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Prusinkiewicz MA, Park C, Cheung C, Li YJ, Poon B, Skarsgard ED, Lavoie PM, Lee AF, Mudri M. Decreased β-catenin Protein in Lungs From Human Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Archival Pathology Specimens: A Case-control Study. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:832-838. [PMID: 38418278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung hypoplasia contributes to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) associated morbidity and mortality. Changes in lung wingless-type MMTV integration site family member (Wnt)-signalling and its downstream effector beta-catenin (CTNNB1), which acts as a transcription coactivator, exist in animal CDH models but are not well characterized in humans. We aim to identify changes to Wnt-signalling gene expression in human CDH lungs and hypothesize that pathway expression will be lower than controls. METHODS We identified 51 CDH cases and 10 non-CDH controls with archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) autopsy lung tissue from 2012 to 2022. 11 liveborn CDH cases and an additional two anterior diaphragmatic hernias were excluded from the study, leaving 38 CDH cases. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of Wnt-signalling effectors WNT2B and CTNNB1 was determined for 19 CDH cases and 9 controls. A subset of CDH cases and controls lung sections were immunostained for β-catenin. Clinical variables were obtained from autopsy reports. RESULTS Median gestational age was 21 weeks. 81% (n = 31) of hernias were left-sided. 47% (n = 18) were posterolateral. Liver position was up in 81% (n = 31) of cases. Defect size was Type C or D in 58% (n = 22) of cases based on autopsy photos, and indeterminable in 42% (n = 16) of cases. WNT2B and CTNNB1 mRNA expression did not differ between CDH and non-CDH lungs. CDH lungs had fewer interstitial cells expressing β-catenin protein than non-CDH lungs (13.2% vs 42.4%; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION There appear to be differences in the abundance and/or localization of β-catenin proteins between CDH and non-CDH lungs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. TYPE OF STUDY Case-Control Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claire Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bethany Poon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erik D Skarsgard
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna F Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Martina Mudri
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Peng C, Xiao P, Li N. Does oncolytic viruses-mediated metabolic reprogramming benefit or harm the immune microenvironment? FASEB J 2024; 38:e23450. [PMID: 38294796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301947rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus immunotherapy as a new tumor therapy has made remarkable achievements in clinical practice. And metabolic reprogramming mediated by oncolytic virus has a significant impact on the immune microenvironment. This review summarized the reprogramming of host cell glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutamine metabolism by oncolytic virus and illustrated the effects of metabolic reprogramming on the immune microenvironment. It was found that oncolytic virus-induced reprogramming of glucose metabolism in tumor cells has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the immune microenvironment. In addition, oncolytic virus can promote fatty acid synthesis in tumor cells, inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, and promote glutamine catabolism, which facilitates the anti-tumor immune function of immune cells. Therefore, targeted metabolic reprogramming is a new direction to improve the efficacy of oncolytic virus immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Peng
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Immunology of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Xiao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Immunology of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Immunology of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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3
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Qin C, Xie T, Yeh WW, Savas AC, Feng P. Metabolic Enzymes in Viral Infection and Host Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38257735 PMCID: PMC10820379 DOI: 10.3390/v16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes are central players for cell metabolism and cell proliferation. These enzymes perform distinct functions in various cellular processes, such as cell metabolism and immune defense. Because viral infections inevitably trigger host immune activation, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to blunt or exploit the host immune response to enable viral replication. Meanwhile, viruses hijack key cellular metabolic enzymes to reprogram metabolism, which generates the necessary biomolecules for viral replication. An emerging theme arising from the metabolic studies of viral infection is that metabolic enzymes are key players of immune response and, conversely, immune components regulate cellular metabolism, revealing unexpected communication between these two fundamental processes that are otherwise disjointed. This review aims to summarize our present comprehension of the involvement of metabolic enzymes in viral infections and host immunity and to provide insights for potential antiviral therapy targeting metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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4
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Li M, Pan J, Li D, Guo WP, Xie G, Du L. Transcriptome profiling of A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells in response to Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory/secretory products. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1208538. [PMID: 37601754 PMCID: PMC10433203 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) muscle-larva excretory/secretory products (ML-ESPs) is a complex array of proteins with antitumor activity. We previously demonstrated that ML-ESPs inhibit the proliferation of A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. However, the mechanism of ML-ESPs against A549 cells, especially on the transcriptional level, remains unknow. In this study, we systematically investigated a global profile bioinformatics analysis of transcriptional response of A549 cells treated with ML-ESPs. And then, we further explored the transcriptional regulation of genes related to glucose metabolism in A549 cells by ML-ESPs. The results showed that ML-ESPs altered the expression of 2,860 genes (1,634 upregulated and 1,226 downregulated). GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly associated with pathway in cancer and metabolic process. The downregulated genes interaction network of metabolic process is mainly associated with glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the expression of phosphofructokinase muscle (PFKM), phosphofructokinase liver (PFKL), enolase 2 (ENO2), lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL), ribulose-phosphate-3-epimerase (PRE), transketolase (TKT), transaldolase 1 (TALDO1), which genes mainly regulate glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), were suppressed by ML-ESPs. Interestingly, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-related genes, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 (PDP1), PDP2, aconitate hydratase 1 (ACO1) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) were upregulated by ML-ESPs. In summary, the transcriptome profiling of A549 cells were significantly altered by ML-ESPs. And we also provide new insight into how ML-ESPs induced a transcriptional reprogramming of glucose metabolism-related genes in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Meichen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Jingdan Pan
- Department of Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Guangcheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Luanying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
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5
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Monocarboxylate transporter 4 involves in energy metabolism and drug sensitivity in hypoxia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1501. [PMID: 36707650 PMCID: PMC9883486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is a potential target for cancer therapy. It is also known that a hypoxic environment, one of the tumor microenvironments, can alter the energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. However, the relationship between hypoxia and drug sensitivity, which targets energy metabolism, is not well known. In this study, A549 cells, a cell line derived from lung adenocarcinoma, were evaluated under normoxia and hypoxia for the sensitivity of reagents targeting oxidative phosphorylation (metformin) and glycolysis (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid [CHC]). The results showed that a hypoxic environment increased the expression levels of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4 and hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), whereas MCT1 and MCT2 expression did not vary between normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, the evaluation of the ATP production ratio indicated that glycolysis was enhanced under hypoxic conditions. It was then found that the sensitivity to metformin decreased while that to CHC increased under hypoxia. To elucidate this mechanism, MCT4 and HIF-1α were knocked down and the expression level of MCT4 was significantly decreased under both conditions. In contrast, the expression of HIF-1α was decreased by HIF-1α knockdown and increased by MCT4 knockdown. In addition, changes in metformin and CHC sensitivity under hypoxia were eliminated by the knockdown of MCT4 and HIF-1α, suggesting that MCT4 is involved in the phenomenon described above. In conclusion, it was shown that the sensitivity of reagents targeting energy metabolism is dependent on their microenvironment. As MCT4 is involved in some of these mechanisms, we hypothesized that MCT4 could be an important target molecule for cancer therapy.
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6
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Shi H, Liu S, Tan Z, Yin L, Zeng L, Liu T, Zhang S, Zhang L. Proteomic and metabonomic analysis uncovering Enterovirus A71 reprogramming host cell metabolic pathway. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200362. [PMID: 36254857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV71) infection can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and severe neurological complications in children. However, the biological processes regulated by EV71 remain poorly understood. Herein, proteomics and metabonomics studies were conducted to uncover the mechanism of EV71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and identify potential drug targets. Differential expressed proteins from enriched membrane were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics technology. Twenty-six differential proteins with 1.5-fold (p < 0.05) change were detected, including 14 upregulated proteins and 12 downregulated proteins. The upregulated proteins are mainly involved in metabolic process, especially in the glycolysis pathway. Alpha-enolase (ENO1) protein was found to increase with temporal dependence following EV71 infection. The targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that glucose absorption and glycolysis metabolites were increased after EV71 infection. The glycolysis pathway was inhibited by knocking down ENO1 or the use of a glycolysis inhibitor (dichloroacetic acid [DCA]); and we found that EV71 infection was inhibited by depleting ENO1 or using DCA. Our study indicates that EV71 may reprogram glucose metabolism by activating glycolysis, and EV71 infection can be inhibited by interrupting the glycolysis pathway. ENO1 may be a potential target against EV71, and DCA could act as an inhibitor of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- The College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimi Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiefu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Qi X, Yan Q, Shang Y, Zhao R, Ding X, Gao SJ, Li W, Lu C. A viral interferon regulatory factor degrades RNA-binding protein hnRNP Q1 to enhance aerobic glycolysis via recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligase KLHL3 and decaying GDPD1 mRNA. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2233-2246. [PMID: 35538151 PMCID: PMC9613757 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of host metabolism is a common strategy of viral evasion of host cells, and is essential for successful viral infection and induction of cancer in the context cancer viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common AIDS-associated cancer caused by KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. KSHV-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF1) regulates multiple signaling pathways and plays an important role in KSHV infection and oncogenesis. However, the role of vIRF1 in KSHV-induced metabolic reprogramming remains elusive. Here we show that vIRF1 increases glucose uptake, ATP production and lactate secretion by downregulating heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein Q1 (hnRNP Q1). Mechanistically, vIRF1 upregulates and recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) to degrade hnRNP Q1 through a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, hnRNP Q1 binds to and stabilizes the mRNA of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 1 (GDPD1). However, vIRF1 targets hnRNP Q1 for degradation, which destabilizes GDPD1 mRNA, resulting in induction of aerobic glycolysis. These results reveal a novel role of vIRF1 in KSHV metabolic reprogramming, and identifying a potential therapeutic target for KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Yuancui Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Runran Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Xiangya Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Tumor Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Wan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China.
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China.
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, P. R. China.
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China.
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8
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Márquez V, Ballesteros G, Dobner T, González RA. Adipocyte commitment of 3T3-L1 cells is required to support human adenovirus 36 productive replication concurrent with altered lipid and glucose metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1016200. [PMID: 36237435 PMCID: PMC9553024 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1016200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-D36) can cause obesity in animal models, induces an adipogenic effect and increased adipocyte differentiation in cell culture. HAdV-D36 infection alters gene expression and the metabolism of the infected cells resulting in increased glucose internalization and triglyceride accumulation. Although HAdV-D36 prevalence correlates with obesity in humans, whether human preadipocytes may be targeted in vivo has not been determined and metabolic reprogramming of preadipocytes has not been explored in the context of the viral replication cycle. HAdV-D36 infection of the mouse fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 cells, which can differentiate into adipocytes, promotes proliferation and differentiation, but replication of the virus in these cells is abortive as indicated by short-lived transient expression of viral mRNA and a progressive loss of viral DNA. Therefore, we have evaluated whether a productive viral replication cycle can be established in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model under conditions that drive the cell differentiation process. For this purpose, viral mRNA levels and viral DNA replication were measured by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively, and viral progeny production was determined by plaque assay. The lipogenic effect of infection was evaluated with Oil Red O (ORO) staining, and expression of genes that control lipid and glucose metabolism was measured by RT-qPCR. In the context of a viral productive cycle, HAdV-D36 modulated the expression of the adipogenic genes, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ, as well as intracellular lipid accumulation, and the infection was accompanied by altered expression of glucolytic genes. The results show that only adipocyte-committed 3T3-L1 cells are permissive for the expression of early and late viral mRNAs, as well as viral DNA replication and progeny production, supporting productive HAdV-D36 viral replication, indicating that a greater effect on adipogenesis occurs in adipocytes that support productive viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Márquez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Grisel Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramón A. González
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ramón A. González,
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Hallmarks of Metabolic Reprogramming and Their Role in Viral Pathogenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030602. [PMID: 35337009 PMCID: PMC8955778 DOI: 10.3390/v14030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and has proven to be critical in viral infections. Metabolic reprogramming provides the cell with energy and biomass for large-scale biosynthesis. Based on studies of the cellular changes that contribute to metabolic reprogramming, seven main hallmarks can be identified: (1) increased glycolysis and lactic acid, (2) increased glutaminolysis, (3) increased pentose phosphate pathway, (4) mitochondrial changes, (5) increased lipid metabolism, (6) changes in amino acid metabolism, and (7) changes in other biosynthetic and bioenergetic pathways. Viruses depend on metabolic reprogramming to increase biomass to fuel viral genome replication and production of new virions. Viruses take advantage of the non-metabolic effects of metabolic reprogramming, creating an anti-apoptotic environment and evading the immune system. Other non-metabolic effects can negatively affect cellular function. Understanding the role metabolic reprogramming plays in viral pathogenesis may provide better therapeutic targets for antivirals.
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10
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Tessier TM, Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Evans AM, Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Almost famous: Human adenoviruses (and what they have taught us about cancer). Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200225. [PMID: 34500123 PMCID: PMC8449131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses and adenoviruses are collectively categorized as the small DNA tumour viruses. Notably, human adenoviruses were the first human viruses demonstrated to be able to cause cancer, albeit in non-human animal models. Despite their long history, no human adenovirus is a known causative agent of human cancers, unlike a subset of their more famous cousins, including human papillomaviruses and human Merkel cell polyomavirus. Nevertheless, seminal research using human adenoviruses has been highly informative in understanding the basics of cell cycle control, gene expression, apoptosis and cell differentiation. This review highlights the contributions of human adenovirus research in advancing our knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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11
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Arnberg N, Lenman A. Special Issue "Adenovirus Pathogenesis". Viruses 2021; 13:v13061112. [PMID: 34200540 PMCID: PMC8227180 DOI: 10.3390/v13061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Arnberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (A.L.)
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12
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Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Metabolic Control by DNA Tumor Virus-Encoded Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:560. [PMID: 34066504 PMCID: PMC8148605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses co-opt a multitude of host cell metabolic processes in order to meet the energy and substrate requirements for successful viral replication. However, due to their limited coding capacity, viruses must enact most, if not all, of these metabolic changes by influencing the function of available host cell regulatory proteins. Typically, certain viral proteins, some of which can function as viral oncoproteins, interact with these cellular regulatory proteins directly in order to effect changes in downstream metabolic pathways. This review highlights recent research into how four different DNA tumor viruses, namely human adenovirus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's associated-sarcoma herpesvirus, can influence host cell metabolism through their interactions with either MYC, p53 or the pRb/E2F complex. Interestingly, some of these host cell regulators can be activated or inhibited by the same virus, depending on which viral oncoprotein is interacting with the regulatory protein. This review highlights how MYC, p53 and pRb/E2F regulate host cell metabolism, followed by an outline of how each of these DNA tumor viruses control their activities. Understanding how DNA tumor viruses regulate metabolism through viral oncoproteins could assist in the discovery or repurposing of metabolic inhibitors for antiviral therapy or treatment of virus-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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Frasca D, Romero M, Garcia D, Diaz A, Blomberg BB. Hyper-metabolic B cells in the spleens of old mice make antibodies with autoimmune specificities. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:9. [PMID: 33639971 PMCID: PMC7916295 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with increased intrinsic B cell inflammation, decreased protective antibody responses and increased autoimmune antibody responses. The effects of aging on the metabolic phenotype of B cells and on the metabolic programs that lead to the secretion of protective versus autoimmune antibodies are not known. METHODS Splenic B cells and the major splenic B cell subsets, Follicular (FO) and Age-associated B cells (ABCs), were isolated from the spleens of young and old mice and left unstimulated. The RNA was collected to measure the expression of markers associated with intrinsic inflammation and autoimmune antibody production by qPCR. B cells and B cell subsets were also stimulated with CpG and supernatants collected after 7 days to measure autoimmune IgG secretion by ELISA. Metabolic measures (oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate and glucose uptake) were performed using a Seahorse XFp extracellular flux analyzer. RESULTS Results have identified the subset of ABCs, whose frequencies and numbers increase with age and represent the most pro-inflammatory B cell subset, as the cell type mainly if not exclusively responsible for the expression of inflammatory markers and for the secretion of autoimmune antibodies in the spleen of old mice. Hyper-inflammatory ABCs from old mice are also hyper-metabolic, as compared to those from young mice and to the subset of FO B cells, a feature needed not only to support their higher expression of RNA for inflammatory markers but also their higher autoimmune antibody secretion. CONCLUSIONS These results identify a relationship between intrinsic inflammation, metabolism and autoimmune B cells and suggest possible ways to understand cellular mechanisms that lead to the generation of pathogenic B cells, that are hyper-inflammatory and hyper-metabolic, and secrete IgG antibodies with autoimmune specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3146A, 1600 NW 10th Ave, FL, 33136, Miami, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3146A, 1600 NW 10th Ave, FL, 33136, Miami, USA
| | - Denisse Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3146A, 1600 NW 10th Ave, FL, 33136, Miami, USA
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3146A, 1600 NW 10th Ave, FL, 33136, Miami, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3146A, 1600 NW 10th Ave, FL, 33136, Miami, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Emerging antiviral therapeutics for human adenovirus infection: Recent developments and novel strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105034. [PMID: 33577808 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause a significant burden of respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal illnesses. Although HAdV infections are generally self-limiting, pediatric and immunocompromised individuals are at particular risk for developing severe disease. Currently, no approved antiviral therapies specific to HAdV exist. Recent outbreaks underscore the need for effective antiviral agents to treat life-threatening infections. In this review we will focus on recent developments in search of potential therapeutic agents for controlling HAdV infections, with a focus on those targeting post-entry stages of the virus replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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