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Bauer AN, Majumdar N, Williams F, Rajput S, Pokhrel LR, Cook PP, Akula SM. MicroRNAs: Small but Key Players in Viral Infections and Immune Responses to Viral Pathogens. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1334. [PMID: 37887044 PMCID: PMC10604607 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in C. elegans in 1993, the field of miRNA research has grown steeply. These single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules canonically work at the post-transcriptional phase to regulate protein expression. miRNAs are known to regulate viral infection and the ensuing host immune response. Evolving research suggests miRNAs are assets in the discovery and investigation of therapeutics and diagnostics. In this review, we succinctly summarize the latest findings in (i) mechanisms underpinning miRNA regulation of viral infection, (ii) miRNA regulation of host immune response to viral pathogens, (iii) miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics targeting viral pathogens and challenges, and (iv) miRNA patents and the market landscape. Our findings show the differential expression of miRNA may serve as a prognostic biomarker for viral infections in regard to predicting the severity or adverse health effects associated with viral diseases. While there is huge market potential for miRNA technology, the novel approach of using miRNA mimics to enhance antiviral activity or antagonists to inhibit pro-viral miRNAs has been an ongoing research endeavor. Significant hurdles remain in terms of miRNA delivery, stability, efficacy, safety/tolerability, and specificity. Addressing these challenges may pave a path for harnessing the full potential of miRNAs in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais N. Bauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Niska Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
| | - Smit Rajput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Lok R. Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Paul P. Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (N.M.); (F.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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Shimoda M, Inagaki T, Davis RR, Merleev A, Tepper CG, Maverakis E, Izumiya Y. Virally encoded interleukin-6 facilitates KSHV replication in monocytes and induction of dysfunctional macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011703. [PMID: 37883374 PMCID: PMC10602306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic double-stranded DNA virus and the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and hyperinflammatory lymphoproliferative disorders. Understanding the mechanism by which KSHV increases the infected cell population is crucial for curing KSHV-associated diseases. Using scRNA-seq, we demonstrate that KSHV preferentially infects CD14+ monocytes, sustains viral lytic replication through the viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), which activates STAT1 and 3, and induces an inflammatory gene expression program. To study the role of vIL-6 in monocytes upon KSHV infection, we generated recombinant KSHV with premature stop codon (vIL-6(-)) and its revertant viruses (vIL-6(+)). Infection of the recombinant viruses shows that both vIL-6(+) and vIL-6(-) KSHV infection induced indistinguishable host anti-viral response with STAT1 and 3 activations in monocytes; however, vIL-6(+), but not vIL-6(-), KSHV infection promoted the proliferation and differentiation of KSHV-infected monocytes into macrophages. The macrophages derived from vIL-6(+) KSHV infection showed a distinct transcriptional profile of elevated IFN-pathway activation with immune suppression and were compromised in T-cell stimulation function compared to those from vIL-6(-) KSHV infection or uninfected control. Notably, a viral nuclear long noncoding RNA (PAN RNA), which is required for sustaining KSHV gene expression, was substantially reduced in infected primary monocytes upon vIL-6(-) KSHV infection. These results highlight the critical role of vIL-6 in sustaining KSHV transcription in primary monocytes. Our findings also imply a clever strategy in which KSHV utilizes vIL-6 to secure its viral pool by expanding infected monocytes via differentiating into longer-lived dysfunctional macrophages. This mechanism may facilitate KSHV to escape from host immune surveillance and to support a lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Clifford G. Tepper
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Nalwoga A, Marshall V, Miley W, Labo N, Whitby D, Newton R, Rochford R. Comparison of Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and oral fluids of HIV-negative individuals aged 3-89 years from Uganda. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 37316814 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that age, sex and malaria were associated with KSHV in individuals from Uganda. In this study, we have evaluated these same factors in relation to EBV in the same specimens. Overall, 74% (oral fluids) and 46% (PBMCs) had detectable EBV. This was significantly higher than observed for KSHV (24% oral fluids and 11% PBMCs). Individuals with EBV in PBMCs were more likely to have KSHV in PBMCs (P = 0.011). The peak age for detection of EBV in oral fluids was 3-5 years while that of KSHV was 6-12 years. In PBMCs, there was a bimodal peak age for detection of EBV (at 3-5 years and 66 + years) while for KSHV there was a single peak at 3-5 years. Individuals with malaria had higher levels of EBV in PBMCs compared to malaria-negative individuals (P = 0.002). In summary, our results show that younger age and malaria are associated with higher levels of EBV and KSHV in PBMCs suggesting malaria impacts immunity to both gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nalwoga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Newton
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- University of York, York, UK.
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Lu ZZ, Sun C, Zhang X, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zhu N, Yuan Y, Zeng MS. Neuropilin 1 is an entry receptor for KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cell through TGFBR1/2-mediated macropinocytosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1778. [PMID: 37224259 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and other malignancies. The cellular origin of KS has been suggested to be either mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or endothelial cells. However, receptor(s) for KSHV to infect MSCs remains unknown. By combining bioinformatics analysis and shRNA screening, we identify neuropilin 1 (NRP1) as an entry receptor for KSHV infection of MSCs. Functionally, NRP1 knockout and overexpression in MSCs significantly reduce and promote, respectively, KSHV infection. Mechanistically, NRP1 facilitated the binding and internalization of KSHV by interacting with KSHV glycoprotein B (gB), which was blocked by soluble NRP1 protein. Furthermore, NRP1 interacts with TGF-β receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) through their respective cytoplasmic domains and thus activates the TGFBR1/2 complex, which facilitates the macropinocytosis-mediated KSHV internalization via the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. Together, these findings implicate that KSHV has evolved a strategy to invade MSCs by harnessing NRP1 and TGF-beta receptors to stimulate macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Precision clinical laboratory, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524037, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Shimoda M, Inagaki T, Davis R, Merleev A, Tepper CG, Maverakis E, Izumiya Y. KSHV uses viral IL6 to expand infected immunosuppressive macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.05.531224. [PMID: 36945595 PMCID: PMC10028810 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.05.531224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic double-stranded DNA virus and the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and hyperinflammatory lymphoproliferative disorders. Understanding the mechanism by which KSHV increases the infected cell population is crucial for curing KSHV-associated diseases. Here we demonstrate that KSHV preferentially infects CD14 + monocytes and sustains viral replication through the viral (v)IL6-mediated activation of STAT1 and 3. Using vIL6-sufficient and vIL6-deficient recombinant KSHV, we demonstrated that vIL6 plays a critical role in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of KSHV-infected monocytes into macrophages. Those macrophages from vIL6-sufficient (wild type) KSHV infection showed a distinct transcriptional profile of elevated IFN-pathway activation with immune suppression and were compromised in T-cell stimulation function compared to those from vIL6-deficient KSHV infection or uninfected control. These results highlight a clever strategy, in which KSHV utilizes vIL6 to secure its initial viral pool by expanding infected dysfunctional macrophages. This mechanism also facilitates KSHV to escape from host immune surveillance to establish a lifelong infection. Summary KSHV causes multiple inflammatory diseases, however, the mechanism is not clear. Shimoda et al. demonstrate that KSHV preferentially infects monocytes and utilizes virally encoded IL6 to expand and deregulate infected monocytes. This helps the virus escape from host immune surveillance.
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Casper C, Corey L, Cohen JI, Damania B, Gershon AA, Kaslow DC, Krug LT, Martin J, Mbulaiteye SM, Mocarski ES, Moore PS, Ogembo JG, Phipps W, Whitby D, Wood C. KSHV (HHV8) vaccine: promises and potential pitfalls for a new anti-cancer vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:108. [PMID: 36127367 PMCID: PMC9488886 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven viruses cause at least 15% of the total cancer burden. Viral cancers have been described as the "low-hanging fruit" that can be potentially prevented or treated by new vaccines that would alter the course of global human cancer. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) is the sole cause of Kaposi sarcoma, which primarily afflicts resource-poor and socially marginalized populations. This review summarizes a recent NIH-sponsored workshop's findings on the epidemiology and biology of KSHV as an overlooked but potentially vaccine-preventable infection. The unique epidemiology of this virus provides opportunities to prevent its cancers if an effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated vaccine can be developed and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave. East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 50, Room 6134, 50 South Drive, MSC8007, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8007, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, US
| | - Anne A Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY10032, US
| | - David C Kaslow
- PATH Essential Medicines, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, HHS, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rm. 6E118 MSC 3330, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Warren Phipps
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Molecular Mechanisms of Kaposi Sarcoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081869. [PMID: 35454776 PMCID: PMC9030761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are at least four forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) with the ‘HIV’-related form being the most aggressive and can involve mucosae or visceral organs. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is the underlying cause of this disease. It can infect endothelial and/or mesenchymal cells and establish a latent phase in host cells in which latency proteins and various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a complex role in proliferation and angiogenesis. It also undergoes periods of sporadic lytic reactivation that are key for KS progression. Complex interactions with the microenvironment with production of inflammatory cytokines and paracrine signaling is a standout feature of KS development and maintenance. KSHV impairs the immune response by various mechanisms such as the degradation of a variety of proteins involved in immune response or binding to cellular chemokines. Treatment options include classical chemotherapy, but other novel therapies are being investigated. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a heterogeneous angioproliferative tumor that generally arises in the skin. At least four forms of this disease have been described, with the ‘HIV’-related form being the most aggressive and can involve mucosae or visceral organs. Three quarters of KS cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as geographic variation is explained by the disparate prevalence of KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV), which is the underlying cause of this disease. It can infect endothelial and/or mesenchymal cells that consequently transdifferentiate to an intermediate state. KSHV establishes a latent phase in host cells in which latency proteins and various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a complex role in proliferation and angiogenesis. It also undergoes periods of sporadic lytic reactivation triggered by various biological signals in which lytic stage proteins modulate host cell signaling pathways and are key in KS progression. Complex interactions with the microenvironment with production of inflammatory cytokines with paracrine signaling is a standout feature of KS development and maintenance. KSHV impairs the immune response by various mechanisms such as the degradation of a variety of proteins involved in immune response or binding to cellular chemokines. Treatment options include classical chemotherapy, but other novel therapies are being investigated.
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Naimo E, Zischke J, Schulz TF. Recent Advances in Developing Treatments of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Related Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:1797. [PMID: 34578378 PMCID: PMC8473310 DOI: 10.3390/v13091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of several malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Active KSHV replication has also been associated with a pathological condition called KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), and KSHV may play a role in rare cases of post-transplant polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders. Several commonly used herpesviral DNA polymerase inhibitors are active against KSHV in tissue culture. Unfortunately, they are not always efficacious against KSHV-induced diseases. To improve the outcome for the patients, new therapeutics need to be developed, including treatment strategies that target either viral proteins or cellular pathways involved in tumor growth and/or supporting the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the most commonly established treatments against KSHV-related diseases and review recent developments and promising new compounds that are currently under investigation or on the way to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Naimo
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zischke
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (E.N.); (J.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Suppression of DC-SIGN and gH Reveals Complex, Subset-Specific Mechanisms for KSHV Entry in Primary B Lymphocytes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081512. [PMID: 34452377 PMCID: PMC8402705 DOI: 10.3390/v13081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of multiple cancers in immunocompromised patients including two lymphoproliferative disorders associated with KSHV infection of B lymphocytes. Despite many years of research into the pathogenesis of KSHV associated diseases, basic questions related to KSHV molecular virology remain unresolved. One such unresolved question is the cellular receptors and viral glycoproteins needed for KSHV entry into primary B lymphocytes. In this study, we assess the contributions of KSHV glycoprotein H (gH) and the cellular receptor DC-SIGN to KSHV infection in tonsil-derived B lymphocytes. Our results show that (1) neither KSHV-gH nor DC-SIGN are essential for entry into any B cell subset, (2) DC-SIGN does play a role in KSHV entry into tonsil-derived B cells, but in all B cell subtypes alternative entry mechanisms exist, (3) KSHV-gH can participate in KSHV entry into centrocytes via a DC-SIGN independent entry mechanism, and (4) in the absence of KSHV-gH, DC-SIGN is required for KSHV entry into centrocytes. Our results provide a first glimpse into the complexity of KSHV entry in the lymphocyte compartment and highlight that multiple subset-dependent entry mechanisms are employed by KSHV which depend upon multiple cellular receptors and multiple KSHV glycoproteins.
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