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Gorbea C, Elhakiem A, Cazalla D. Shaping the host cell environment with viral noncoding RNAs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:20-30. [PMID: 36581481 PMCID: PMC10101873 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Just like the cells they infect viruses express different classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Viral ncRNAs come in all shapes and forms, and they usually associate with cellular proteins that are important for their functions. Viral ncRNAs have diverse functions, but they all contribute to the viral control of the cellular environment. Viruses utilize ncRNAs to regulate viral replication, to decide whether they should remain latent or reactivate, to evade the host immune responses, or to promote cellular transformation. In this review we describe the diverse functions played by different classes of ncRNAs expressed by adenoviruses and herpesviruses, how they contribute to the viral infection, and how their study led to insights into RNA-based mechanisms at play in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abdalla Elhakiem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Bachman LO, Zwezdaryk KJ. Targeting the Host Mitochondria as a Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Antiviral Strategy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051083. [PMID: 37243170 DOI: 10.3390/v15051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exploits host mitochondrial function to promote viral replication. HCMV gene products have been described to directly interact and alter functional or structural aspects of host mitochondria. Current antivirals against HCMV, such as ganciclovir and letermovir, are designed against viral targets. Concerns with the current antivirals include toxicity and viral resistance. Targeting host mitochondrial function is a promising alternative or complimentary antiviral approach as (1) drugs targeting host mitochondrial function interact with host targets, minimizing viral resistance, and (2) host mitochondrial metabolism plays key roles in HCMV replication. This review describes how HCMV alters mitochondrial function and highlights pharmacological targets that can be exploited for novel antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn O Bachman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kevin J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Lee S, Kim H, Hong A, Song J, Lee S, Kim M, Hwang SY, Jeong D, Kim J, Son A, Lee YS, Kim VN, Kim JS, Chang H, Ahn K. Functional and molecular dissection of HCMV long non-coding RNAs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19303. [PMID: 36369338 PMCID: PMC9652368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, compact genomes confer a selective advantage to viruses, yet human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs); RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0. Little is known about the function of these lncRNAs in the virus life cycle. Here, we dissected the functional and molecular landscape of HCMV lncRNAs. We found that HCMV lncRNAs occupy ~ 30% and 50-60% of total and poly(A)+viral transcriptome, respectively, throughout virus life cycle. RNA1.2, RNA2.7, and RNA4.9, the three abundantly expressed lncRNAs, appear to be essential in all infection states. Among these three lncRNAs, depletion of RNA2.7 and RNA4.9 results in the greatest defect in maintaining latent reservoir and promoting lytic replication, respectively. Moreover, we delineated the global post-transcriptional nature of HCMV lncRNAs by nanopore direct RNA sequencing and interactome analysis. We revealed that the lncRNAs are modified with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and interact with m6A readers in all infection states. In-depth analysis demonstrated that m6A machineries stabilize HCMV lncRNAs, which could account for the overwhelming abundance of viral lncRNAs. Our study lays the groundwork for understanding the viral lncRNA-mediated regulation of host-virus interaction throughout the HCMV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Hong
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Song
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyul Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeonghwan Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-yeon Hwang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Jeong
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesoo Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyeon Son
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-suk Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - V. Narry Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-seo Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeshik Chang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseog Ahn
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Institute for Basic Science, Center for RNA Research, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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Perera MR, Sinclair JH. The Human Cytomegalovirus β2.7 Long Non-Coding RNA Prevents Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species to Maintain Viral Gene Silencing during Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911017. [PMID: 36232315 PMCID: PMC9569889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant source of disease for the immunosuppressed and immunonaive. The treatment of HCMV is made more problematic by viral latency, a lifecycle stage in which the virus reduces its own gene expression and produces no infectious virus. The most highly expressed viral gene during HCMV latency is the viral β2.7 long non-coding RNA. Although we have recently shown that the β2.7 lncRNA lowers levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection in monocytes, how this impacts latency is unclear. We now show that β2.7 is important for establishing and maintaining HCMV latency by aiding the suppression of viral lytic gene expression and that this is directly related to its ability to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consistent with this, we also find that exogenous inducers of ROS cause reactivation of latent HCMV. These effects can be compensated by treatment with an antioxidant to lower ROS levels. Finally, we show that ROS-mediated reactivation is independent of myeloid differentiation, but instead relies on NF-κB activation. Altogether, these results reveal a novel factor that is central to the complex process that underpins HCMV latency. These findings may be of particular relevance in the transplant setting, in which transplanted tissue/organs are subject to very high ROS levels, and HCMV reactivation poses a significant threat.
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Yu Z, Wang J, Nan F, Shi W, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Human Cytomegalovirus Induced Aberrant Expression of Non-coding RNAs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918213. [PMID: 35770158 PMCID: PMC9234646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus whose genome consists of double stranded linear DNA. HCMV genome can generate non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) through transcription in its host cells. Besides that, HCMV infection also changes the ncRNAs expression profile of the host cells. ncRNAs play a key role in maintaining the normal physiological activity of cells, and the disorder of ncRNAs expression has numerous adverse effects on cells. However, until now, the relationship between ncRNAs and HCMV-induced adverse effects are not summarized in detail. This review aims to give a systematic summary of the role of HCMV infection in ncRNAs expression while providing insights into the molecular mechanism of unnormal cellular events caused by ncRNAs disorder. ncRNAs disorder induced by HCMV infection is highly associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and immune regulation, as well as the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the potential role of biomarker. We summarize the studies on HCMV associated ncRNAs disorder and suggest innovative strategies for eliminating the adverse effects caused by HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyi Shi
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang,
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