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Bauhofer AFL, Ussivane É, Chissaque A, Iahaia F, Pololo R, Campos F, Miranda E, António L, Maholela P, Gatambire A, Djedje M, Ráice F, Gonçalves L, de Deus N, Inlamea O. SARS-CoV-2 in Mozambican primary school-aged children at Maputo City and Province: a cross-sectional study from a low-income country. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:425. [PMID: 38956534 PMCID: PMC11221092 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroprevalence studies provide information on the true extent of infection and capture demographic and geographic differences, indicating the level of immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We sought to provide local evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in school-aged children during in-class teaching in Maputo City and Province, Mozambique. METHODS Between August and November 2022, we performed a cross-sectional study in school-aged children in four schools in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas of Maputo City and Province. A point-of-care test was used to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 antigens and anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of the antigens and antibodies. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the factors associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RESULTS A total of 736 school-aged children were analyzed. The prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen was 0.5% (4/736). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens was 0.0% (0/245), 0.8% (2/240) and 0.8% (2/251), in the rural, peri-urban and urban areas respectively. The overall seroprevalence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG or IgM) was 80.7% (594/736). In rural area anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM antibodies were detected in 76.7% (188/245), while in peri-urban area they were detected in 80.0% (192/240) and in urban area they were detected in 85.3% (214/251). In the adjusted logistic regression model, school-aged children from the urban area were more likely to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM antibodies than were school-aged children from the rural area (adjusted odds ratio: 1.679; 95% CI: 1.060-2.684; p-value = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS During the in-class teaching period, active SARS-CoV-2 cases in school-aged children were observed. More than half of the school-aged children were exposed to SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 was significantly more common in the schools at the urban area than in the school in the rural area at Maputo City and Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique.
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Édio Ussivane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Assucênio Chissaque
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Iahaia
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ramígio Pololo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Fernanda Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Emerson Miranda
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luciana António
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Plácida Maholela
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Aline Gatambire
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Marlene Djedje
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Fátima Ráice
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luzia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- z-Stat4life, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nilsa de Deus
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Osvaldo Inlamea
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela, Distrito de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
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Suryawanshi YR. An overview of protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:6174-6193. [PMID: 37699784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic which, to date, has resulted in an estimated loss of over 15 million human lives globally and continues to have negative social, and economic implications worldwide. Vaccine platforms that can be quickly updated to counter newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are critical in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Messenger RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can be easily updated and have shown superior efficacy over other vaccine types, yet their high cost, reactogenicity, and stringent need for ultracold storage limit their accessibility. Global access to economic, safe, and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is a critical step toward reducing COVID-19-associated mortality and ending the pandemic. Several protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines targeting the spike protein (or its receptor-binding domain) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in clinical studies. Moreover, protein-based vaccines can be updated to immunize against new virus variants. Protein-based vaccines do not contain live viruses and are safe to use in immunocompromised and elderly populations, and can be optimized to improve the immune outcome in these poorly immunoresponsive individuals by using adjuvants. SARS-CoV-2 shows high genetic variability, similar to other RNA viruses, and protein-based vaccines are an economically feasible vaccine platform that can be used to design new vaccines with durable protective immunity, in addition to expanding the vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh R Suryawanshi
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group and Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Kamaraj S, Patel AB, Sharma N, Chen ZS. Recent review of COVID-19 management: diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1120-1148. [PMID: 36214969 PMCID: PMC9549062 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The idiopathic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached global proportions; the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a public health emergency during the month of January 30, 2020. The major causes of the rise of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are genetic mutations and recombination. Some of the variants with high infection and transmission rates are termed as variants of concern (VOCs) like currently Omicron variants. Pregnant women, aged people, and immunosuppressed and compromised patients constitute the most susceptible human population to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially to the new evolving VOCs. To effectively manage the pathological condition of infection, the focus should be directed towards prevention and prophylactic approach. In this narrative review, we aimed to analyze the current scenario of COVID-19 management and discuss the treatment and prevention strategies. We also focused on the complications prevalent during the COVID-19 and post-COVID period and to discuss the novel approaches developed for mitigation of the global pandemic. We have also emphasized on the COVID-19 management approaches for the special population including children, pregnant women, aged groups, and immunocompromised patients. We conclude that the advancements in therapeutic and pharmacological domains have provided opportunities to develop and design novel diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. New advanced techniques such as RT-LAMP, RT-qPCR, High-Resolution Computed Tomography, etc., efficiently diagnose patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the case of treatment options, new drugs like paxlovid, combinations of β-lactum drugs and molnupiravir are found to be effective against even the new emerging variants. In addition, vaccination is an essential approach to prevent the infection or to reduce its severity. Vaccines for against COVID-19 from Comirnaty by Pfizer-BioNTech, SpikeVax by Moderna, and Vaxzevria by Oxford-AstraZeneca are approved and used widely. Similarly, numerous vaccines have been developed with different percentages of effectiveness against VOCs. New developments like nanotechnology and AI can be beneficial in providing an efficient and reliable solution for the suppression of SARS-CoV-2. Public health concerns can be efficiently treated by a unified scientific approach, public engagement, and better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- grid.419037.80000 0004 1765 7930Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sathvika Kamaraj
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Aayushi B. Patel
- grid.419037.80000 0004 1765 7930Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- grid.264091.80000 0001 1954 7928Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY 11439 USA
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