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Aitkenhead H, Riedel C, Cowieson N, Rümenapf HT, Stuart DI, El Omari K. Structural comparison of typical and atypical E2 pestivirus glycoproteins. Structure 2024; 32:273-281.e4. [PMID: 38176409 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pestiviruses, within the family Flaviviridae, are economically important viruses of livestock. In recent years, new pestiviruses have been reported in domestic animals and non-cloven-hoofed animals. Among them, atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) and Norway rat pestivirus (NRPV) have relatively little sequence conservation in their surface glycoprotein E2. Despite E2 being the main target for neutralizing antibodies and necessary for cell attachment and viral fusion, the mechanism of viral entry remains elusive. To gain further insights into the pestivirus E2 mechanism of action and to assess its diversity within the genus, we report X-ray structures of the pestivirus E2 proteins from APPV and NRPV. Despite the highly divergent structures, both are able to dimerize through their C-terminal domain and contain a solvent-exposed β-hairpin reported to be involved in host receptor binding. Functional analysis of this β-hairpin in the context of BVDV revealed its ability to rescue viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aitkenhead
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christiane Riedel
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hans Tillmann Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - David I Stuart
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK.
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Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Chang HW, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of neutralizing epitopes on the D/A domain of the E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus. Virus Res 2023; 336:199209. [PMID: 37633596 PMCID: PMC10485151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high antigenic homology with other members of the genus Pestivirus. Because several pestivirus species can also infect swine, eliciting cross-reactive antibodies, it is important to define CSFV-specific epitopes for the differential diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF) by serology. For this purpose, epitope mapping of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recognizing sites on the D/A domain of glycoprotein E2, was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains and mutants of E2, as well as an overlapping peptide library. Three CSFV-specific epitopes, i.e., 780-IEEMGDDFGFGLCPF-794, 810-NGSAFYLVCPIGWTG-824, and 846-REKPF-850, were identified within the D/A domain of E2. Site-directed mutagenesis further confirmed that residues 783-MGD-785, 789-FGLCPF-794, 813-AFYLVCPIGWTG-824, and 846-REK-848 were critical residues in these regions. In addition, a F789S difference within the epitope 780-IEEMGDDFGFGLCPF-794 was responsible for the absence of binding of two mAbs to the E2 protein of the live attenuated CSFV vaccine strain Riems. Structural modeling revealed that, the three epitopes are located near each other, suggesting that they may form a more complex conformational epitope on the D/A domain in vivo. Six of the mAbs neutralized viruses of diverse genotypes, indicating that the target epitopes are involved in virus interaction with cells. The binding of CSFV to cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation with either truncated E2 proteins comprising the D/A domain or with the CSFV-specific mAbs targeting the domain D/A. These epitopes identified on the D/A domain are important targets for virus neutralization that might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection. These findings reveal potential candidates for improving the differential diagnosis of pestiviruses by serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Denise Meyer
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul Becher
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helen Crooke
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Host Cell Receptors Implicated in the Cellular Tropism of BVDV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102302. [PMID: 36298858 PMCID: PMC9607657 DOI: 10.3390/v14102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most hazardous viruses, which causes huge economic losses in the cattle industry around the world. In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the diversity of pestivirus worldwide. As a member of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, BVDV has a wide range of host animals including cattle, goat, sheep, pig, camel and other cloven-hoofed animals, and it has multi-tissue tropism as well. The recognition of their permissive cells by viruses via interaction with the cellular receptors is a prerequisite for successful infection. So far, little is known about the cellular receptors essential for BVDV entry and their detailed functions during BVDV infection. Thus, discovery of the cellular receptors involved in the entry of BVDV and other pestiviruses is significant for development of the novel intervention. The viral envelope glycoprotein Erns and E2 are crucial determinants of the cellular tropism of BVDV. The cellular proteins bound with Erns and E2 potentially participate in BVDV entry, and their abundance might determine the cellular tropism of BVDV. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the cellular molecules have been described for BVDV entry, such as, complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46), heparan sulfate (HS), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). Furthermore, we focus on their implications of the recently identified cellular receptors for pestiviruses in BVDV life cycle. This knowledge provides a theoretical basis for BVDV prevention and treatment by targeting the cellular receptors essential for BVDV infection.
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Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Berkley N, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of a Common Conformational Epitope on the Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Border Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081655. [PMID: 34452520 PMCID: PMC8402670 DOI: 10.3390/v13081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high structural and antigenic homology with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV). Because all three viruses can infect swine and elicit cross-reactive antibodies, it is necessary to differentiate among them with regard to serological diagnosis of classical swine fever. To understand the mechanism of cross-reactivity, it is important to define common or specific epitopes of these viruses. For this purpose, epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains of CSFV and BDV E2 proteins. One CSFV-specific conformational epitope and one CSFV and BDV common epitope within domain B/C of E2 were identified. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues G725 and V738/I738 of the CSFV-specific epitope and P709/L709 and E713 of the second epitope are important for mAbs binding. Infection of CSFV in porcine cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation of the cells with the domain B/C of E2 or after pre-incubation of CSFV with the mAbs detecting domain B/C. 3D structural modeling suggested that both epitopes are exposed on the surface of E2. Based on this, the identified epitopes represent a potential target for virus neutralization and might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Nicholas Berkley
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Helen Crooke
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
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