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Meng B, Zhao N, Mlcochova P, Ferreira IATM, Ortmann BM, Davis T, Wit N, Rehwinkel J, Cook S, Maxwell PH, Nathan JA, Gupta RK. Hypoxia drives HIF2-dependent reversible macrophage cell cycle entry. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114471. [PMID: 38996069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) have been associated primarily with cell-cycle arrest in dividing cells. Macrophages are typically quiescent in G0 but can proliferate in response to tissue signals. Here we show that hypoxia (1% oxygen tension) results in reversible entry into the cell cycle in macrophages. Cell cycle progression is largely limited to G0-G1/S phase transition with little progression to G2/M. This cell cycle transitioning is triggered by an HIF2α-directed transcriptional program. The response is accompanied by increased expression of cell-cycle-associated proteins, including CDK1, which is known to phosphorylate SAMHD1 at T592 and thereby regulate antiviral activity. Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are able to recapitulate HIF2α-dependent cell cycle entry in macrophages. Finally, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in lung cancers exhibit transcriptomic profiles representing responses to low oxygen and cell cycle progression at the single-cell level. These findings have implications for inflammation and tumor progression/metastasis where low-oxygen environments are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Na Zhao
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian M Ortmann
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Niek Wit
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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McCown C, Yu CH, Ivanov DN. Allosteric substrate activation of SAMHD1 shapes deoxynucleotide triphosphate imbalances by interconnecting the depletion and biosynthesis of different dNTPs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567083. [PMID: 38014186 PMCID: PMC10680743 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a dNTPase that impedes replication of HIV-1 in myeloid cells and resting T lymphocytes. Here we elucidate the substrate activation mechanism of SAMHD1 that depends on dNTP binding at allosteric sites and the concomitant tetramerization of the enzyme. The study reveals that SAMHD1 activation involves an inactive tetrameric intermediate with partial occupancy of the allosteric sites. The equilibrium between the inactive and active tetrameric states, which is coupled to cooperative binding/dissociation of at least two allosteric dNTP ligands, controls the dNTPase activity of the enzyme, which, in addition, depends on the identity of the dNTPs occupying the four allosteric sites of the active tetramer. We show how such allosteric regulation determines deoxynucleotide triphosphate levels established in the dynamic equilibria between dNTP production and SAMHD1-catalyzed depletion. Notably, the mechanism enables a distinctive functionality of SAMHD1, which we call facilitated dNTP depletion, whereby elevated biosynthesis of some dNTPs results in more efficient depletion of others. The regulatory relationship between the biosynthesis and depletion of different dNTPs sheds light on the emerging role of SAMHD1 in the biology of dNTP homeostasis with implications for HIV/AIDS, innate antiviral immunity, T cell disorders, telomere maintenance and therapeutic efficacy of nucleoside analogs.
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Eltalkhawy YM, Takahashi N, Ariumi Y, Shimizu J, Miyazaki K, Senju S, Suzu S. iPS cell-derived model to study the interaction between tissue macrophage and HIV-1. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:53-67. [PMID: 36976024 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persists in cells, including macrophages, which is an obstacle to cure. However, the precise role of macrophages in HIV-1 infection remains unclear because they reside in tissues that are not easily accessible. Monocyte-derived macrophages are widely used as a model in which peripheral blood monocytes are cultured and differentiated into macrophages. However, another model is needed because recent studies revealed that most macrophages in adult tissues originate from the yolk sac and fetal liver precursors rather than monocytes, and the embryonic macrophages possess a self-renewal (proliferating) capacity that monocyte-derived macrophages lack. Here, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells are a useful self-renewing macrophage model. They proliferate in a cytokine-dependent manner, retain macrophage functions, support HIV-1 replication, and exhibit infected monocyte-derived macrophage-like phenotypes, such as enhanced tunneling nanotube formation and cell motility, as well as resistance to a viral cytopathic effect. However, several differences are also observed between monocyte-derived macrophages and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells, most of which can be explained by the proliferation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. For instance, proviruses with large internal deletions, which increased over time in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy, are enriched more rapidly in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. Interestingly, inhibition of viral transcription by HIV-1-suppressing agents is more obvious in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. Collectively, our present study proposes that the model of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells is suitable for mimicking the interplay between HIV-1 and self-renewing tissue macrophages, the newly recognized major population in most tissues that cannot be fully modeled by monocyte-derived macrophages alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef M Eltalkhawy
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Goryo-ohara 1-36, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyazaki
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Goryo-ohara 1-36, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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4
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Fu Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Li J, Zeng Y, Yang J, Sun Y, Cui J, Zhu Y. Enzymatic synthesis and immunomodulatory activity of highly branched α-D-glucans with glycogen-like structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:123882. [PMID: 37015174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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5
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Cui J, Meshesha M, Churgulia N, Merlo C, Fuchs E, Breakey J, Jones J, Stivers JT. Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP. Retrovirology 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36114511 PMCID: PMC9482235 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced transcription depending on the uracil base excision repair (UBER) competence of the macrophage. Incorporated dUMP has also been detected in viral DNA from circulating monocytes (MC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), establishing the biological relevance of this phenotype but not the replicative capacity of dUMP-containing proviruses. RESULTS As compared to in vitro differentiated MDM, AM from normal donors had sixfold lower levels of dTTP and a sixfold increased dUTP/dTTP, indicating a highly restrictive dNTP pool for reverse transcription. Expression of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) was eightfold lower in AM compared to the already low levels in MDM. Accordingly, ~ 80% of HIV proviruses contained dUMP, which persisted for at least 14-days due to low UNG excision activity. Unlike MDM, AM expression levels of UNG and SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) increased over 14 days post-HIV infection, while dUTP nucleotidohydrolase (DUT) expression decreased. These AM-specific effects suggest a restriction response centered on excising uracil from viral DNA copies and increasing relative dUTP levels. Despite the restrictive nucleotide pools, we detected rare replication competent HIV in AM, peripheral MC, and CD4+ T cells from ART-treated donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the potential integration block of incorporated dUMP is not realized during in vivo infection of AM and MC due to the near absence of UBER activity. In addition, the increased expression of UNG and SAMHD1 in AM post-infection is too slow to prevent integration. Accordingly, dUMP persists in integrated viruses, which based on in vitro studies, can lead to transcriptional silencing. This possible silencing outcome of persistent dUMP could promote viral latency until the repressive effects of viral dUMP are reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Cui
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Mesfin Meshesha
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Natela Churgulia
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Christian Merlo
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street/5th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Edward Fuchs
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Jennifer Breakey
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - James T. Stivers
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
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6
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Orris B, Huynh KW, Ammirati M, Han S, Bolaños B, Carmody J, Petroski MD, Bosbach B, Shields DJ, Stivers JT. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation and ssDNA binding kinetics. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7545-7559. [PMID: 35801923 PMCID: PMC9303311 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), localizing the enzyme to stalled replication forks (RFs) to promote their restart. Although phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (∼15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592), which could be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Seungil Han
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ben Bolaños
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Carmody
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - David J Shields
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, NY, NY 10016, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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P Karagodin V, I Summerhill V, Yet SF, N Orekhov A. The anti-atherosclerotic effects of natural polysaccharides: from phenomena to the main mechanisms of action. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1823-1832. [PMID: 35585810 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518095025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PSs) of plant origin have a variety of biological activities, anti-atherosclerotic including, but their use in atherosclerosis therapy is hindered by insufficient knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. In this review, the influence of several natural PSs on the function of macrophages, viral activity, and macrophage cholesterol metabolism has been discussed considering the tight interplay between these aspects in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The anti-atherosclerotic activities of natural PSs related to other mechanisms have been also explored. Directions for further research of anti-atherosclerotic effects of natural PSs have been outlined, the most promising of which can be nutrigenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily P Karagodin
- Department of Commodity Research and Expertise, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Pereulok, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Volha I Summerhill
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Li Y, Tong Y, Liu J, Lou J. The Role of MicroRNA in DNA Damage Response. Front Genet 2022; 13:850038. [PMID: 35591858 PMCID: PMC9110863 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.850038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is essential for the development and function of organisms. A number of factors affect DNA integrity and cause DNA damages, such as ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and hydrogen peroxide. DNA damages activate a series of intracellular reactions, called DNA damage response, which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancers and other diseases. MiRNA is a type of evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNA and affects the expression of target genes by post-transcriptional regulation. Increasing evidences suggested that the expression of some miRNAs was changed in tumor cases. MiRNAs may participate in DNA damage response and affect genomic stability via influencing the processes of cell cycle, DNA damage repair and apoptosis, thus ultimately impact on tumorigenesis. Therefore, the role of miRNA in DNA damage response is reviewed, to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of miRNAs’ effects on DNA damage response and for the research of new therapies for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- School of Public Health (Institute of Occupational Diseases), Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Public Health (Institute of Occupational Diseases), Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Lou
- School of Public Health (Institute of Occupational Diseases), Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianlin Lou,
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9
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Pagani I, Demela P, Ghezzi S, Vicenzi E, Pizzato M, Poli G. Host Restriction Factors Modulating HIV Latency and Replication in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063021. [PMID: 35328442 PMCID: PMC8951319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and, particularly, differentiated macrophages are targets of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection via the interaction of gp120Env with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Both T cells and macrophages support virus replication, although with substantial differences. In contrast to activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-1 replication in macrophages occurs in nondividing cells and it is characterized by the virtual absence of cytopathicity both in vitro and in vivo. These general features should be considered in evaluating the role of cell-associated restriction factors aiming at preventing or curtailing virus replication in macrophages and T cells, particularly in the context of designing strategies to tackle the viral reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, we will here also discuss a model of reversible HIV-1 latency in primary human macrophages and the role of host factors determining the restriction or reactivation of virus replication in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Pietro Demela
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2643-4909
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10
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Martins LJ, Szaniawski MA, Williams ESCP, Coiras M, Hanley TM, Planelles V. HIV-1 Accessory Proteins Impart a Modest Interferon Response and Upregulate Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020163. [PMID: 35215107 PMCID: PMC8878269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells is associated with the induction of an IFN response. How HIV-1 manipulates and subverts the IFN response is of key interest for the design of therapeutics to improve immune function and mitigate immune dysregulation in people living with HIV. HIV-1 accessory genes function to improve viral fitness by altering host pathways in ways that enable transmission to occur without interference from the immune response. We previously described changes in transcriptomes from HIV-1 infected and from IFN-stimulated macrophages and noted that transcription of IFN-regulated genes and genes related to cell cycle processes were upregulated during HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we sought to define the roles of individual viral accessory genes in upregulation of IFN-regulated and cell cycle-related genes using RNA sequencing. We observed that Vif induces a set of genes involved in mitotic processes and that these genes are potently downregulated upon stimulation with type-I and -II IFNs. Vpr also upregulated cell cycle-related genes and was largely responsible for inducing an attenuated IFN response. We note that the induced IFN response most closely resembled a type-III IFN response. Vpu and Nef-regulated smaller sets of genes whose transcriptomic signatures upon infection related to cytokine and chemokine processes. This work provides more insight regarding processes that are manipulated by HIV-1 accessory proteins at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Martins
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
| | - Matthew A. Szaniawski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Elizabeth S. C. P. Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISDIII), 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Timothy M. Hanley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (T.M.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.H.); (V.P.)
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11
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Relaño-Rodríguez I, Espinar-Buitrago MDLS, Martín-Cañadilla V, Gómez-Ramírez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer Can Reduce HIV-1 Reservoir Formation by Inhibiting Macrophage Cell to Cell Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8366. [PMID: 34445073 PMCID: PMC8393995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is still a major problem, not only in developing countries but is also re-emerging in several developed countries, thus the development of new compounds able to inhibit the virus, either for prophylaxis or treatment, is still needed. Nanotechnology has provided the science community with several new tools for biomedical applications. G2-S16 is a polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer capable of inhibiting HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo by interacting directly with viral particles. One of the main barriers for HIV-1 eradication is the reservoirs created in primoinfection. These reservoirs, mainly in T cells, are untargetable by actual drugs or immune system. Thus, one approach is inhibiting HIV-1 from reaching these reservoir cells. In this context, macrophages play a main role as they can deliver viral particles to T cells establishing reservoirs. We showed that G2-S16 dendrimer is capable of inhibiting the infection from infected macrophages to healthy T CD4/CD8 lymphocytes by eliminating HIV-1 infectivity inside macrophages, so they are not able to carry infectious particles to other body locations, thus preventing the reservoirs from forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Relaño-Rodríguez
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (V.M.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María de la Sierra Espinar-Buitrago
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (V.M.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Martín-Cañadilla
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (V.M.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (V.M.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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