566719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA silencing pathways modulate responses to certain stresses, and can be partially tuned by several hormones such as salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Although SA and ABA are often antagonistic and often modulate different stress responses, they have similar effects on virus resistance, which are partially achieved through the antiviral RNA silencing pathway. Whether they play similar roles in regulating the RNA silencing pathway is unclear. By employing coexpression and promoter analyses, we found that some ABA- and SA-related transcription factors (TFs) are coexpressed with several AGO, DCL, and RDR genes, and have multiple binding sites for the identified TFs in the queried promoters. ABA and SA are antagonistic with respect to the expression of AGO1 and RDRs because ABA was able to induce these genes only in the SA mutant. Nevertheless, both hormones showed similarities in the regulation of other genes, for example, the induction of AGO2 by ABA was SA-dependent, indicating that ABA acts upstream of SA in this regulation. We inferred that the similar effects of ABA and SA on some genes resulted in the redundancy of their roles in resistance to bamboo mosaic virus, but that the two hormones are antagonistic with respect to other genes unrelated to their biosynthesis pathways.
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