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Prakash Rao VC, Ramakrishnaiah S, Isloor S, Doddamane R, Lakshman D, Maralavadi MSSR, Bhat A, Chandrashekar B, Natesan K, Kondabattula G, Hegde NR. Assessment of Immune Responses to Rabies Vaccination in Free-Ranging Dogs in Bengaluru, India. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050888. [PMID: 37242992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis mainly transmitted to humans and other animals by rabid dog bites. Hence, vaccination programs are being instituted for the control of rabies in dogs. Though stray dogs have been vaccinated for years under various programs initiated for control of the disease, the effectiveness of these programs can be ascertained only by assessing the immunity of these dogs. With this in view, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the ongoing mass dog vaccination (MDV) program by the Bengaluru City Municipal Corporation, Bengaluru, India. Whole blood and serum samples (n = 260) from vaccinated stray dogs in 26 wards of 8 corporation zones were tested by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) as well as an in-house quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for a humoral response and by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA for a cellular response. As determined by the cut-off value of 0.5 IU/mL of serum, 71% and 87% of the samples from vaccinated dogs revealed adequate levels of antibodies presumed to confer protection by RFFIT and iELISA, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the iELISA were 100% and 63.3%, respectively. The IFN-γ ELISA revealed adequate cellular response in 50% of the samples. The quantitative iELISA was found to be useful in large-scale seromonitoring of MDV programs to aid in the elimination of dog-mediated rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chavan Prakash Rao
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Dilip Lakshman
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Avinash Bhat
- Trouw Nutrition India Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad 500032, India
| | | | - Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
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Special Issue “Innovative Techniques and Approaches in the Control and Prevention of Rabies Virus”. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050845. [PMID: 35632587 PMCID: PMC9144731 DOI: 10.3390/v14050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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