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Poppens M, Ruci A, Davis J. Cutaneous Applications of the Antiviral Drug Cidofovir: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2462. [PMID: 38730991 PMCID: PMC11084884 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cidofovir, an antiviral drug approved for cytomegalovirus retinitis, has emerged as an alternative treatment option for virally induced cutaneous and mucocutaneous conditions, as well as being trialed as a treatment for select neoplasms. In this review, we highlight the existing evidence, clinical uses, and rationale of using cidofovir for the treatment of cutaneous pathologies. Methods: A PubMed database literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles for inclusion in this review. Results: Cidofovir has several cutaneous applications in various formulations including intravenous, topical, and subcutaneous administrations. Primarily through case reports, case series, and retrospective reviews, cidofovir has demonstrated efficacy in treating a variety of virally induced conditions-verruca vulgaris, herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum-as well as in adjuvant treatment for select neoplasms. The drug has shown efficacy in immunocompromised and immunocompetent adults and children alike. Conclusions: The body of literature supports the use of cidofovir as an effective and well-tolerated treatment for many viral cutaneous pathologies, and encourages further study for its use as an adjuvant therapy for neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKayla Poppens
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90404, USA
| | - Amanda Ruci
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90404, USA
| | - Jeremy Davis
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 2020 Santa Monica Blvd #510, Los Angeles, CA 90404, USA
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Chaurasia S, Rastogi V, Maddheshiya N, Dhungel D, Ramalingam K. Eyelid Lesion of Molluscum contagiosum: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e52272. [PMID: 38357070 PMCID: PMC10865165 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common viral infection in children that affects the skin and oral mucous membranes. It is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a double-stranded DNA virus in the Poxviridae family. Transmission takes place via direct skin contact, self-inoculation, and exposure to contaminated objects. Clinically, it is characterized by the presence of a single or multiple enlarged dome-shaped or doughnut-shaped flesh-colored papules with central umbilication, usually called "mollusca". The diagnosis of MC is based mainly on clinical observations, in addition to histopathological examinations to reveal characteristic molluscum bodies, also known as Henderson-Patterson bodies. Current treatment methods include mechanical, chemical, immune modulation, and antiviral treatments. In this context, we present a case involving a 42-year-old male infected with MC, outlining both the clinical and histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chaurasia
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Varun Rastogi
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Nisha Maddheshiya
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IND
| | - Dilasha Dhungel
- Oral Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, NPL
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Santacroce L, Magrone T. Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: Biology and Immune Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:151-170. [PMID: 38801577 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus and Monkeypox virus. MCV belongs to the genus Molluscipoxvirus and has a tropism for skin tissue. MCV infects keratinocytes and, after an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 weeks, causes a breakdown of the skin barrier with the development of papules of variable size depending on the proper functioning of the immune response (both adaptive and acquired). MCV only infects humans and does not cause viraemia. MCV encodes for several inhibitory proteins responsible to circumvent the immune response through different signalling pathways. Individuals who can be infected with MCV are children, immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Current treatments to manage MCV-induced lesions are different and include the use of immunomodulators, which, however, do not provide an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Thea Magrone
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Achdiat PA, Andiani S, Hindritiani R, Gondokaryono SP, Nuzuliyah G, Usman HA, Maharani RH. Molluscum Contagiosum in HIV Patient Treated with 20% Topical Glycolic Acid After Resistance with Topical Tretinoin. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2749-2755. [PMID: 37794945 PMCID: PMC10546996 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s423304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a benign papular skin infection caused by Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). Over the past 30 years, the incidence of MK has continued to increased association with sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The incidence of MC in HIV patients is quite high at 5-8%. Until now there is no standard therapy used for the treatment of MC in patients with HIV. In HIV patients, anti retro viral therapy (ARV) is the main therapy with several other additional therapies such as cantaridin, chemical peeling agents such as glycolic acid (20-70%) and trichloroacetic acid (20-100%), cryosurgery, electrosurgery, incision, lactic acid, laser surgery, podophyllin, retinoic acid, and urea. There have been no studies regarding the administration of topical 20% glycolic acid in MC patients. We report a case of MC in an HIV patient who was treated with 20% topical glycolic acid after failing treatment with topical tretinoin. The diagnosis was made clinically, cytologically, and histopathologically, a white mass was found on compression of the lesion and Henderson-Paterson bodies. The lesions on the face, arms, and legs were given glycolic acid lotion 20% which was applied once a day at night. The lesions started to show responses to the treatment at week 6th as some of the MC papules became hyperpigmented macules. The side effects of therapy that appeared were itching and hyperpigmentation. Topical 20% glycolic acid can be used for MC therapy with minimal side effects, easy to apply and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pati Aji Achdiat
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Syafira Andiani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Reti Hindritiani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Srie Prihianti Gondokaryono
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Gempita Nuzuliyah
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hermin Aminah Usman
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran – Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Retno Hesty Maharani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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