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Soto-Garita C, Murillo T, Chávez-Peraza I, Campos-Ávila J, Prado-Hidalgo G, Drexler JF, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E. Epidemiological, virological and clinical characterization of a Dengue/Zika outbreak in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica 2017-2018. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1421744. [PMID: 38988809 PMCID: PMC11233455 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1421744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in incidence and geographical expansion of viruses transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue (DENV) and zika (ZIKV) in the Americas, represents a burden for healthcare systems in tropical and subtropical regions. These and other under-detected arboviruses co-circulate in Costa Rica, adding additional complexity to their management due to their shared epidemiological behavior and similarity of symptoms in early stages. Since diagnostics of febrile illness is mostly based on clinical symptoms alone, we gathered acute-phase serum and urine from 399 samples of acute dengue-like cases from two healthcare facilities of Costa Rica, during an outbreak of arboviruses from July 2017 to May 2018, and tested them using molecular and serological methods. The analyses showed that of the clinically presumptive arbovirus cases that were reported, only 39.4% (n=153) of the samples were confirmed positive by RT-PCR to be DENV (DENV (10.3%), CHIKV (0.2%), ZIKV (27.3%), or mixed infections (1.5%). RT-PCR for other alphaviruses and flaviviruses, and PCR for Leptospira sp were negative. Furthermore, to assess flavivirus positivity in post-acute patients, the negative sera were tested against Dengue-IgM. 20% of sera were found positive, confounding even more the definitive number of cases, and emphasizing the need of several distinct diagnostic tools for accurate diagnostics. Molecular characterization of the prM and E genes from isolated viruses revealed that the American/Asian genotype of DENV-2 and the Asian lineage of ZIKV were circulating during this outbreak. Two different clades of DENV-2 American/Asian genotype were identified to co-circulate in the same region and a difference in the platelet and leukocyte count was noted between people infected with each clade, suggesting a putative distinct virulence. Our study sheds light on the necessity for healthcare strategies in managing arbovirus outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive molecular and serological diagnostic approaches, as well as molecular characterization. This approach aids in enhancing our understanding of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of arboviral diseases during outbreaks. Our research highlights the need to strengthen training programs for health professionals and the need to increase research-based on laboratory evidence for diagnostic accuracy, guidance, development and implementation of public health interventions and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Soto-Garita
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET) and Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- National Reference Centre for Virology, Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Tatiana Murillo
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET) and Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ileana Chávez-Peraza
- Siquirres Integral Healthcare Center (CAIS), Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), Limón, Costa Rica
| | - Josué Campos-Ávila
- Siquirres Integral Healthcare Center (CAIS), Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), Limón, Costa Rica
| | - Grace Prado-Hidalgo
- Talamanca Healthcare Center, Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), Limón, Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET) and Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Colombino E, Lelli D, Canziani S, Quaranta G, Guidetti C, Leopardi S, Robetto S, De Benedictis P, Orusa R, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Capucchio MT. Main causes of death of free-ranging bats in Turin province (North-Western Italy): gross and histological findings and emergent virus surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:200. [PMID: 37821925 PMCID: PMC10566203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are recognized as reservoir species for multiple viruses. However, little is known on bats' health and mortality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the main causes of death of bats from Turin province (North-western Italy) and to describe gross and histopathological lesions potentially associated with the presence of selected bat viruses. RESULTS A total of 71 bats belonging to 9 different species of the families Vespertilionidae and Molossidae were necropsied and samples of the main organs were submitted to histopathological examination. Also, aliquots of the small intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and brain were collected and submitted to biomolecular investigation for the identification of Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae (Mammalian orthoreovirus species), Rhabdoviridae (Vaprio ledantevirus and Lyssavirus species) and Kobuvirus. The majority of bats died from traumatic lesions due to unknown trauma or predation (n = 40/71, 56.3%), followed by emaciation (n = 13/71,18.3%). The main observed gross lesions were patagium and skin lesions (n = 23/71, 32.4%), forelimbs fractures (n = 15/71, 21.1%) and gastric distension (n = 10/71,14.1%). Histologically, the main lesions consisted of lymphoplasmacytic pneumonia (n = 24/71, 33.8%), skin/patagium dermatitis (n = 23/71, 32.4%), liver steatosis and hepatitis (n = 12, 16.9%), and white pulp depletion in the spleen (n = 7/71, 9.8%). Regarding emergent bat viruses, only poxvirus (n = 2, 2.8%) and orthoreovirus (n = 12/71, 16.9%) were detected in a low percentage of bats. CONCLUSIONS Trauma is the main lesion observed in bats collected in Turin province (North-western Italy) associated with forelimb fractures and the detected viral positivity rate seems to suggest that they did not represent a threat for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- Molecular Medicine PhD Program, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Guidetti
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Ribeiro YP, Falcão LFM, Smith VC, de Sousa JR, Pagliari C, Franco ECS, Cruz ACR, Chiang JO, Martins LC, Nunes JAL, Vilacoert FSDS, Santos LCD, Furlaneto MP, Fuzii HT, Bertonsin Filho MV, da Costa LD, Duarte MIS, Furlaneto IP, Martins Filho AJ, Aarão TLDS, Vasconcelos PFDC, Quaresma JAS. Comparative Analysis of Human Hepatic Lesions in Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Chikungunya: Revisiting Histopathological Changes in the Light of Modern Knowledge of Cell Pathology. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050680. [PMID: 37242350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, such as yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), present wide global dissemination and a pathogenic profile developed in infected individuals, from non-specific clinical conditions to severe forms, characterised by the promotion of significant lesions in different organs of the harbourer, culminating in multiple organ dysfunction. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out via the histopathological analysis of 70 samples of liver patients, collected between 2000 and 2017, with confirmed laboratory diagnoses, who died due to infection and complications due to yellow fever (YF), dengue fever (DF), and chikungunya fever (CF), to characterise, quantify, and compare the patterns of histopathological alterations in the liver between the samples. Of the histopathological findings in the human liver samples, there was a significant difference between the control and infection groups, with a predominance of alterations in the midzonal area of the three cases analysed. Hepatic involvement in cases of YF showed a greater intensity of histopathological changes. Among the alterations evaluated, cell swelling, microvesicular steatosis, and apoptosis were classified according to the degree of tissue damage from severe to very severe. Pathological abnormalities associated with YFV, DENV, and CHIKV infections showed a predominance of changes in the midzonal area. We also noted that, among the arboviruses studied, liver involvement in cases of YFV infection was more intense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pacheco Ribeiro
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fabio Magno Falcão
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cavaleiro Smith
- Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Janniffer Oliveira Chiang
- Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Livia Carício Martins
- Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes
- Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Lais Carneiro Dos Santos
- Section of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Hellen Thais Fuzii
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Luccas Delgado da Costa
- Section of Pathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Ismari Perini Furlaneto
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil
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Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega M, Vargas-González D, Murillo DFB, Soto-Garita C, Francisco-Llamas J, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Jiménez C, Corrales-Aguilar E. Serosurvey in Two Dengue Hyperendemic Areas of Costa Rica Evidence Active Circulation of WNV and SLEV in Peri-Domestic and Domestic Animals and in Humans. Pathogens 2022; 12:7. [PMID: 36678356 PMCID: PMC9863573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Costa Rica harbors several flaviviruses, including Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). While DENV and ZIKV are hyperendemic, previous research indicates restricted circulation of SLEV and WNV in animals. SLEV and WNV seroprevalence and high transmission areas have not yet been measured. To determine the extents of putative WNV and SLEV circulation, we sampled peri-domestic and domestic animals, humans, and mosquitoes in rural households located in two DENV and ZIKV hyperendemic regions during the rainy and dry seasons of 2017-2018 and conducted plaque reduction neutralization test assay for serology (PRNT) and RT-PCR for virus detection. In Cuajiniquil, serological evidence of WNV and SLEV was found in equines, humans, chickens, and wild birds. Additionally, five seroconversion events were recorded for WNV (2 equines), SLEV (1 human), and DENV-1 (2 humans). In Talamanca, WNV was not found, but serological evidence of SLEV circulation was recorded in equines, humans, and wild birds. Even though no active viral infection was detected, the seroconversion events recorded here indicate recent circulation of SLEV and WNV in these two regions. This study thus provides clear-cut evidence for WNV and SLEV presence in these areas, and therefore, they should be considered in arboviruses differential diagnostics and future infection prevention campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piche-Ovares
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Romero-Vega
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Disease), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Diana Vargas-González
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | | | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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Weinberg M, Yovel Y. Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system? iScience 2022; 25:104782. [PMID: 35982789 PMCID: PMC9379578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While bats are often referred to as reservoirs of viral pathogens, a meta-analysis of the literature reveals many cases in which there is not enough evidence to claim so. In many cases, bats are able to confront viruses, recover, and remain immune by developing a potent titer of antibodies, often without becoming a reservoir. In other cases, bats might have carried an ancestral virus that at some time point might have mutated into a human pathogen. Moreover, bats exhibit a balanced immune response against viruses that have evolved over millions of years. Using genomic tools, it is now possible to obtain a deeper understanding of that unique immune system and its variability across the order Chiroptera. We conclude, that with the exception of a few viruses, bats pose little zoonotic danger to humans and that they operate a highly efficient anti-inflammatory response that we should strive to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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