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Meng B, Wang Q, Leng H, Ren C, Feng C, Guo W, Feng Y, Zhang Y. Evolutionary Events Promoted Polymerase Activity of H13N8 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:329. [PMID: 38543694 PMCID: PMC10975323 DOI: 10.3390/v16030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are considered to be the natural reservoir hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Wild bird-origin AIVs may spill over into new hosts and overcome species barriers after evolutionary adaptation. H13N8 AIVs used to be considered primarily circulated in multispecies gulls but have recently been shown to possess cross-species infectivity. In this study, we analyzed the genetic changes that occurred in the process of the evolution of H13 AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H13 AIVs underwent complex reassortment events. Based on the full genomic diversity, we divided H13 AIVs into 81 genotypes. Reassortment experiments indicated that basic polymerase 2 (PB2) and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of the H9N2 AIV significantly enhanced the polymerase activity of the H13N8 AIV. Using the replication-incompetent virus screening system, we identified two mutations, PB2-I76T and PB2-I559T, which could enhance the polymerase activity of the H13N8 AIV in mammalian cells. Notably, these mutations had been acquired by circulating H13N8 AIVs in 2015. These findings suggest that H13N8 AIVs are about to cross the host barrier. Occasional genetic reassortments with other AIVs and natural mutation events could promote this process. It is imperative to intensify monitoring efforts for H13N8 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd., Shenyang 110866, China (C.R.)
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Flores RA, Cammayo-Fletcher PLT, Nguyen BT, Villavicencio AGM, Lee SY, Son Y, Kim JH, Park KI, Yoo WG, Jin YB, Min W, Kim WH. Genetic Characterization and Phylogeographic Analysis of the First H13N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Vega Gull in South Korea. Viruses 2024; 16:285. [PMID: 38400060 PMCID: PMC10891532 DOI: 10.3390/v16020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pathogen with zoonotic and pandemic potential. Migratory birds are natural reservoirs of all known subtypes of AIVs, except for H17N10 and H18N11, and they have been implicated in previous highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks worldwide. This study identified and characterized the first isolate of the H13N6 subtype from a Vega gull (Larus vegae mongolicus) in South Korea. The amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin gene showed a low pathogenic AIV subtype and various amino acid substitutions were found in the sequence compared to the reference sequence and known H13 isolates. High sequence homology with other H13N6 isolates was found in HA, NA, PB1, and PA genes, but not for PB2, NP, M, and NS genes. Interestingly, various point amino acid mutations were found on all gene segments, and some are linked to an increased binding to human-type receptors, resistance to antivirals, and virulence. Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses showed that all gene segments are gull-adapted, with a phylogeographic origin of mostly Eurasian, except for PB2, PA, and M. Findings from this study support the evidence that reassortment of AIVs continuously occurs in nature, and migratory birds are vital in the intercontinental spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A. Flores
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Paula Leona T. Cammayo-Fletcher
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Andrea Gail M. Villavicencio
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Yongwoo Son
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- National Park Research Institute, Korean National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Gangwon, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
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Glazunova A, Krasnova E, Bespalova T, Sevskikh T, Lunina D, Titov I, Sindryakova I, Blokhin A. A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in Samara Oblast, Russian Federation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1244430. [PMID: 38389580 PMCID: PMC10881870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1244430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a global problem impacting birds and mammals, causing economic losses in commercial poultry farms and backyard settings. In 2022, over 8,500 AI cases were reported worldwide, with the H5 subtype being responsible for many outbreaks in wild and domestic birds. In the territory of the Russian Federation, outbreaks of AI have been massively reported since 2020, both among domestic bird species and wild bird species. Wild migratory birds often serve as natural reservoirs for AI viruses, and interactions between bird species can lead to the emergence of new, highly pathogenic variants through genetic recombination between strains. In order to combat the widespread outbreaks of the disease and potential risks of further spread in 2021, monitoring studies were conducted in the Samara Oblast, the southeastern region of European Russian Federation. These studies aimed to diagnose and characterize circulating AI virus variants among wild migratory birds during waterfowl hunting in areas of mass nesting. Among the 98 shot birds, a highly pathogenic A/H5N1 AI virus was detected in a Eurasian Teal from the Bolshechernigovsky district. It was classified into clade 2.3.4.4 based on the cleavage site structure of HA. Phylogenetic analysis showed a high relatedness of the identified strain in the Samara Oblast with field isolates from Russia, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Benin. The article emphasizes the importance of monitoring AI virus spread in both wild and poultry, highlighting the need for timely information exchange to assess risks. Further comprehensive studies are necessary to understand virus dissemination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Glazunova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Elena Krasnova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Tatiana Bespalova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Timofey Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Daria Lunina
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Ilya Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Irina Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Andrey Blokhin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Alasiri A, Soltane R, Hegazy A, Khalil AM, Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1628. [PMID: 38005960 PMCID: PMC10675773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with H5Nx viruses have been identified since its emergence in 1996. Few countries with endemic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have implemented vaccination as a control strategy, while most of the countries have adopted a culling strategy for the infected flocks. To date, China and Egypt are the two major sites where vaccination has been adopted to control avian influenza H5Nx infections, especially with the widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. This virus is currently circulating among birds and poultry, with occasional spillovers to mammals, including humans. Herein, we will discuss the history of AIVs in Egypt as one of the hotspots for infections and the improper implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic control strategies, leading to continuous flock outbreaks with remarkable virus evolution scenarios. Along with current pre-pandemic preparedness efforts, comprehensive surveillance of H5Nx viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, including humans, in endemic areas is critical to explore the public health risk of the newly emerging immune-evasive or drug-resistant H5Nx variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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Españo E, Shim SM, Song EJ, Nam JH, Jeong SH, Padasas BT, Kim SH, Kim JK. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2014 to 2018 in South Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8410. [PMID: 37225865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) among migratory waterfowl is a first step in understanding the ecology, biology, and pathogenicity of IAVs. As part of the nationwide surveillance effort for IAVs in fowl in South Korea, we collected environmental fecal samples in different migratory bird stopover sites in South Korea during the winter seasons within November 2014 through January 2018. We collected a total of 6758 fecal samples, 75 of which were positive for IAV (1.11% positivity). Prevalence of IAVs varied per site and per year. Based on sequencing, the most prevalent hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes were H1, H6, and H5, and the most prevalent neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were N1, N3, and N2. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the genes we isolated clustered with reported isolates collected from other locations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. All the H5 and H7 isolates collected in this study were of low pathogenicity. None of the N1 and N2 genes carried amino acid markers of resistance against NA inhibitors. The winter 2016-2017 subset were primarily borne by migratory geese (Anser spp.). These results suggest that majority of the IAVs circulating among migratory wild fowl in South Korea in 2014-2018 were of low pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hee Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Bill Thaddeus Padasas
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Prevalence, Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Avian Influenza in Wild Bird Populations in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020472. [PMID: 36851686 PMCID: PMC9958818 DOI: 10.3390/v15020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first recorded outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) in South Korea in 2003, numerous sporadic outbreaks have occurred in South Korean duck and chicken farms, all of which have been attributed to avian influenza transmission from migratory wild birds. A thorough investigation of the prevalence and seroprevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds is critical for assessing the exposure risk and for directing strong and effective regulatory measures to counteract the spread of AIVs among wild birds, poultry, and humans. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, following the PRISMA guidelines, to generate a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and seroprevalence of AIVs in wild birds in South Korea. An extensive search of eligible studies was performed through electronic databases and 853 records were identified, of which, 49 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence and seroprevalence were estimated to be 1.57% (95% CI: 0.98, 2.51) and 15.91% (95% CI: 5.89, 36.38), respectively. The highest prevalence and seroprevalence rates were detected in the Anseriformes species, highlighting the critical role of this bird species in the dissemination of AIVs in South Korea. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analysis also revealed that the AIV seroprevalence in wild birds varies depending on the detection rate, sample size, and sampling season. The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity of strengthening the surveillance for AIV in wild birds and implementing strong measures to curb the spread of AIV from wild birds to the poultry population.
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Zhang G, Li B, Raghwani J, Vrancken B, Jia R, Hill SC, Fournié G, Cheng Y, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Dong L, Pybus OG, Tian H. Bidirectional Movement of Emerging H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses Between Europe and Asia via Migratory Birds Since Early 2020. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad019. [PMID: 36703230 PMCID: PMC9922686 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds play a critical role in the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 across Eurasia. Elucidating the timing and pattern of virus transmission is essential therefore for understanding the spatial dissemination of these viruses. In this study, we surveyed >27,000 wild birds in China, tracked the year-round migration patterns of 20 bird species across China since 2006, and generated new HPAI H5N8 virus genomic data. Using this new data set, we investigated the seasonal transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N8 viruses across Eurasia. We found that introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses to different Eurasian regions were associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. Moreover, we report a backflow of HPAI H5N8 virus lineages from Europe to Asia, suggesting that Europe acts as both a source and a sink in the global HPAI virus transmission network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanchao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengmiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Yao Q, Mai W, Lian Y, Zhang M, Yao Q, Huang C, Ge Y, Zhao Z. Emergence and Evolution of Novel Canine-Avian Reassortant H3N2 Influenza A Viruses in Duck in Leizhou Peninsula, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857800. [PMID: 35479631 PMCID: PMC9037141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-to-mammal transmission and mammalian adaptation of avian influenza virus (AIV) are threats to public health and of great concern. The H3 subtype of influenza virus has low pathogenicity and is widely distributed in humans, canines, equines and avians. In 2018–2019, we isolated six H3N2 subtype influenza viruses from 329 samples acquired from ducks on the Leizhou Peninsula, China, as part of an ongoing virus surveillance program. All viruses were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent genetic comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that reassortment of these viruses has occurred among different hosts and subtypes. Some of the H3 AIV isolates have similar genes as subtypes H5 and H7 of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Most importantly, one strain of H3N2 virus is a novel reassortant influenza virus containing HA and PB2 segments from canine H3N2 virus. The time of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) data indicated that this reassortant H3N2 virus might have emerged in 2011–2018. The findings suggest that the viruses studied here have undergone multiple reassortment events. Our results provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and we should pay more attention to canine which lived with avian together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiucheng Yao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenhong Mai
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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9
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Tian J, Li M, Bai X, Li Y, Wang X, Wang F, Shi J, Zeng X, Tian G, Li Y. H5 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses maintained in wild birds in China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109268. [PMID: 34781191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5 or H7 subtype, possesses the potential capability to change to highly pathogenic variant, which damages wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, and mammalian hosts. In regular active surveillance of avian influenza virus from wild birds in China in 2020, we isolated six H5 avian influenza viruses, including one H5N2, two H5N3, and three H5N8. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the H5N2 and H5N3 isolates clustered into Eurasian lineage, whereas the H5N8 viruses were originated in North America. The HA proteins of six viruses carried the cleavage-site motif PQRETR↓GLF, which indicated low pathogenicity of the viruses in chickens. However, the N30D, I43M, and T215A mutations in M1 protein and the P42S, I106M, and C138F residues changed in NS1 protein, implying all viruses could exhibit increased virulence in mice. Viral replication kinetics in mammalian cells demonstrated that the three representative viruses had the ability to replicate in both MDCK cells and A549 cells with low titers. Even though two of three representatives, WS/SX/S3-620/2020(H5N3) and ML/AH/A3-770/2020(H5N8), did not replicate and transmit efficiently in poultry (chickens), they did replicate and transmit efficiently in waterfowl (ducks). Viral pathogenicity in mice indicated that both H5N2 and H5N3 viruses are able to replicate in the nasal turbinates and lungs of mice without prior adaptation, while the H5N8 virus could not. The intercontinental and cross-species transmission of viruses may continuously exist in China, thereby providing constant opportunities for virus reassortment with local resident AIVs. Thus, it is crucial to continuously monitor migration routes for AIVs by systematic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingman Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoli Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | | | - Fuhong Wang
- Caizihu National Wetland Park, Anqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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