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Fahy K, Kapishnikov S, Donnellan M, McEnroe T, O'Reilly F, Fyans W, Sheridan P. Laboratory based correlative cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:293-320. [PMID: 38705628 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-soft X-ray tomography is the unique technology that can image whole intact cells in 3D under normal and pathological conditions without labelling or fixation, at high throughput and spatial resolution. The sample preparation is relatively straightforward; requiring just fast freezing of the specimen before transfer to the microscope for imaging. It is also possible to image chemically fixed samples where necessary. The technique can be correlated with cryo fluorescence microscopy to localize fluorescent proteins to organelles within the whole cell volume. Cryo-correlated light and soft X-ray tomography is particularly useful for the study of gross morphological changes brought about by disease or drugs. For example, viral fluorescent tags can be co-localized to sites of viral replication in the soft X-ray volume. In general this approach is extremely useful in the study of complex 3D organelle structure, nanoparticle uptake or in the detection of rare events in the context of whole cell structure. The main challenge of soft X-ray tomography is that the soft X-ray illumination required for imaging has heretofore only been available at a small number of synchrotron labs worldwide. Recently, a compact device with a footprint small enough to fit in a standard laboratory setting has been deployed ("the SXT-100") and is routinely imaging cryo prepared samples addressing a variety of disease and drug research applications. The SXT-100 facilitates greater access to this powerful technique and greatly increases the scope and throughput of potential research projects. Furthermore, the availability of cryo-soft X-ray tomography in the laboratory will accelerate the development of novel correlative and multimodal workflows by integration with light and electron microscope based approaches. It also allows for co-location of this powerful imaging modality at BSL3 labs or other facilities where safety or intellectual property considerations are paramount. Here we describe the compact SXT-100 microscope along with its novel integrated cryo-fluorescence imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Fahy
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | - Tony McEnroe
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal O'Reilly
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, School of Physics, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Fyans
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Sheridan
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Lewis HC, Kelnhofer-Millevolte LE, Brinkley MR, Arbach HE, Arnold EA, Sanders S, Bosse JB, Ramachandran S, Avgousti DC. HSV-1 exploits host heterochromatin for nuclear egress. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202304106. [PMID: 37516914 PMCID: PMC10373338 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) progeny form in the nucleus and exit to successfully infect other cells. Newly formed capsids navigate complex chromatin architecture to reach the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and egress. Here, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that HSV-1 capsids traverse heterochromatin associated with trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and the histone variant macroH2A1. Through chromatin profiling during infection, we revealed global redistribution of these marks whereby massive host genomic regions bound by macroH2A1 and H3K27me3 correlate with decreased host transcription in active compartments. We found that the loss of these markers resulted in significantly lower viral titers but did not impact viral genome or protein accumulation. Strikingly, we discovered that loss of macroH2A1 or H3K27me3 resulted in nuclear trapping of capsids. Finally, by live-capsid tracking, we quantified this decreased capsid movement. Thus, our work demonstrates that HSV-1 takes advantage of the dynamic nature of host heterochromatin formation during infection for efficient nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Lewis
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurel E Kelnhofer-Millevolte
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- UW Medical Scientist Training Program , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mia R Brinkley
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah E Arbach
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward A Arnold
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saskia Sanders
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) , Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology , Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) , Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology , Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Srinivas Ramachandran
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daphne C Avgousti
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Jadhav AC, Kounatidis I. Correlative Cryo-imaging Using Soft X-Ray Tomography for the Study of Virus Biology in Cells and Tissues. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:169-196. [PMID: 38159227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend on their host cell machinery and metabolism for their replicative life cycle. Virus entry, replication, and assembly are dynamic processes that lead to the reorganisation of host cell components. Therefore, a complete understanding of the viral processes requires their study in the cellular context where advanced imaging has been proven valuable in providing the necessary information. Among the available imaging techniques, soft X-ray tomography (SXT) at cryogenic temperatures can provide three-dimensional mapping to 25 nm resolution and is ideally suited to visualise the internal organisation of virus-infected cells. In this chapter, the principles and practices of synchrotron-based cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) in virus research are presented. The potential of the cryo-SXT in correlative microscopy platforms is also demonstrated through working examples of reovirus and hepatitis research at Beamline B24 (Diamond Light Source Synchrotron, UK) and BL09-Mistral beamline (ALBA Synchrotron, Spain), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana C Jadhav
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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Redundant and Specific Roles of A-Type Lamins and Lamin B Receptor in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0142922. [PMID: 36448808 PMCID: PMC9769381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01429-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether A-type lamins (lamin A/C) and lamin B receptor (LBR) are redundant during herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in HeLa cells expressing lamin A/C and LBR. Lamin A/C and LBR double knockout (KO) in HSV-1-infected HeLa cells significantly impaired expressions of HSV-1 early and late genes, maturation of replication compartments, marginalization of host chromatin to the nuclear periphery, enlargement of host cell nuclei, and viral DNA replication. Phenotypes of HSV-1-infected HeLa cells were restored by the ectopic expression of lamin A/C or LBR in lamin A/C and LBR double KO cells. Of note, lamin A/C single KO, but not LBR single KO, promoted the aberrant accumulation of virus particles outside the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and viral replication, as well as decreasing the frequency of virus particles inside the INM without affecting viral gene expression and DNA replication, time-spatial organization of replication compartments and host chromatin, and nuclear enlargement. These results indicated that lamin A/C and LBR had redundant and specific roles during HSV-1 infection. Thus, lamin A/C and LBR redundantly regulated the dynamics of the nuclear architecture, including the time-spatial organization of replication compartments and host chromatin, as well as promoting nuclear enlargement for efficient HSV-1 gene expression and DNA replication. In contrast, lamin A/C inhibited HSV-1 nuclear export through the INM during viral nuclear egress, which is a unique property of lamin A/C. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that lamin A/C and LBR had redundant functions associated with HSV-1 gene expression and DNA replication by regulating the dynamics of the nuclear architecture during HSV-1 infection. This is the first report to demonstrate the redundant roles of lamin A/C and LBR as well as the involvement of LBR in the regulation of these viral and cellular features in HSV-1-infected cells. These findings provide evidence for the specific property of lamin A/C to inhibit HSV-1 nuclear egress, which has long been considered but without direct proof.
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5
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Chen JH, Vanslembrouck B, Ekman A, Aho V, Larabell CA, Le Gros MA, Vihinen-Ranta M, Weinhardt V. Soft X-ray Tomography Reveals HSV-1-Induced Remodeling of Human B Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:2651. [PMID: 36560654 PMCID: PMC9781670 DOI: 10.3390/v14122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, viruses hijack the cell machinery and remodel host cell structures to utilize them for viral proliferation. Since viruses are about a thousand times smaller than their host cells, imaging virus-host interactions at high spatial resolution is like looking for a needle in a haystack. Scouting gross cellular changes with fluorescent microscopy is only possible for well-established viruses, where fluorescent tagging is developed. Soft X-ray tomography (SXT) offers 3D imaging of entire cells without the need for chemical fixation or labeling. Here, we use full-rotation SXT to visualize entire human B cells infected by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). We have mapped the temporospatial remodeling of cells during the infection and observed changes in cellular structures, such as the presence of cytoplasmic stress granules and multivesicular structures, formation of nuclear virus-induced dense bodies, and aggregates of capsids. Our results demonstrate the power of SXT imaging for scouting virus-induced changes in infected cells and understanding the orchestration of virus-host remodeling quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bieke Vanslembrouck
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Axel Ekman
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Carolyn A. Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark A. Le Gros
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Sanchez V, Britt W. Human Cytomegalovirus Egress: Overcoming Barriers and Co-Opting Cellular Functions. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010015. [PMID: 35062219 PMCID: PMC8778548 DOI: 10.3390/v14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other herpesviruses includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. During the prolonged replication cycle of HCMV, the cell undergoes remarkable changes in cellular architecture that include marked increases in nuclear size and structure as well as the reorganization of membranes in cytoplasm. Similarly, significant changes occur in cellular metabolism, protein trafficking, and cellular homeostatic functions. These cellular modifications are considered integral in the efficient assembly of infectious progeny in productively infected cells. Nuclear egress of HCMV nucleocapsids is thought to follow a pathway similar to that proposed for other members of the herpesvirus family. During this process, viral nucleocapsids must overcome structural barriers in the nucleus that limit transit and, ultimately, their delivery to the cytoplasm for final assembly of progeny virions. HCMV, similar to other herpesviruses, encodes viral functions that co-opt cellular functions to overcome these barriers and to bridge the bilaminar nuclear membrane. In this brief review, we will highlight some of the mechanisms that define our current understanding of HCMV egress, relying heavily on the current understanding of egress of the more well-studied α-herpesviruses, HSV-1 and PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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7
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Aho V, Salminen S, Mattola S, Gupta A, Flomm F, Sodeik B, Bosse JB, Vihinen-Ranta M. Infection-induced chromatin modifications facilitate translocation of herpes simplex virus capsids to the inner nuclear membrane. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010132. [PMID: 34910768 PMCID: PMC8673650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus capsids are assembled and packaged in the nucleus and move by diffusion through the nucleoplasm to the nuclear envelope for egress. Analyzing their motion provides conclusions not only on capsid transport but also on the properties of the nuclear environment during infection. We utilized live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking to characterize capsid motion relative to the host chromatin. The data indicate that as the chromatin was marginalized toward the nuclear envelope it presented a restrictive barrier to the capsids. However, later in infection this barrier became more permissive and the probability of capsids to enter the chromatin increased. Thus, although chromatin marginalization initially restricted capsid transport to the nuclear envelope, a structural reorganization of the chromatin counteracted that to promote capsid transport later. Analyses of capsid motion revealed that it was subdiffusive, and that the diffusion coefficients were lower in the chromatin than in regions lacking chromatin. In addition, the diffusion coefficient in both regions increased during infection. Throughout the infection, the capsids were never enriched at the nuclear envelope, which suggests that instead of nuclear export the transport through the chromatin is the rate-limiting step for the nuclear egress of capsids. This provides motivation for further studies by validating the importance of intranuclear transport to the life cycle of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Salminen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alka Gupta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Felix Flomm
- HPI, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- HPI, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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8
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Loconte V, Chen JH, Cortese M, Ekman A, Le Gros MA, Larabell C, Bartenschlager R, Weinhardt V. Using soft X-ray tomography for rapid whole-cell quantitative imaging of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100117. [PMID: 34729550 PMCID: PMC8552653 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution and rapid imaging of host cell ultrastructure can generate insights toward viral disease mechanism, for example for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we employ full-rotation soft X-ray tomography (SXT) to examine organelle remodeling induced by SARS-CoV-2 at the whole-cell level with high spatial resolution and throughput. Most of the current SXT systems suffer from a restricted field of view due to use of flat sample supports and artifacts due to missing data. In this approach using cylindrical sample holders, a full-rotation tomogram of human lung epithelial cells is performed in less than 10 min. We demonstrate the potential of SXT imaging by visualizing aggregates of SARS-CoV-2 virions and virus-induced intracellular alterations. This rapid whole-cell imaging approach allows us to visualize the spatiotemporal changes of cellular organelles upon viral infection in a quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Loconte
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Ekman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A. Le Gros
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Garriga D, Chichón FJ, Calisto BM, Ferrero DS, Gastaminza P, Pereiro E, Pérez-Berna AJ. Imaging of Virus-Infected Cells with Soft X-ray Tomography. Viruses 2021; 13:2109. [PMID: 34834916 PMCID: PMC8618346 DOI: 10.3390/v13112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on a host cell for replication and survival. Consequently, to fully understand the viral processes involved in infection and replication, it is fundamental to study them in the cellular context. Often, viral infections induce significant changes in the subcellular organization of the host cell due to the formation of viral factories, alteration of cell cytoskeleton and/or budding of newly formed particles. Accurate 3D mapping of organelle reorganization in infected cells can thus provide valuable information for both basic virus research and antiviral drug development. Among the available techniques for 3D cell imaging, cryo-soft X-ray tomography stands out for its large depth of view (allowing for 10 µm thick biological samples to be imaged without further thinning), its resolution (about 50 nm for tomographies, sufficient to detect viral particles), the minimal requirements for sample manipulation (can be used on frozen, unfixed and unstained whole cells) and the potential to be combined with other techniques (i.e., correlative fluorescence microscopy). In this review we describe the fundamentals of cryo-soft X-ray tomography, its sample requirements, its advantages and its limitations. To highlight the potential of this technique, examples of virus research performed at BL09-MISTRAL beamline in ALBA synchrotron are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damià Garriga
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (D.G.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Francisco Javier Chichón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Bárbara M. Calisto
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (D.G.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Diego S. Ferrero
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (D.G.); (B.M.C.); (E.P.)
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10
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Touizer E, Sieben C, Henriques R, Marsh M, Laine RF. Application of Super-Resolution and Advanced Quantitative Microscopy to the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Influenza Virus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:233. [PMID: 33540739 PMCID: PMC7912985 DOI: 10.3390/v13020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With an estimated three to five million human cases annually and the potential to infect domestic and wild animal populations, influenza viruses are one of the greatest health and economic burdens to our society, and pose an ongoing threat of large-scale pandemics. Despite our knowledge of many important aspects of influenza virus biology, there is still much to learn about how influenza viruses replicate in infected cells, for instance, how they use entry receptors or exploit host cell trafficking pathways. These gaps in our knowledge are due, in part, to the difficulty of directly observing viruses in living cells. In recent years, advances in light microscopy, including super-resolution microscopy and single-molecule imaging, have enabled many viral replication steps to be visualised dynamically in living cells. In particular, the ability to track single virions and their components, in real time, now allows specific pathways to be interrogated, providing new insights to various aspects of the virus-host cell interaction. In this review, we discuss how state-of-the-art imaging technologies, notably quantitative live-cell and super-resolution microscopy, are providing new nanoscale and molecular insights into influenza virus replication and revealing new opportunities for developing antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK;
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (R.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Christian Sieben
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (R.H.); (M.M.)
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (R.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Romain F. Laine
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (R.H.); (M.M.)
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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11
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Scherer KM, Manton JD, Soh TK, Mascheroni L, Connor V, Crump CM, Kaminski CF. A fluorescent reporter system enables spatiotemporal analysis of host cell modification during herpes simplex virus-1 replication. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100236. [PMID: 33380421 PMCID: PMC7948757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large and complex viruses that have a long history of coevolution with their host species. One important factor in the virus-host interaction is the alteration of intracellular morphology during viral replication with critical implications for viral assembly. However, the details of this remodeling event are not well understood, in part because insufficient tools are available to deconstruct this highly heterogeneous process. To provide an accurate and reliable method of investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of virus-induced changes to cellular architecture, we constructed a dual-fluorescent reporter virus that enabled us to classify four distinct stages in the infection cycle of herpes simplex virus-1 at the single cell level. This timestamping method can accurately track the infection cycle across a wide range of multiplicities of infection. We used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy analysis of cellular structures in live and fixed cells in concert with our reporter virus to generate a detailed and chronological overview of the spatial and temporal reorganization during viral replication. The highly orchestrated and striking relocation of many organelles around the compartments of secondary envelopment during transition from early to late gene expression suggests that the reshaping of these compartments is essential for virus assembly. We furthermore find that accumulation of HSV-1 capsids in the cytoplasm is accompanied by fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus with potential impact on the late steps of viral assembly. We anticipate that in the future similar tools can be systematically applied for the systems-level analysis of intracellular morphology during replication of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Scherer
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Manton
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy K Soh
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Mascheroni
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivienne Connor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Klimas A, Zhao Y. Expansion Microscopy: Toward Nanoscale Imaging of a Diverse Range of Biomolecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7689-7695. [PMID: 32628828 PMCID: PMC7456618 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) has become a powerful imaging tool for visualizing the nanoscale organization of protein and nucleic acid targets in cells and tissues using only a conventional microscope. Until recently, current ExM approaches have had limited applicability to imaging other biomolecules, such as lipids and small molecules. With the new TRITON probes reported by Wen et al. in this issue of ACS Nano, ExM can now be used to perform nanoscale imaging of the cytoskeleton and lipid membranes. In this Perspective, we offer a brief overview of recent developments in ExM, with a focus on biomolecule anchoring and labeling strategies that target a wide range of biomolecules to the water-swellable polymer formed in situ, a key step that ensures biomolecules or labels of interest are separated in space and can be resolved on a conventional microscope. In addition to these new advancements, we discuss challenges and future directions in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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