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Hough B, Steenkamp E, Wingfield B, Read D. Fungal Viruses Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Mycoviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1202. [PMID: 37243288 PMCID: PMC10224137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses (viruses of fungi) are ubiquitous throughout the fungal kingdom and are currently classified into 23 viral families and the genus botybirnavirus by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The primary focus of mycoviral research has been on mycoviruses that infect plant pathogenic fungi, due to the ability of some to reduce the virulence of their host and thus act as potential biocontrol against these fungi. However, mycoviruses lack extracellular transmission mechanisms and rely on intercellular transmission through the hyphal anastomosis, which impedes successful transmission between different fungal strains. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mycoviruses, including their origins, host range, taxonomic classification into families, effects on their fungal counterparts, and the techniques employed in their discovery. The application of mycoviruses as biocontrol agents of plant pathogenic fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda Wingfield
- Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.H.); (E.S.); (D.R.)
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Reyes BMD, Fonseca PLC, Heming NM, Conceição LBDA, Nascimento KTDS, Gramacho KP, Arevalo-Gardini E, Pirovani CP, Aguiar ERGR. Characterization of the microbiota dynamics associated with Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cocoa frosty pod rot disease, reveals new viral species. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1053562. [PMID: 36817107 PMCID: PMC9936985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Theobroma cacao, the cocoa tree, is a target for pathogens, such as fungi from the genera Phytophthora, Moniliophthora, Colletotrichum, Ceratocystis, among others. Some cacao pathogens are restricted to specific regions of the world, such as the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in West African countries, while others are expanding geographically, such as Moniliophthora roreri in the Americas. M. roreri is one of the most threatening cacao pathogens since it directly attacks the cacao pods driving a significant reduction in production, and therefore economic losses. Despite its importance, the knowledge about the microenvironment of this pathogen and the cocoa pods is still poorly characterized. Methods Herein we performed RNA sequencing of spores in differential stages of culture in a medium supplemented with cacao pod extract and mycelium collected of the susceptible variety ICT 7121 naturally infected by the pathogen to evaluate the diversity and transcriptional activity of microorganisms associated with the in vitro sporulation of M. roreri. Results Our data revealed a great variety of fungi and bacteria associated with M. roreri, with an exceptional diversity of individuals from the genus Trichoderma sp. Interestingly, the dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally, suggesting they are somehow affected by M. roreri culture time. We also identified three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family, posteriorly confirmed by phylogenetic analysis as members of the genus Narnavirus. Screening of M. roreri public datasets indicated the virus sequences circulating in samples from Ecuador, suggesting a wide spread of these elements. Of note, we did not identify traces of the viral sequences in the M. roreri genome or DNA sequencing, restricting the possibility of these sequences representing endogenized elements. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting the fungus of the genus Moniliophthora and only the third description of viruses that are able to parasite elements from the Marasmiaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Neander Marcel Heming
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executivo do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Enrique Arevalo-Gardini
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales, Tarapoto, Peru,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Peru
| | | | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,*Correspondence: Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar, ✉
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Huang H, Hua X, Pang X, Zhang Z, Ren J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Xiao X, Lin Y, Chen T, Li B, Liu H, Jiang D, Xie J. Discovery and Characterization of Putative Glycoprotein-Encoding Mycoviruses in the Bunyavirales. J Virol 2023; 97:e0138122. [PMID: 36625579 PMCID: PMC9888262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01381-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although segmented negative-sense RNA viruses (SNSRVs) have been frequently discovered in various fungi, most SNSRVs reported only the large segments. In this study, we investigated the diversity of the mycoviruses in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium asiaticum using the metatranscriptomic technique. We identified 17 fungal single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses including nine viruses within Mitoviridae, one each in Narnaviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Hypoviridae, Fusariviridae, and Narliviridae, two in Mymonaviridae, and one trisegmented virus temporarily named Fusarium asiaticum mycobunyavirus 1 (FaMBV1). The FaMBV1 genome comprises three RNA segments, large (L), medium (M), and small (S) with 6,468, 2,639, and 1,420 nucleotides, respectively. These L, M, and S segments putatively encode the L protein, glycoprotein, and nucleocapsid, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the L protein showed that FaMBV1 is phylogenetically clustered with Alternaria tenuissima negative-stranded RNA virus 2 (AtNSRV2) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 5 (SsNSRV5) but distantly related to the members of the family Phenuiviridae. FaMBV1 could be vertically transmitted by asexual spores with lower efficiency (16.7%, 2/42). Comparison between FaMBV1-free and -infected fungal strains revealed that FaMBV1 has little effect on hyphal growth, pathogenicity, and conidium production, and its M segment is dispensable for viral replication and lost during subculture and asexual conidiation. The M and S segments of AtNSRV2 and SsNSRV5 were found using bioinformatics methods, indicating that the two fungal NSRVs harbor trisegmented genomes. Our results provide a new example of the existence and evolution of the segmented negative-sense RNA viruses in fungi. IMPORTANCE Fungal segmented negative-sense RNA viruses (SNSRVs) have been frequently found. Only the large segment encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) has been reported in most fungal SNSRVs, except for a few fungal SNSRVs reported to encode nucleocapsids, nonstructural proteins, or movement proteins. Virome analysis of the Fusarium spp. that cause Fusarium head blight discovered a novel virus, Fusarium asiaticum mycobunyavirus 1 (FaMBV1), representing a novel lineage of the family Phenuiviridae. FaMBV1 harbors a trisegmented genome that putatively encodes RdRp, glycoproteins, and nucleocapsids. The putative glycoprotein was first described in fungal SNSRVs and shared homology with glycoprotein of animal phenuivirus but was dispensable for its replication in F. asiaticum. Two other trisegmented fungal SNSRVs that also encode glycoproteins were discovered, implying that three-segment bunyavirus infections may be common in fungi. These findings provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of SNSRVs, particularly those infecting fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xidan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Poimala A, Raco M, Haikonen T, Černý M, Parikka P, Hantula J, Vainio EJ. Bunyaviruses Affect Growth, Sporulation, and Elicitin Production in Phytophthora cactorum. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122596. [PMID: 36560602 PMCID: PMC9788385 DOI: 10.3390/v14122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora cactorum is an important oomycetous plant pathogen with numerous host plant species, including garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and silver birch (Betula pendula). P. cactorum also hosts mycoviruses, but their phenotypic effects on the host oomycete have not been studied earlier. In the present study, we tested polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress for virus curing and created an isogenic virus-free isolate for testing viral effects in pair with the original isolate. Phytophthora cactorum bunya-like viruses 1 and 2 (PcBV1 & 2) significantly reduced hyphal growth of the P. cactorum host isolate, as well as sporangia production and size. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed an increase in the production of elicitins due to bunyavirus infection. However, the presence of bunyaviruses did not seem to alter the pathogenicity of P. cactorum. Virus transmission through anastomosis was unsuccessful in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-5322173
| | - Milica Raco
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tuuli Haikonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Toivonlinnantie 518, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland
| | - Martin Černý
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi Parikka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Humppilantie 18, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jarkko Hantula
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva J. Vainio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Novel Mycoviruses Discovered from a Metatranscriptomics Survey of the Phytopathogenic Alternaria Fungus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112552. [PMID: 36423161 PMCID: PMC9693364 DOI: 10.3390/v14112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria fungus can cause notable diseases in cereals, ornamental plants, vegetables, and fruits around the world. To date, an increasing number of mycoviruses have been accurately and successfully identified in this fungus. In this study, we discovered mycoviruses from 78 strains in 6 species of the genus Alternaria, which were collected from 10 pear production areas using high-throughput sequencing technology. Using the total RNA-seq, we detected the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of 19 potential viruses and the coat protein of two potential viruses. We successfully confirmed these viruses using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with RNA as the template. We identified 12 mycoviruses that were positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, 5 double-strand RNA (dsRNA) viruses, and 4 negative single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) viruses. In these viruses, five +ssRNA and four -ssRNA viruses were novel mycoviruses classified into diverse the families Botourmiaviridae, Deltaflexivirus, Mymonaviridea, and Discoviridae. We identified a novel -ssRNA mycovirus isolated from an A. tenuissima strain HB-15 as Alternaria tenuissima negative-stranded RNA virus 2 (AtNSRV2). Additionally, we characterized a novel +ssRNA mycovirus isolated from an A. tenuissima strain SC-8 as Alternaria tenuissima deltaflexivirus 1 (AtDFV1). According to phylogenetic and sequence analyses, we determined that AtNSRV2 was related to the viruses of the genus Sclerotimonavirus in the family Mymonaviridae. We also found that AtDFV1 was related to the virus family Deltaflexivirus. This study is the first to use total RNA sequencing to characterize viruses in Alternaria spp. These results expand the number of Alternaria viruses and demonstrate the diversity of these mycoviruses.
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Hai D, Li J, Lan S, Wu T, Li Y, Cheng J, Fu Y, Lin Y, Jiang D, Wang M, Xie J. Discovery and Evolution of Six Positive-Sense RNA Viruses Co-infecting the Hypovirulent Strain SCH733 of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2449-2461. [PMID: 35793152 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a well-known phytopathogenic fungus with a wide host range. Identifying novel mycoviruses in phytopathogenic fungi is necessary to develop novel strategies for plant health protection and contribute to understanding the origin of viruses. Six new mycoviruses with positive single-stranded RNA genomes co-infecting the hypovirulent strain SCH733 of S. sclerotiorum were identified using a metatranscriptomic approach, and their complete genome sequences were molecularly determined. These mycoviruses belong to the following five families: Narnaviridae, Mitoviridae, Deltaflexviridae, Botourmiaviridae, and Ambiguiviridae. Three of these mycoviruses belong to existing International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)-recognized species. Two of these newly identified mycoviruses have unique genomic features that are significantly different from those of all known mycoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these six mycoviruses included close as well as distant relatives of known mycoviruses, thereby providing new insight into virus evolution and classification. Mycovirus horizontal transmission and elimination experiments revealed that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum narnavirus 5 is associated with hypovirulence of S. sclerotiorum, although we have not shown that it is independently responsible for the hypovirulence phenotype. This study broadens the diversity of known mycoviruses infecting S. sclerotiorum and provides a clue toward limiting hypovirulence in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jincang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangsong Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Tun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Forestry and Horticulture, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Rhabdoviruses are ubiquitous and diverse viruses that propagate owing to bidirectional interactions with their vertebrate, arthropod, and plant hosts, and some of them could pose global health or agricultural threats. However, rhabdoviruses have rarely been reported in fungi. Here, two newly identified fungal rhabdoviruses, Rhizoctonia solani rhabdovirus 1 (RsRhV1) and RsRhV2, were discovered and molecularly characterized from the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The genomic organizations of RsRhV1 and RsRhV2 are 11,716 and 11,496 nucleotides (nt) in length, respectively, and consist of five open reading frames (ORFs) (ORFs I to V). ORF I, ORF IV, and ORF V encode the viral nucleocapsid (N), glycoprotein (G), and RNA polymerase (L), respectively. The putative protein encoded by ORF III has a lower level of identity with the matrix protein of rhabdoviruses. ORF II encodes a hypothetical protein with unknown function. Phylogenetic trees based on multiple alignments of N, L, and G proteins revealed that RsRhV1 and RsRhV2 are new members of the family Rhabdoviridae, but they form an independent evolutionary branch significantly distinct from other known nonfungal rhabdoviruses, suggesting that they represent a novel viral evolutionary lineage within Rhabdoviridae. Compared to strains lacking rhabdoviruses, strains harboring RsRhV2 and RsRhV1 showed hypervirulence, suggesting that RsRhV1 and RsRhV2 might be associated with the virulence of R. solani. Taken together, this study enriches our understanding of the diversity and host range of rhabdoviruses. IMPORTANCE Mycoviruses have been attracting an increasing amount of attention due to their impact on important medical, agricultural, and industrial fungi. Rhabdoviruses are prevalent across a wide spectrum of hosts, from plants to invertebrates and vertebrates. This study molecularly characterized two novel rhabdoviruses from four Rhizoctonia solani strains, based on their genomic structures, transcription strategy, phylogenetic relationships, and biological impact on their host. Our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it not only enriches the mycovirus database but also expands the known host range of rhabdoviruses. It also offers insight into the evolutionary linkage between animal viruses and mycoviruses and the transmission of viruses from one host to another. Our study will also help expand the contemporary knowledge of the classification of rhabdoviruses, as well as providing a new model to study rhabdovirus-host interactions, which will benefit the agriculture and medical areas of human welfare.
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