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Chen J, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Wang H, Pan S, Liu Y. The Antiviral Potential of Perilla frutescens: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2024; 29:3328. [PMID: 39064906 PMCID: PMC11279397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a significant threat to human health, causing widespread diseases and impacting the global economy. Perilla frutescens, a traditional medicine and food homologous plant, is well known for its antiviral properties. This systematic review examines the antiviral potential of Perilla frutescens, including its antiviral activity, chemical structure and pharmacological parameters. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we revealed the correlation between Perilla frutescens and antiviral activity, identified overlaps between Perilla frutescens target genes and virus-related genes, and explored related signaling pathways. Moreover, a classified summary of the active components of Perilla frutescens, focusing on compounds associated with antiviral activity, provides important clues for optimizing the antiviral drug development of Perilla frutescens. Our findings indicate that Perilla frutescens showed a strong antiviral effect, and its active ingredients can effectively inhibit the replication and spread of a variety of viruses in this review. The antiviral mechanisms of Perilla frutescens may involve several pathways, including enhanced immune function, modulation of inflammatory responses, and inhibition of key enzyme activities such as viral replicase. These results underscore the potential antiviral application of Perilla frutescens as a natural plant and provide important implications for the development of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Shu Pan
- Computer Science School, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China;
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
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Wang J, Zeng X, Gou J, Zhu X, Yin D, Yin L, Shen X, Dai Y, Pan X. Antiviral activity of luteolin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in silico and in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:288. [PMID: 38961481 PMCID: PMC11221151 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) mainly causes acute and severe porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and is highly fatal in neonatal piglets. No reliable therapeutics against the infection exist, which poses a major global health issue for piglets. Luteolin is a flavonoid with anti-viral activity toward several viruses. RESULTS We evaluated anti-viral effects of luteolin in PEDV-infected Vero and IPEC-J2 cells, and identified IC50 values of 23.87 µM and 68.5 µM, respectively. And found PEDV internalization, replication and release were significantly reduced upon luteolin treatment. As luteolin could bind to human ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) to contribute viral entry, we first identified that luteolin shares the same core binding site on pACE2 with PEDV-S by molecular docking and exhibited positive pACE2 binding with an affinity constant of 71.6 µM at dose-dependent increases by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. However, pACE2 was incapable of binding to PEDV-S1. Therefore, luteolin inhibited PEDV internalization independent of PEDV-S binding to pACE2. Moreover, luteolin was firmly embedded in the groove of active pocket of Mpro in a three-dimensional docking model, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays confirmed that luteolin inhibited PEDV Mpro activity. In addition, we also observed PEDV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and Nrf2-induced HO-1 expression. Finally, a drug resistant mutant was isolated after 10 cell culture passages concomitant with increasing luteolin concentrations, with reduced PEDV susceptibility to luteolin identified at passage 10. CONCLUSIONS Our results push forward that anti-PEDV mechanisms and resistant-PEDV properties for luteolin, which may be used to combat PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zeng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Jiaojiao Gou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xuehuai Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
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Chang K, Fan K, Zhang H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chen H, Tong J, Cui D. Fuzhengjiedu San inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0283728. [PMID: 38709810 PMCID: PMC11073700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been garnering ever-increasing worldwide attention as the herbal extracts and formulas prove to have potency against disease. Fuzhengjiedu San (FZJDS), has been extensively used to treat viral diseases in pigs, but its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we conducted an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental study to elucidate the mechanisms underlying FZJDS's action in treating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We constructed PPI network and screened the core targets according to their degree of value. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were also carried out to identify relevant pathways. Lastly, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting were used to determine the effects of FZJDS on core gene expression in PRRSV-infected monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells to further expand the results of network pharmacological analysis. RESULTS Network pharmacology data revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin were the main active compounds of FZJDS. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was deemed the cellular target as it has been shown to participate most in PRRSV replication and other PRRSV-related functions. Analysis by qRT-PCR and western blotting demonstrated that FZJDS significantly reduced the expression of P65, JNK, TLR4, N protein, Bax and IĸBa in MARC-145 cells, and increased the expression of Bcl-2, consistent with network pharmacology results. This study provides that FZJDS has significant antiviral activity through its effects on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We conclude that FZJDS is a promising candidate herbal formulation for treating PRRSV and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kuangshi Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Le Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongcen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinjin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
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Kim Y, Pool E, Kim E, Dampalla CS, Nguyen HN, Johnson DK, Lovell S, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Potent small molecule inhibitors against the 3C protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0337223. [PMID: 38466127 PMCID: PMC10986521 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03372-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most devastating diseases of livestock which can cause significant economic losses, especially when introduced to FMD-free countries. FMD virus (FMDV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae and is antigenically heterogeneous with seven established serotypes. The prevailing preventive and control strategies are limited to restriction of animal movement and elimination of infected or exposed animals, which can be potentially combined with vaccination. However, FMD vaccination has limitations including delayed protection and lack of cross-protection against different serotypes. Recently, antiviral drug use for FMD outbreaks has increasingly been recognized as a potential tool to augment the existing early response strategies, but limited research has been reported on potential antiviral compounds for FMDV. FMDV 3C protease (3Cpro) cleaves the viral-encoded polyprotein into mature and functional proteins during viral replication. The essential role of viral 3Cpro in viral replication and the high conservation of 3Cpro among different FMDV serotypes make it an excellent target for antiviral drug development. We have previously reported multiple series of inhibitors against picornavirus 3Cpro or 3C-like proteases (3CLpros) encoded by coronaviruses or caliciviruses. In this study, we conducted structure-activity relationship studies for our in-house focused compound library containing 3Cpro or 3CLpro inhibitors against FMDV 3Cpro using enzyme and cell-based assays. Herein, we report the discovery of aldehyde and α-ketoamide inhibitors of FMDV 3Cpro with high potency. These data inform future preclinical studies that are related to the advancement of these compounds further along the drug development pathway.IMPORTANCEFood-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals with a significant economic impact. Emergency response to FMD outbreaks to limit FMD spread is critical, and the use of antivirals may overcome the limitations of existing control measures by providing immediate protection for susceptible animals. FMDV encodes 3C protease (3Cpro), which is essential for virus replication and an attractive target for antiviral drug discovery. Here, we report a structure-activity relationship study on multiple series of protease inhibitors and identified potent inhibitors of FMDV 3Cpro. Our results suggest that these compounds have the potential for further development as FMD antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Emma Pool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - David K. Johnson
- Computational Chemical Biology Core, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Antiviral mechanisms of sorafenib against foot-and-mouth disease virus via c-RAF and AKT/PI3K pathways. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:329-343. [PMID: 37697209 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global livestock industry. However, specific antiviral treatments against FMDV are currently unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of anticancer drugs, including kinase and non-kinase inhibitors against FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in FMDV replication. It exhibited a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 2.46 µM at the pre-viral entry stage and 2.03 µM at the post-viral entry stage. Further intracellular assays revealed that sorafenib effectively decreased 3Dpol activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 155 nM, while not affecting 3Cpro function. The study indicates that sorafenib influences host protein pathways during FMDV infection, primarily by potentiating the c-RAF canonical pathway and AKT/PI3K pathway. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated specific binding of sorafenib to the active site of FMDV 3Dpol, interacting with crucial catalytic residues, including D245, D338, S298, and N307. Additionally, sorafenib exhibited significant binding affinity to the active site motifs of cellular kinases, namely c-RAF, AKT, and PI3K, which play critical roles in the viral life cycle. The findings suggest that sorafenib holds promise as a therapeutic agent against FMDV infection. Its mechanism of action may involve inhibiting FMDV replication by reducing 3Dpol activity and regulating cellular kinases. This study provides insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat FMDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Sahoo S, Lee HK, Shin D. Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics studies to explore potential natural inhibitors against 3C protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1340126. [PMID: 38298458 PMCID: PMC10827980 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1340126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and primarily infects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It has become a significant health concern in global livestock industries because of diverse serotypes, high mutation rates, and contagious nature. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for FMD. Hence, based on the importance of 3C protease in FMDV viral replication and pathogenesis, we have employed a structure-based virtual screening method by targeting 3C protease with a natural compounds dataset (n = 69,040) from the InterBioScreen database. Virtual screening results identified five potential compounds, STOCK1N-62634, STOCK1N-96109, STOCK1N-94672, STOCK1N-89819, and STOCK1N-80570, with a binding affinity of -9.576 kcal/mol, -8.1 kcal/mol, -7.744 kcal/mol, -7.647 kcal/mol, and - 7.778 kcal/mol, respectively. The compounds were further validated through physiochemical properties and density functional theory (DFT). Subsequently, the comparative 300-ns MD simulation of all five complexes exhibited overall structural stability from various MD analyses such as root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), H-bonds, principal component analysis (PCA), and free energy landscape (FEL). Furthermore, MM-PBSA calculation suggests that all five compounds, particularly STOCK1N-62634, STOCK1N-96109, and STOCK1N-94672, can be considered as potential inhibitors because of their strong binding affinity toward 3C protease. Thus, we hope that these identified compounds can be studied extensively to develop natural therapeutics for the better management of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthitaprajna Sahoo
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Tsilimingkra NT, Papaneophytou C. Phytochemicals: Promising Inhibitors of Human Rhinovirus Type 14 3C Protease as a Strategy to Fight the Common Cold. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1343-1358. [PMID: 38698747 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266308561240427065854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV-3Cpro) plays a crucial role in viral proliferation, establishing it as a prime target for antiviral therapy. However, research on identifying HRV-3Cpro inhibitors is still limited. OBJECTIVE This study had two primary objectives: first, to validate the efficacy of an end-point colorimetric assay, previously developed by our team, for identifying potential inhibitors of HRV-3Cpro; and second, to discover phytochemicals in medicinal plants that inhibit the enzyme's activity. METHODS Rupintrivir, a well-known inhibitor of HRV-3Cpro, was used to validate the colorimetric assay. Following this, we conducted a two-step in silico screening of 2532 phytochemicals, which led to the identification of eight active compounds: apigenin, carnosol, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and rutin. We subsequently evaluated these candidates in vitro. To further investigate the inhibitory potential of the most promising candidates, namely, carnosol and rosmarinic acid, molecular docking studies were performed to analyze their binding interactions with HRV-3Cpro. RESULTS The colorimetric assay we previously developed is effective in identifying compounds that selectively inhibit HRV-3Cpro. Carnosol and rosmarinic acid emerged as potent inhibitors, inhibiting HRV-3Cpro activity in vitro by over 55%. Our analysis indicated that carnosol and rosmarinic acid exert their inhibitory effects through a competitive mechanism. Molecular docking confirmed their competitive binding to the enzyme's active site. CONCLUSION Carnosol and rosmarinic acid warrant additional investigation for their potential in the development of common cold treatment. By highlighting these compounds as effective HRV-3Cpro inhibitors, our study presents a promising approach for discovering phytochemical inhibitors against proteases from similar pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Papaneophytou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Gong M, Xia X, Chen D, Ren Y, Liu Y, Xiang H, Li X, Zhi Y, Mo Y. Antiviral activity of chrysin and naringenin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278997. [PMID: 38130439 PMCID: PMC10733469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the critical pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry in worldwide. However, there is currently no effective therapeutic medication available for the treatment of PEDV. Natural compounds are a hot topic for researching and screening antiviral lead compounds due to their abundant sources, varied activities, and low toxicity. In this study, a total of 6 compounds from different plant sources were selected for in vitro anti-PEDV screening, including chrysin, naringenin, soy isoflavone, glycyrrhetinic acid, oleanolic acid, and geniposide. Then two active compounds, chrysin and naringenin, were further evaluated on PEDV infected cells at different stage. And the anti-PEDV mechanism was analyzed by molecule docking and molecular dynamics. The results showed that both chrysin and naringenin showed the most significant anti-PEDV activity by increasing the cell viability and decreasing the virus copy number. Both natural compounds could inhibit viral titer, mRNA and protein levels in the prophylactic and post-viral entry stages of PEDV infection. Furthermore, chrysin and naringenin mainly interacted with viral replicase proteins such as 3CLpro and PLP-2 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. The complexes formed by chrysin and naringenin with the two PEDV replication proteases had high stability. These results suggested that chrysin and naringenin may exert antiviral effects by interacting with the virus 3CLpro protein or PLP2 protein, thereby affecting their role in the formation of PEDV non-structural proteins or interfering with virus replication. This study lays the foundation for developing chrysin and naringenin as novel anti-PEDV therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Shizhong District, Leshan, China
| | - Yupeng Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Mo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Collados Rodríguez M, Maillard P, Journeaux A, Komarova AV, Najburg V, David RYS, Helynck O, Guo M, Zhong J, Baize S, Tangy F, Jacob Y, Munier-Lehmann H, Meurs EF. Novel Antiviral Molecules against Ebola Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14791. [PMID: 37834238 PMCID: PMC10573436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Ebola virus (EBOV) is responsible for hemorrhagic fever in humans with a high mortality rate. Combined efforts of prevention and therapeutic intervention are required to tackle highly variable RNA viruses, whose infections often lead to outbreaks. Here, we have screened the 2P2I3D chemical library using a nanoluciferase-based protein complementation assay (NPCA) and isolated two compounds that disrupt the interaction of the EBOV protein fragment VP35IID with the N-terminus of the dsRNA-binding proteins PKR and PACT, involved in IFN response and/or intrinsic immunity, respectively. The two compounds inhibited EBOV infection in cell culture as well as infection by measles virus (MV) independently of IFN induction. Consequently, we propose that the compounds are antiviral by restoring intrinsic immunity driven by PACT. Given that PACT is highly conserved across mammals, our data support further testing of the compounds in other species, as well as against other negative-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Collados Rodríguez
- School of Infection & Immunity (SII), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), Sir Michael Stoker Building, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Alexandra Journeaux
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Anastassia V. Komarova
- Interactomics, RNA and Immunity Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Raul-Yusef Sanchez David
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Blizard Institute—Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Mingzhe Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Yves Jacob
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Eliane F. Meurs
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
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10
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Pantanam A, Mana N, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Small Molecules Targeting 3C Protease Inhibit FMDV Replication and Exhibit Virucidal Effect in Cell-Based Assays. Viruses 2023; 15:1887. [PMID: 37766293 PMCID: PMC10535379 DOI: 10.3390/v15091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). It is endemic in Asia and Africa but spreads sporadically throughout the world, resulting in significant losses in the livestock industry. Effective anti-FMDV therapeutics could be a supportive control strategy. Herein, we utilized computer-aided, structure-based virtual screening to filter lead compounds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) diversity and mechanical libraries using FMDV 3C protease (3Cpro) as the target. Seven hit compounds were further examined via cell-based antiviral and intracellular protease assays, in which two compounds (NSC116640 and NSC332670) strongly inhibited FMDV, with EC50 values at the micromolar level of 2.88 µM (SI = 73.15) and 5.92 µM (SI = 11.11), respectively. These compounds could inactivate extracellular virus directly in a virucidal assay by reducing 1.00 to 2.27 log TCID50 of the viral titers in 0-60 min. In addition, the time-of-addition assay revealed that NSC116640 inhibited FMDV at the early stage of infection (0-8 h), while NSC332670 diminished virus titers when added simultaneously at infection (0 h). Both compounds showed good FMDV 3Cpro inhibition with IC50 values of 10.85 µM (NSC116640) and 4.21 µM (NSC332670). The molecular docking of the compounds on FMDV 3Cpro showed their specific interactions with amino acids in the catalytic triad of FMDV 3Cpro. Both preferentially reacted with enzymes and proteases in physicochemical and ADME analysis studies. The results revealed two novel small molecules with antiviral activities against FMDV and probably related picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (V.L.); (A.P.); (N.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Achiraya Pantanam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (V.L.); (A.P.); (N.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Natjira Mana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (V.L.); (A.P.); (N.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (V.L.); (A.P.); (N.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (V.L.); (A.P.); (N.M.); (P.S.)
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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11
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Semkum P, Thangthamniyom N, Chankeeree P, Keawborisuth C, Theerawatanasirikul S, Lekcharoensuk P. The Application of the Gibson Assembly Method in the Production of Two pKLS3 Vector-Derived Infectious Clones of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1111. [PMID: 37376500 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of a full-length infectious clone, essential for molecular virological study and vaccine development, is quite a challenge for viruses with long genomes or possessing complex nucleotide sequence structures. Herein, we have constructed infectious clones of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types O and A by joining each viral coding region with our pKLS3 vector in a single isothermal reaction using Gibson Assembly (GA). pKLS3 is a 4.3-kb FMDV minigenome. To achieve optimal conditions for the DNA joining, each FMDV coding sequence was divided into two overlapping fragments of approximately 3.8 and 3.2 kb, respectively. Both DNA fragments contain the introduced linker sequences for assembly with the linearized pKLS3 vector. FMDV infectious clones were produced upon directly transfecting the GA reaction into baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. After passing in BHK-21 cells, both rescued FMDVs (rO189 and rNP05) demonstrated growth kinetics and antigenicity similar to their parental viruses. Thus far, this is the first report on GA-derived, full-length infectious FMDV cDNA clones. This simple DNA assembly method and the FMDV minigenome would facilitate the construction of FMDV infectious clones and enable genetic manipulation for FMDV research and custom-made FMDV vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Challika Keawborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Lee G, Kang HR, Kim A, Park JH, Lee MJ, Kim SM. Preventive effects of quercetin against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo by inducing type I interferon. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121830. [PMID: 37250022 PMCID: PMC10213290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute contagious infectious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. Although current emergency FMD vaccines only take effect 7 days after vaccination, antiviral agents, such as quercetin, which is a common flavonoid, could reduce the spread of FMD virus (FMDV) during outbreaks. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of quercetin against FMDV. Analysis of viral copy numbers showed that quercetin had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on FMDV at concentrations between 19.5 and 1,250 μM in porcine cells. In addition, we observed a quercetin-induced interferon (IFN)-α protein and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) upregulation in swine cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of sera revealed that quercetin induces the production of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-15 in mice. Inoculation of mice with quercetin or a combination of quercetin with an inactivated FMD vaccine enhanced both the survival rate and neutralizing antibody titer. Therefore, we suggest the use of quercetin as a novel and effective antiviral agent for controlling FMDV infection; however, further investigation of its application in livestock is required.
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13
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Triratapiban C, Lueangaramkul V, Phecharat N, Pantanam A, Lekcharoensuk P, Theerawatanasirikul S. First study on in vitro antiviral and virucidal effects of flavonoids against feline infectious peritonitis virus at the early stage of infection. Vet World 2023; 16:618-630. [PMID: 37041840 PMCID: PMC10082729 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.618-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one of the most important infectious diseases in cats is caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a mutated variant of feline coronavirus. Feline infectious peritonitis has a negative impact on feline health, with extremely high mortality in clinical FIP-infected cats, particularly young cats. There are no approved drugs for FIP treatment, and therapeutic possibilities for FIP treatment are limited. This study aimed to utilize nature-derived bioactive flavonoids with antiviral properties to inhibit FIPV infection in Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells.
Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of 16 flavonoids was evaluated on CRFK cells using a colorimetric method (MTS) assay. Viral kinetics of FIPV at 50 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/well was determined during the first 24-h post-infection (HPI). Antiviral activity was evaluated based on the replication steps of the virus life cycle, including pre-compound, attachment, penetration, post-viral entry, and virucidal assays. The antiviral efficacy of flavonoids against FIPV was determined based on positive FIPV-infected cells with the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and viral load quantification using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results: Two flavonoids, namely, isoginkgetin and luteolin, inhibited FIPV replication during post-viral entry in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% maximal effective concentrations = 4.77 ± 0.09 and 36.28 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. Based on viral kinetics, both flavonoids could inhibit FIPV replication at the early stage of infection at 0–6-HPI for isoginkgetin and 2–6-HPI for luteolin using a time-of-addition assay. Isoginkgetin exerted a direct virucidal effect that reduced the viral titers by 2 and 1.89 log10 TCID50/mL at 60 and 120 min, respectively.
Conclusion: Isoginkgetin interfered with FIPV replication during both post-viral infection and virucidal experiments on CRFK cells, whereas luteolin inhibited the virus after infection. These results demonstrate the potential of herbal medicine for treating FIP.
Keywords: antiviral, feline coronavirus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, flavonoids, infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanittha Triratapiban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nantawan Phecharat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Achiraya Pantanam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Corresponding author: Sirin Theerawatanasirikul, e-mail: Co-authors: CT: , VL: , NP: , AP: , PL:
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14
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Antiviral Activity of Luteolin against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040761. [PMID: 36830548 PMCID: PMC9952634 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause acute swine disease leading to economic losses worldwide and is a potential causative agent of viral encephalitis in humans. Although effective vaccines are available, an increasing number of variants have emerged in China, and identifying effective antiviral agents against PRV to prevent latent infection is essential. In this study, we assessed the antiviral activity of luteolin against PRV in vitro and in vivo. Luteolin was found to significantly inhibit PRV at a noncytotoxic concentration (70 μM), with an IC50 of 26.24 μM and a selectivity index of 5.64. Luteolin inhibited the virus at the replication stage and decreased the expression of viral mRNA and gB protein. Luteolin reduced the apoptosis of PRV-infected cells, improved the survival rate of mice after lethal challenge, reduced the viral loads in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and brain, reduced brain lesions, and slowed inflammation and oxidation reactions. Our results showed that luteolin has promise as a new alternative antiviral drug for PRV infection.
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15
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Mori M, Quaglio D, Calcaterra A, Ghirga F, Sorrentino L, Cammarone S, Fracella M, D’Auria A, Frasca F, Criscuolo E, Clementi N, Mancini N, Botta B, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A, Scagnolari C. Natural Flavonoid Derivatives Have Pan-Coronavirus Antiviral Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020314. [PMID: 36838279 PMCID: PMC9960971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 protease (3CLpro) is one of the key targets for the development of efficacious drugs for COVID-19 treatment due to its essential role in the life cycle of the virus and exhibits high conservation among coronaviruses. Recent studies have shown that flavonoids, which are small natural molecules, have antiviral activity against coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we identified the docking sites and binding affinity of several natural compounds, similar to flavonoids, and investigated their inhibitory activity towards 3CLpro enzymatic activity. The selected compounds were then tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity, for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, and the replication of other coronaviruses in different cell lines. Our results showed that Baicalein (100 μg/mL) exerted strong 3CLpro activity inhibition (>90%), whereas Hispidulin and Morin displayed partial inhibition. Moreover, Baicalein, up to 25 μg/mL, hindered >50% of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cultures. Lastly, Baicalein displayed antiviral activity against alphacoronavirus (Feline-CoV) and betacoronavirus (Bovine-CoV and HCoV-OC43) in the cell lines. Our study confirmed the antiviral activity of Baicalein against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated clear evidence of its pan-coronaviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cammarone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Fracella
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D’Auria
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Semkum P, Lueangaramkul V, Chankeeree P, Thangthamniyom N, Lekcharoensuk P. Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors Decrease Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Blocking the Viral 3D pol. Viruses 2022; 15:124. [PMID: 36680163 PMCID: PMC9866314 DOI: 10.3390/v15010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an economically important pathogen of cloven-hoofed livestock, is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus classified in the Picornaviridae family. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses is highly conserved. Compounds that bind to the RdRp active site can block viral replication. Herein, we combined double virtual screenings and cell-based antiviral approaches to screen and identify potential inhibitors targeting FMDV RdRp (3Dpol). From 5596 compounds, the blind- followed by focus-docking filtered 21 candidates fitting in the 3Dpol active sites. Using the BHK-21 cell-based assay, we found that four compounds-NSC217697 (quinoline), NSC670283 (spiro compound), NSC292567 (nigericin), and NSC65850-demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral actions in vitro with the EC50 ranging from 0.78 to 3.49 µM. These compounds could significantly block FMDV 3Dpol activity in the cell-based 3Dpol inhibition assay with small IC50 values ranging from 0.8 nM to 0.22 µM without an effect on FMDV's main protease, 3Cpro. The 3Dpol inhibition activities of the compounds were consistent with the decreased viral load and negative-stranded RNA production in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusively, we have identified potential FMDV 3Dpol inhibitors that bound within the enzyme active sites and blocked viral replication. These compounds might be beneficial for FMDV or other picornavirus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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17
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Sheridan R, Spelman K. Polyphenolic promiscuity, inflammation-coupled selectivity: Whether PAINs filters mask an antiviral asset. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909945. [PMID: 36339544 PMCID: PMC9634583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has elicited much laboratory and clinical research attention on vaccines, mAbs, and certain small-molecule antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, there has been comparatively little attention on plant-derived compounds, especially those that are understood to be safely ingested at common doses and are frequently consumed in the diet in herbs, spices, fruits and vegetables. Examining plant secondary metabolites, we review recent elucidations into the pharmacological activity of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds and also survey their putative frequent-hitter behavior. Polyphenols, like many drugs, are glucuronidated post-ingestion. In an inflammatory milieu such as infection, a reversion back to the active aglycone by the release of β-glucuronidase from neutrophils and macrophages allows cellular entry of the aglycone. In the context of viral infection, virions and intracellular virus particles may be exposed to promiscuous binding by the polyphenol aglycones resulting in viral inhibition. As the mechanism's scope would apply to the diverse range of virus species that elicit inflammation in infected hosts, we highlight pre-clinical studies of polyphenol aglycones, such as luteolin, isoginkgetin, quercetin, quercetagetin, baicalein, curcumin, fisetin and hesperetin that reduce virion replication spanning multiple distinct virus genera. It is hoped that greater awareness of the potential spatial selectivity of polyphenolic activation to sites of pathogenic infection will spur renewed research and clinical attention for natural products antiviral assaying and trialing over a wide array of infectious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Spelman
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
- Health Education and Research, Driggs, ID, United States
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18
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Thangthamniyom N, Chankeeree P, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Andrographolide and Deoxyandrographolide Inhibit Protease and IFN-Antagonist Activities of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3Cpro. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151995. [PMID: 35953984 PMCID: PMC9367459 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is a re-emerging infectious disease that poses a negative impact on livestock production and economics worldwide. It is also endemic in underdeveloped and developing countries, mostly in tropical areas. The control of this highly contagious disease requires a combination of different strategies, including the culling of infected animals, reducing animal movement, and vaccination. Although vaccination is effective, there remains a non-protective interval after immunization. Antiviral agents that can inhibit FMD virus (FMDV) could reduce the shedding of viruses in terms of quantity and duration, which could assist other control measures to contain FMD spreading. Antiviral activities of plant-based products, including andrographolides, have been demonstrated in several studies. Andrographolides are a group of phytochemical compounds derived from medicinal plants in the genus Andrographis, which are abundant in Asia, a hot spot of FMDV outbreaks. We found that andrographolides could inhibit FMDV replication by targeting a viral protease, namely 3Cpro. FMDV 3Cpro is the main protease essential for the virus life cycle. The 3Cpro also counteracts type I interferon, which is the frontline antiviral cytokine. We also revealed the intracellular mechanisms by which the andrographolides inhibited both protease and IFN antagonist activities of the 3Cpro. Abstract Foot-and mouth-disease (FMD) caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) is highly contagious and negatively affects livestock worldwide. The control of the disease requires a combination of measures, including vaccination; however, there is no specific treatment available. Several studies have shown that plant-derived products with antiviral properties were effective on viral diseases. Herein, antiviral activities of andrographolide (AGL), deoxyandrographolide (DAG), and neoandrographolide (NEO) against FMDV serotype A were investigated using an in vitro cell-based assay. The results showed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV in BHK-21 cells. The inhibitory effects of AGL and DAG were evaluated by RT-qPCR and exhibited EC50 values of 52.18 ± 0.01 µM (SI = 2.23) and 36.47 ± 0.07 µM (SI = 9.22), respectively. The intracellular protease assay revealed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV 3Cpro with IC50 of 67.43 ± 0.81 and 25.58 ± 1.41 µM, respectively. Additionally, AGL and DAG significantly interfered with interferon (IFN) antagonist activity of the 3Cpro by derepressing interferon-stimulating gene (ISGs) expression. The molecular docking confirmed that the andrographolides preferentially interacted with the 3Cpro active site. However, NEO had no antiviral effect in any of the assays. Conclusively, AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV serotype A by interacting with the 3Cpro and hindered its protease and IFN antagonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2942-8436
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19
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Comparative Study of the Pharmacological Properties of Luteolin and Its 7,3′-Disulfate. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070426. [PMID: 35877719 PMCID: PMC9318810 DOI: 10.3390/md20070426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the metabolic syndrome, oncological and viral diseases forces researchers to pay increased attention to the secondary metabolites of marine hydrobionts, which often have a high therapeutic potential in the treatment of these pathologies and are effective components of functional food. The flavone luteolin (LT), as one of the most widely distributed and studied plant metabolites, is distinguished by a diverse spectrum of biological activity and a pleiotropic nature of the mechanism of action at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels. However, there is still practically no information on the spectrum of biological activity of its sulfated derivatives, which are widely represented in seagrasses of the genus Zostera. In the present work, a comparative study of the pharmacological properties of LT and its 7,3′-disulfate was carried out with a brief analysis of the special role of sulfation in the pharmacological activity of flavonoids.
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Genovese C, Garozzo A, D’Angeli F, Malfa GA, Bellia F, Tomasello B, Nicolosi D, Malaguarnera R, Ronsisvalle S, Guadagni F, Acquaviva R. Orobanche crenata Forssk. Extract Affects Human Breast Cancer Cell MCF-7 Survival and Viral Replication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101696. [PMID: 35626733 PMCID: PMC9139723 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The severity of BC strictly depends on the molecular subtype. The less aggressive hormone-positive subtype is treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET), which causes both physical and psychological side effects. This condition strongly impacts the adherence and persistence of AET among oncologic patients. Moreover, viral infections also constitute a serious problem for public health. Despite their efficacy, antiviral agents present several therapeutic limits. Accordingly, in the present work, we investigated the antitumor and antiviral activities of Orobanche crenata Forssk. (O. crenata), a parasitic plant, endemic to the Mediterranean basin, traditionally known for its beneficial properties for human health. METHODS The MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of O. crenata leaf extract (OCLE) on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the primary HFF-1 cell line. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was performed on MCF-7 cells to analyze necrotic cell death. The antioxidant effect of OCLE was evaluated by intracellular determination of the reactive oxygen species and thiol groups, by DPPH and ABTS assays. The antiviral activity of OCLE was determined against Poliovirus 1, Echovirus 9, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus type 2 and type 5, Coxsackievirus B1 (CoxB1) and B3 (CoxB3), Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), and β-Coronavirus by the plaque reduction assay. RESULTS The extract, after 24 h of incubation, did not affect MDA-MB-231 and HFF-1 cell viability. However, at the same time point, it showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells, with an increase in LDH release. OCLE exhibited free radical scavenging activity and significantly increased non-protein thiol levels in MCF-7 cells. OCLE effectively inhibited HSV-1, HSV-2, CoxB1, and CoxB3 replication. CONCLUSIONS The overall results showed an interesting inhibitory effect of OCLE on both MCF-7 cell survival and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Genovese
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.G.); (R.M.)
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Adriana Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-478-1253
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- BioBIM (InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Nacture S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.A.M.); (B.T.)
- Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products (CERNUT), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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