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Liu Y, Qin Y, Hu Y, Chen W, Han Z, Yi C, Bi J, Huang H, Li Y, Zhang X, Lan T, Zheng M, Sun W. Epidemiological and evolutionary analysis of canine circovirus from 1996 to 2023. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:328. [PMID: 39033103 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine circovirus (CanineCV), a non-enveloped virus with a circular DNA genome, has been identified in various avian and mammalian species, including domestic and wild canids. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the prevalence of CanineCV across diverse animal species in 11 provinces of China. RESULTS A total of 1,666 serum samples were collected, revealing a 5.82% prevalence of CanineCV in dogs, with the highest rates being observed in southern and eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis of 266 global CanineCV genomes sourced from the NCBI identified six distinct genotypes, elucidating the complex dynamics of their evolution. Evidence suggested a potential bat origin for CanineCV, with positive selection and high rates of evolution being observed. Recombination analysis revealed dynamic genetic exchange, highlighting the intricate nature of CanineCV evolution. Mutational analysis identified key amino acid substitutions likely to influence the virus's adaptation. Additionally, glycosylation, palmitoylation, and SUMOylation sites were predicted, shedding light on crucial functional properties of the virus. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a global perspective on the origin, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of CanineCV. Understanding these factors is crucial for elucidating its epidemiology and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yanqing Hu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhixiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chizhe Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jingshan Bi
- Guangxi Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Haixin Huang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Pérot P, Fourgeaud J, Rouzaud C, Regnault B, Da Rocha N, Fontaine H, Le Pavec J, Dolidon S, Garzaro M, Chrétien D, Morcrette G, Molina TJ, Ferroni A, Leruez-Ville M, Lortholary O, Jamet A, Eloit M. Circovirus Hepatitis Infection in Heart-Lung Transplant Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:286-293. [PMID: 36596569 PMCID: PMC9881760 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2022, a 61-year-old woman in France who had received a heart-lung transplant sought treatment with chronic hepatitis mainly characterized by increased liver enzymes. After ruling out common etiologies, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to analyze a liver biopsy sample and identified an unknown species of circovirus, tentatively named human circovirus 1 (HCirV-1). We found no other viral or bacterial sequences. HCirV-1 shared 70% amino acid identity with the closest known viral sequences. The viral genome was undetectable in blood samples from 2017-2019, then became detectable at low levels in September 2020 and peaked at very high titers (1010 genome copies/mL) in January 2022. In March 2022, we found >108 genome copies/g or mL in the liver and blood, concomitant with hepatic cytolysis. We detected HCirV-1 transcripts in 2% of hepatocytes, demonstrating viral replication and supporting the role of HCirV-1 in liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Béatrice Regnault
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Nicolas Da Rocha
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Jérôme Le Pavec
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Samuel Dolidon
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Margaux Garzaro
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Delphine Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Guillaume Morcrette
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Thierry Jo Molina
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Agnès Ferroni
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
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Altan E, Hui A, Li Y, Pesavento P, Asín J, Crossley B, Deng X, Uzal FA, Delwart E. New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081612. [PMID: 34452477 PMCID: PMC8402702 DOI: 10.3390/v13081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.P.); (J.A.); (F.A.U.)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (A.H.); (Y.L.); (X.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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