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Leandro DB, Celerino da Silva R, Rodrigues JKF, Leite MCG, Arraes LC, Coelho AVC, Crovella S, Zupin L, Guimarães RL. Clinical-Epidemiological Characteristics and IFITM-3 (rs12252) Variant Involvement in HIV-1 Mother-to-Children Transmission Susceptibility in a Brazilian Population. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020397. [PMID: 36836754 PMCID: PMC9959554 DOI: 10.3390/life13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-children transmission (MTCT) is the main infection route for HIV-1 in children, and may occur during pregnancy, delivery, and/or postpartum. It is a multifactorial phenomenon, where genetic variants play an important role. This study aims at analyzing the influence of clinical epidemiological characteristics and a variant (rs12252) in interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM-3), a gene encoding an important viral restriction factor, on the susceptibility to HIV-1 mother-to-children transmission (MTCT). A case-control study was performed on 209 HIV-1-infected mothers and their exposed infected (87) and uninfected (122) children from Pernambuco, Brazil. Clinical-epidemiological characteristics are significantly associated with MTCT susceptibility. Transmitter mothers have a significantly lower age at delivery, late diagnosis, deficiency in ART use (pregnancy and delivery), and detectable viral load in the third trimester of pregnancy compared with non-transmitter mothers. Infected children show late diagnosis, vaginal delivery frequency, and tend to breastfeed, differing significantly from uninfected children. The IFITM-3 rs12252-C allele and TC/CC genotypes (dominant model) are significantly more frequent among infected than uninfected children, but the statistical significance does not remain when adjusted for clinical factors. No significant differences are observed between transmitter and non-transmitter mothers in relation to the IFITM-3 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Bernardes Leandro
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Departament of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Jessyca Kalynne Farias Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Carollayne Gonçalves Leite
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Arraes
- Institute of Medicine Integral of Pernambuco Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP-PE), Rua dos Coelhos, 300, Boa Vista, Recife 50070-902, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Adapts Antiviral Innate Immunity via Manipulating MALT1. mBio 2022; 13:e0066422. [PMID: 35467421 PMCID: PMC9239189 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To fulfill virus replication and persistent infection in hosts, viruses have to find ways to compromise innate immunity, including timely impedance on antiviral RNases and inflammatory responses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major swine pathogen causing immune suppression. MALT1 is a central immune regulator in both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, MALT1 was confirmed to be induced rapidly upon PRRSV infection and mediate the degradation of two anti-PRRSV RNases, MCPIP1 and N4BP1, relying on its proteolytic activity, consequently facilitating PRRSV replication. Multiple PRRSV nsps, including nsp11, nsp7β, and nsp4, contributed to MALT1 elicitation. Interestingly, the elevated expression of MALT1 began to decrease once intracellular viral expression reached a high enough level. Higher infection dose brought earlier MALT1 inflection. Further, PRRSV nsp6 mediated significant MALT1 degradation via ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Downregulation of MALT1 suppressed NF-κB signals, leading to the decrease in proinflammatory cytokine expression. In conclusion, MALT1 expression was manipulated by PRRSV in an elaborate manner to antagonize precisely the antiviral effects of host RNases without excessive and continuous activation of inflammatory responses. These findings throw light on the machinery of PRRSV to build homeostasis in infected immune system for viral settlement.
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HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and Strategies. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7316456. [PMID: 34631899 PMCID: PMC8494587 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7316456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, a residual chronic immune activation/inflammation persists throughout the disease. This aberrant immune activation and inflammation are considered an accelerator of non-AIDS-related events and one of the driving forces of CD4+ T cell depletion. Unfortunately, HIV-associated immune activation is driven by various factors, while the mechanism of excessive inflammation has not been formally clarified. To date, several clinical interventions or treatment candidates undergoing clinical trials have been proposed to combat this systemic immune activation/inflammation. However, these strategies revealed limited results, or their nonspecific anti-inflammatory properties are similar to previous interventions. Here, we reviewed recent learnings of immune activation and persisting inflammation associated with HIV infection, as well as the current directions to overcome it. Of note, a more profound understanding of the specific mechanisms for aberrant inflammation is still imperative for identifying an effective clinical intervention strategy.
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Rodriguez M, Lapierre J, Ojha CR, Pawitwar S, Karuppan MKM, Kashanchi F, El-Hage N. Morphine counteracts the antiviral effect of antiretroviral drugs and causes upregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and histone-modifying enzymes in HIV-infected astrocytes. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:263-274. [PMID: 30746609 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated neurological disorders are increasingly prominent among the HIV-infected population and are likely driven by the toxicity from long-term use of antiretroviral drugs. We explored potential side effects of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected primary human astrocytes and whether opioid co-exposure exacerbates the response. HIV-infected human astrocytes were exposed to the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine, alone or in combination with two protease inhibitors ritonavir and atazanavir (ERA) with and without morphine co-exposure. The effect of the protease inhibitor, lopinavir, alone or in combination with the protease inhibitor, abacavir, and the integrase inhibitor, raltegravir (LAR), with and without morphine co-exposure was also explored. Exposure with emtricitabine alone or ERA in HIV-infected astrocytes caused a significant decrease in viral replication and attenuated HIV-induced inflammatory molecules, while co-exposure with morphine negated the inhibitory effects of ERA, leading to increased viral replication and inflammatory molecules. Exposure with emtricitabine alone or in combination with morphine caused a significant disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Genetic analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of p62/SQSTM1 which correlated with an increase in the histone-modifying enzyme, ESCO2, after exposure with ERA alone or in combination with morphine. Furthermore, several histone-modifying enzymes such as CIITA, PRMT8, and HDAC10 were also increased with LAR exposure alone or in combination with morphine. Accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 is indicative of dysfunctional lysosomal fusion. Together with the loss of mitochondrial integrity and epigenetic changes, these effects may lead to enhanced viral titer and inflammatory molecules contributing to the neuropathology associated with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Shashank Pawitwar
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Mohan Kumar Muthu Karuppan
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
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Wang Z, Lu J, Li C, Li Q, Pang Y. Characterization of the LECT2 gene and its protective effects against microbial infection via large lymphocytes in Lampetra japonica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:75-85. [PMID: 29056545 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is a multifunctional protein of the innate immune system that defends against bacterial infections and chemotactic activity. However, its precise function in lamprey remains unclear. In this study, a novel LECT2 gene was first cloned from Lampetra japonica. The full-length cDNA sequence of L-LECT2 consists of a 606-bp ORF encoding a protein of 201 amino acid residues. L-LECT2 has greater than 50% sequence identity with its homologs in jawed vertebrates. FACS and immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine that the L-LECT2 protein was primarily distributed in the intestines and supraneural body tissues of lamprey, also marginally detectable in leukocytes. However, the expression of L-LECT2 was differentially upregulated in the intestines and heart after treatment with LPS. The recombinant L-LECT2 resulted in significant promoting migration of the leukocytes in vitro. Our data demonstrate that L-LECT2 treatment could enhance phagocytosis in lamprey large lymphocytes. Thus, our results suggest that LECT2 can modulate the host defense in lamprey and mediate antibacterial protection against E.coli through large lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Changzhi Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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Mechanism of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Induction in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00744-17. [PMID: 28768867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00744-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the complex interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system in different ways. We have previously shown that HIV inhibits type I and III interferons in its key target cells but directly stimulates a subset of >20 ISGs in macrophages and dendritic cells, many of which are antiviral. Here, we examine the mechanism of induction of ISGs and show this occurs in two phases. The first phase was transient (0 to 24 h postinfection [hpi]), induced mainly by extracellular vesicles and one of its component proteins, HSP90α, contained within the HIV inoculum. The second, dominant, and persistent phase (>48 hpi) was induced via newly transcribed HIV RNA and sensed via RIGI, as shown by the reduction in ISG expression after the knockdown of the RIGI adaptor, MAVS, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the inhibition of both the initiation and elongation of HIV transcription by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transcriptional silencing. We further define the induction pathway, showing sequential HIV RNA stimulation via Tat, RIGI, MAVS, IRF1, and IRF7, also identified by siRNA knockdown. IRF1 also plays a key role in the first phase. We also show that the ISGs IFIT1 to -3 inhibit HIV production, measured as extracellular infectious virus. All induced antiviral ISGs probably lead to restriction of HIV replication in macrophages, contributing to a persistent, noncytopathic infection, while the inhibition of interferon facilitates spread to adjacent cells. Both may influence the size of macrophage HIV reservoirs in vivo Elucidating the mechanisms of ISG induction may help in devising immunotherapeutic strategies to limit the size of these reservoirs.IMPORTANCE HIV, like other viruses, manipulates the antiviral interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system to facilitate its initial infection and establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV specifically inhibits all type I and III interferons in its target cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. It also induces a subset of over 20 ISGs of differing compositions in each cell target. This occurs in two temporal phases in macrophages. Extracellular vesicles contained within the inoculum induce the first, transient phase of ISGs. Newly transcribed HIV RNA induce the second, dominant ISG phase, and here, the full induction pathway is defined. Therefore, HIV nucleic acids, which are potent inducers of interferon and ISGs, are initially concealed, and antiviral ISGs are not fully induced until replication is well established. These antiviral ISGs may contribute to persistent infection in macrophages and to the establishment of viral reservoirs in vivo.
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Importance of Autophagy in Mediating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Morphine-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction and Inflammation in Human Astrocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080201. [PMID: 28788100 PMCID: PMC5580458 DOI: 10.3390/v9080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the function of astrocytes in providing brain metabolic support is compromised under pathophysiological conditions caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids. Herein, we examined the role of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway important for cellular homeostasis and survival, as a potential regulatory mechanism during pathophysiological conditions in primary human astrocytes. Blocking autophagy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting BECN1, but not the Autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) gene, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced intracellular calcium release. On the contrary, inducing autophagy pharmacologically with rapamycin further enhanced calcium release and significantly reverted HIV and morphine-decreased glutamate uptake. Furthermore, siBeclin1 caused an increase in HIV-induced nitric oxide (NO) release, while viral-induced NO in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin was decreased. HIV replication was significantly attenuated in astrocytes transfected with siRNA while significantly induced in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin. Silencing with siBeclin1, but not siATG5, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release, while secretion of IL-8 was significantly induced with rapamycin. Mechanistically, the effects of siBeclin1 in decreasing HIV-induced calcium release, viral replication, and viral-induced cytokine secretion were associated with a decrease in activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.
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Hu Y, O’Boyle K, Auer J, Raju S, You F, Wang P, Fikrig E, Sutton RE. Multiple UBXN family members inhibit retrovirus and lentivirus production and canonical NFκΒ signaling by stabilizing IκBα. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006187. [PMID: 28152074 PMCID: PMC5308826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UBXN proteins likely participate in the global regulation of protein turnover, and we have shown that UBXN1 interferes with RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling by interacting with MAVS and impeding its downstream effector functions. Here we demonstrate that over-expression of multiple UBXN family members decreased lentivirus and retrovirus production by several orders-of-magnitude in single cycle assays, at the level of long terminal repeat-driven transcription, and three family members, UBXN1, N9, and N11 blocked the canonical NFκB pathway by binding to Cullin1 (Cul1), inhibiting IκBα degradation. Multiple regions of UBXN1, including its UBA domain, were critical for its activity. Elimination of UBXN1 resulted in early murine embryonic lethality. shRNA-mediated knockdown of UBXN1 enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) production up to 10-fold in single cycle assays. In primary human fibroblasts, knockdown of UBXN1 caused prolonged degradation of IκBα and enhanced NFκB signaling, which was also observed after CRISPR-mediated knockout of UBXN1 in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Knockout of UBXN1 significantly up- and down-regulated hundreds of genes, notably those of several cell adhesion and immune signaling pathways. Reduction in UBXN1 gene expression in Jurkat T cells latently infected with HIV resulted in enhanced HIV gene expression, consistent with the role of UBXN1 in modulating the NFκB pathway. Based upon co-immunoprecipitation studies with host factors known to bind Cul1, models are presented as to how UBXN1 could be inhibiting Cul1 activity. The ability of UBXN1 and other family members to negatively regulate the NFκB pathway may be important for dampening the host immune response in disease processes and also re-activating quiescent HIV from latent viral reservoirs in chronically infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Hu
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin O’Boyle
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jim Auer
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sagar Raju
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Fuping You
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Penghua Wang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Sutton
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tomalka J, Ghneim K, Bhattacharyya S, Aid M, Barouch DH, Sekaly RP, Ribeiro SP. The sooner the better: innate immunity as a path toward the HIV cure. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:85-91. [PMID: 27497036 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To combat the diverse pathogens that infect humans, the immune system has evolved complex and diverse transcriptional signatures, which drive differential cellular and humoral responses. These signatures are induced by immune receptor sensing of pathogens and by cytokines produced at the earliest onset of infection. The specific nature of immune activation is as critical to pathogen clearance as the induction of an adaptive immune response. This is particularly true for HIV, which has developed numerous immune evasion mechanisms. In this review, we will highlight recent findings that show the differential role for early innate immune responses in promoting infection versus clearance and demonstrate the need for continued research on these pathways for development of effective HIV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Tomalka
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Rodriguez M, Kaushik A, Lapierre J, Dever SM, El-Hage N, Nair M. Electro-Magnetic Nano-Particle Bound Beclin1 siRNA Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier to Attenuate the Inflammatory Effects of HIV-1 Infection in Vitro. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 12:120-132. [PMID: 27287620 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel drug delivery system comprised of ferric-cobalt electro-magnetic nano-material (CoFe2O4@ BaTiO3; MENP) bound to siRNA targeting Beclin1 (MENP-siBeclin1) to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and attenuate the neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system following on-demand release of siRNA using an in vitro primary human BBB model. Beclin1 is a key protein in the regulation of the autophagy pathway and we have recently demonstrated the importance of Beclin1 in regulating viral replication and viral-induced inflammation in HIV-1-infected microglia. The MENP-siBeclin1 nano-formulation did not compromise the physiological function or integrity of the BBB model. Furthermore, the in vitro BBB data revealed that MENP-siBeclin1 could efficiently attenuate viral replication and viral-induced inflammation, likely due to STAT1/ NF-κB signaling pathways. MENP-siBeclin1 also silenced Beclin1 protein expression in HIV-1-infected microglial cells within the model system. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of direct treatment with siBeclin1 and MENP alone or in nano-formulation on primary human neuronal cells showed a minimal amount of cell death. Overall, the data shows that the nano-formulation can silence the BECN1 gene as an effective mechanism to attenuate HIV-1 replication and viral-induced inflammation in the context of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Seth M Dever
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Reducing IRF-1 to Levels Observed in HESN Subjects Limits HIV Replication, But Not the Extent of Host Immune Activation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e259. [PMID: 26506037 PMCID: PMC4881757 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells from women who are epidemiologically deemed resistant to HIV infection exhibit a 40-60% reduction in endogenous IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor-1), an essential regulator of host antiviral immunity and the early HIV replication. This study examined the functional consequences of reducing endogenous IRF-1 on HIV-1 replication and immune response to HIV in natural HIV target cells. IRF-1 knockdown was achieved in ex vivo CD4(+) T cells and monocytes with siRNA. IRF-1 level was assessed using flow cytometry, prior to infection with HIV-Bal, HIV-IIIB, or HIV-VSV-G. Transactivation of HIV long terminal repeats was assessed by p24 secretion (ELISA) and Gag expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). The expression of IRF-1-regulated antiviral genes was quantitated with RT-PCR. A modest 20-40% reduction in endogenous IRF-1 was achieved in >87% of ex vivo-derived peripheral CD4(+) T cells and monocytes, resulted in >90% reduction in the transactivation of the HIV-1 genes (Gag, p24) and, hence, HIV replication. Curiously, these HIV-resistant women demonstrated normal immune responses, nor an increased susceptibility to other infection. Similarly, modest IRF-1 knockdown had limited impact on the magnitude of HIV-1-elicited activation of IRF-1-regulated host immunologic genes but resulted in lessened duration of these responses. These data suggest that early expression of HIV-1 genes requires a higher IRF-1 level, compared to the host antiviral genes. Together, these provide one key mechanism underlying the natural resistance against HIV infection and further suggest that modest IRF-1 reduction could effectively limit productive HIV infection yet remain sufficient to activate a robust but transient immune response.
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12
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Yndart A, Kaushik A, Agudelo M, Raymond A, Atluri VS, Saxena SK, Nair M. Investigation of Neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 Clade B and C Infection Associated with IL-33 and ST2 Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1600-12. [PMID: 26110635 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In present research work, for the first time, we demonstrate that neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 clade B and C infection is associated with IL-33 and ST2 dysregulation, that is, implication toward neuropathogenesis. It is known that neuropathogenesis of HIV infected individuals is clade dependent. Proinflammatory cytokines and related receptors play a significant role in the complex regulatory mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 infection. Among them, IL-33 is an inflammatory cytokine expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and activates microglia cells and may affect neuroimmune inflammatory processes involved in HIV neuropathogenesis. Beside this, IL-33 receptor (ST2) plays a role in neuroinflammatory processes through the modulation of the biological action of IL-33. quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry experiments were performed to elucidate the role of IL-33/ST2 in HIV neuropathogenesis in CNS cells. Apoptosis and mechanisms of IL-33 in neuronal cells were studied using caspase-3 assay and RT-PCR. Results of the studies suggest that the infection in CNS cells with HIV-1 clade B resulted in higher levels of IL-33/ST2L expression compared to HIV-1 clade C infection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of IL-33 were associated with a decrease in myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) expression, a transcription factor that regulates synaptic function, and an increase in apoptosis, NOD2, and SLC11A1 in clade B infection. This led to neuroinflammation which dysregulates synaptic function and apoptosis. These parameters are common in neuroAIDS provoked by HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Yndart
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Andrea Raymond
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Venkata S. Atluri
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 (TS), India
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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13
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Pang Y, Liu S, Zheng Z, Liu X, Li Q. Identification and characterization of the lamprey IRF gene. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Boisseau M, Lambotte O, Galicier L, Lerolle N, Marzac C, Aumont C, Coppo P, Fardet L. Epstein-Barr virus viral load in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:423-7. [PMID: 25746607 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2015.1007475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication poorly, we hypothesized that reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) in these patients may be associated with poor control of EBV. The files of 314 patients with a suspected diagnosis of HS were retrospectively reviewed. EBV viral load at the time of HS was compared between HIV-positive and -negative patients. A confirmed diagnosis of HS was made in 162 patients [109 males, median age 48 (35-62) years]. Among them, 61 (38%) were HIV positive [median HIV viral load 3.2 (1.6-5.5) log/ml, median CD4 count 94 (28-190)/mm(3)]. The median EBV viral load was significantly higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative patients [4.0 (2.9-4.6) vs 2.5 (0-4.2) log/ml, p = 0.002]. It was higher both in patients with hematological malignancy-associated HS [4.0 (2.9-4.4) vs 2.9 (0-4.9) log/ml, p = 0.03] and in patients with infection-associated HS [3.9 (0-4.9) vs 0 (0-4.1) log/ml, p = 0.14]. However, EBV viral load was not significantly higher in HIV-infected patients with confirmed HS than in HIV-infected patients for whom HS was unlikely [4.0 (2.9-4.6) vs 3.9 (2.6-4.1) log/ml, p = 0.48].The high EBV viral load observed in HIV-infected patients with HS may be more likely to reflect the chronic HIV infection than to be the direct trigger of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Boisseau
- From the AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard , Paris , France
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15
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Guha D, Klamar CR, Reinhart T, Ayyavoo V. Transcriptional Regulation of CXCL5 in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Functional Consequences on CNS Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:373-84. [PMID: 25536401 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes/macrophages and microglia release increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including ELR+ (containing glutamic acid-leucine-arginine motif) chemokines. To investigate the role of HIV-1 infection on chemokine regulation, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from normal donors were infected with HIV-1 and the expression of chemokines and their downstream biological functions were evaluated. Among the tested chemokines, CXCL5 was upregulated significantly both at the mRNA and protein level in the HIV-1-infected MDMs compared with mock-infected cultures. Upregulation of CXCL5 in the HIV-1-infected MDMs is, in part, regulated by increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Functional analyses indicate that HIV-1-induced overexpression of CXCL5 has enhanced the ability to attract neutrophils, as observed by chemotaxis assay. However, exposure of NT2, SH-SY5Y cells, and primary neurons to HIV-1-infected MDM supernatants resulted in cell death that was not rescued by anti-CXCL5 antibody suggesting that CXCL5 does not have direct effect on neuronal death. Together, these results suggest that the increased level of CXCL5 in tissue compartments, including the central nervous system of HIV-1-infected individuals might alter the inflammatory response through the infiltration of neutrophils into tissue compartment, thus causing secondary effects on resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Enhanced human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 expression and neuropathogenesis in knockout mice lacking Type I interferon responses. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:59-71. [PMID: 24335529 PMCID: PMC3871403 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of Type I interferon (IFN) in human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) neuropathogenesis are poorly understood; both protective and deleterious effects of IFN signaling have been described. We used genetically modified mice deficient in the Type I IFN receptor (IFNRKO) to analyze the progress of HIV-1 brain infection and neuropathogenesis in the absence of IFN signaling. IFNRKO and wild-type (WT) mice on the 129xSv/Ev or C57BL/6 strain backgrounds were infected systemically with EcoHIV, a chimeric HIV-1 that productively infects mice. IFNRKO mice showed higher HIV-1 expression in spleen and peritoneal macrophages and greater virus infiltration into the brain compared to WT mice. Neuropathogenesis was studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction analyses of brain tissues after the virus was inoculated into the brain by stereotaxic intracerebral injection. Both IFNRKO and WT mice showed readily detectable HIV-1 and brain lesions, including microglial activation, astrocytosis, and increased expression of genes coding for inflammatory cytokines and chemokines typical of human HIV-1 brain disease. Parameters of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, including HIV-1 expression in microglia/macrophages, were significantly greater in IFNRKO than in WT mice. Our results show unequivocally that Type I IFN signaling and responses limit HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in the brains of mice.
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17
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Cheng X, Ratner L. HIV-2 Vpx protein interacts with interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and inhibits its function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9146-57. [PMID: 24532789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members have been implicated as critical transcription factors that function in immune responses, hematopoietic differentiation, and cell growth regulation. Activation of IRF5 results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL6, and IL12, as well as type I interferons. In this study, we demonstrate that HIV-2 Vpx interacts with IRF5, and Vpx inhibits IRF5-mediated transactivation. Expression of Vpx in THP-1 cells reduced mRNA levels and protein production of Toll-like receptor-dependent IL6, IL12p40, and TNFα induced by lipopolysaccharide, R848, and ODN2216. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that Vpx expression results in decreased promoter binding activity of IRF5. This study provides new insights into mechanisms employed by HIV-2 to counteract innate immune defenses against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Cheng
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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18
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Heigele A, Camerini D, van't Wout AB, Kirchhoff F. Viremic long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection is not associated with abnormalities in known Nef functions. Retrovirology 2014; 11:13. [PMID: 24495362 PMCID: PMC3927655 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A small minority of HIV-1-infected individuals show low levels of immune activation and do not develop immunodeficiency despite high viral loads. Since the accessory viral Nef protein modulates T cell activation and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AIDS, we investigated whether specific properties of Nef may be associated with this highly unusual clinical outcome of HIV-1 infection. Findings Comprehensive functional analyses of sequential HIV-1 strains from three viremic long-term non-progressors (VNP) showed that they encode full-length Nef proteins that are capable of modulating CD4, CD28, CD8ß, MHC-I and CD74 cell surface expression. Similar to Nef proteins from HIV-1-infected individuals with progressive infection (P-Nefs) and unlike Nefs from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that do not cause chronic immune activation and disease in their natural simian hosts, VNP-Nefs were generally unable to down-modulate TCR-CD3 cell surface expression to block T cell activation and apoptosis. On average, VNP-Nefs suppressed NF-AT activation less effectively than P-Nefs and were slightly less active in enhancing NF-κB activity. Finally, we found that VNP-Nefs increased virion infectivity and enhanced HIV-1 replication and cytopathicity in primary human cells and in ex vivo infected lymphoid tissues. Conclusions Our results show that nef alleles from VNPs and progressors of HIV-1 infection show only modest differences in established functions. Thus, the lack of chronic immune activation and disease progression in HIV-1-infected VNPs is apparently not associated with unusual functional properties of the accessory viral Nef protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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19
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Wermuth PJ, Jimenez SA. Induction of a type I interferon signature in normal human monocytes by gadolinium-based contrast agents: comparison of linear and macrocyclic agents. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:113-25. [PMID: 24111526 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gadolinium-based contrast agent (GdBCA) Omniscan activates human macrophages through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR-7 signalling. To explore the mechanisms responsible we compared the ability of linear and macrocyclic GdBCA to induce a type I interferon signature and a proinflammatory/profibrotic phenotype in normal human monocytes in vitro. Expression of genes associated with type I interferon signalling and inflammation and production of their corresponding proteins were determined. Both linear and macrocyclic GdBCA stimulated expression of multiple type I interferon-regulated genes and the expression of numerous chemokines, cytokines and growth factors in normal human peripheral blood monocytes. There was no correlation between the magnitude of the measured response and the Gd chelate used. To explore the mechanisms responsible for GdBCA induction of fibrosis in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in vitro, normal human dermal fibroblasts were incubated with GdBCA-treated monocyte culture supernatants and the effects on profibrotic gene expression were examined. Supernatants from monocytes exposed to all GdBCA stimulated types I and III collagen, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in normal dermal fibroblasts. The results indicate that the monocyte activation induced by GdBCA may be the initial step in the development of GdBCA associated fibrosis in NSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wermuth
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Doitsh G, Galloway NLK, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, Hunt PW, Hatano H, Sowinski S, Muñoz-Arias I, Greene WC. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature 2014; 505:509-14. [PMID: 24356306 PMCID: PMC4047036 DOI: 10.1038/nature12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathway causing CD4 T-cell death in HIV-infected hosts remains poorly understood although apoptosis has been proposed as a key mechanism. We now show that caspase-3-mediated apoptosis accounts for the death of only a small fraction of CD4 T cells corresponding to those that are both activated and productively infected. The remaining over 95% of quiescent lymphoid CD4 T cells die by caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis triggered by abortive viral infection. Pyroptosis corresponds to an intensely inflammatory form of programmed cell death in which cytoplasmic contents and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, are released. This death pathway thus links the two signature events in HIV infection-CD4 T-cell depletion and chronic inflammation-and creates a pathogenic vicious cycle in which dying CD4 T cells release inflammatory signals that attract more cells to die. This cycle can be broken by caspase 1 inhibitors shown to be safe in humans, raising the possibility of a new class of 'anti-AIDS' therapeutics targeting the host rather than the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Doitsh
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Nicole LK Galloway
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Xin Geng
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kathryn M. Monroe
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Orlando Zepeda
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- the Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hiroyu Hatano
- the Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Stefanie Sowinski
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Isa Muñoz-Arias
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
- the Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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21
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Rethwilm A, Bodem J. Evolution of foamy viruses: the most ancient of all retroviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2349-74. [PMID: 24072062 PMCID: PMC3814592 DOI: 10.3390/v5102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that foamy viruses (FVs) are the oldest retroviruses (RVs) that we know and coevolved with their hosts for several hundred million years. This coevolution may have contributed to the non-pathogenicity of FVs, an important factor in development of foamy viral vectors in gene therapy. However, various questions on the molecular evolution of FVs remain still unanswered. The analysis of the spectrum of animal species infected by exogenous FVs or harboring endogenous FV elements in their genome is pivotal. Furthermore, animal studies might reveal important issues, such as the identification of the FV in vivo target cells, which than require a detailed characterization, to resolve the molecular basis of the accuracy with which FVs copy their genome. The issues of the extent of FV viremia and of the nature of the virion genome (RNA vs. DNA) also need to be experimentally addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rethwilm
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str.7, Würzburg 97078, Germany.
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22
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Innate immune evasion strategies by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. ISRN AIDS 2013; 2013:954806. [PMID: 24052891 PMCID: PMC3767209 DOI: 10.1155/2013/954806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host immune components play both beneficial and pathogenic roles in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. During the initial stage of viral infection, a complex network of innate immune factors are activated. For instance, the immune cells express a number of inflammatory proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral restriction factors. These factors, specifically, interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in antiviral defense system by modulating the downstream signaling events, by inducing maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and by activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved to utilize a number of strategies to overcome the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system. This review discusses the pathways and strategies utilized by HIV-1 to establish latent and persistent infection by defeating host's innate defense system.
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23
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Cen P, Ye L, Su QJ, Wang X, Li JL, Lin XQ, Liang H, Ho WZ. Methamphetamine inhibits Toll-like receptor 9-mediated anti-HIV activity in macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1129-37. [PMID: 23751096 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is one of the key sensors that recognize viral infection/replication in the host cells. Studies have demonstrated that methamphetamine (METH) dysregulated host cell innate immunity and facilitated HIV infection of macrophages. In this study, we present new evidence that METH suppressed TLR9-mediated anti-HIV activity in macrophages. Activation of TLR9 by its agonist CpG-ODN 2216 inhibits HIV replication, which was demonstrated by increased expression of TLR9, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and myxovirus resistance gene A (MxA) in macrophages. However, METH treatment of macrophages greatly compromised the TLR9 signaling-mediated anti-HIV effect and inhibited the expression of TLR9 downstream signaling factors. Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) antagonists (SCH23390) could block METH-mediated inhibition of anti-HIV activity of TLR9 signaling. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the METH action showed that METH treatment selectively down-regulated the expression of TLR9 on macrophages, whereas it had little effect on the expression of other TLRs. Collectively, our results provide further evidence that METH suppresses host cell innate immunity against HIV infection by down-regulating TLR9 expression and its signaling-mediated antiviral effect in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Nanning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jian Su
- Center for AIDS Research, the Affiliated Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin-Qin Lin
- Nanning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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24
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Relationships between IL-17(+) subsets, Tregs and pDCs that distinguish among SIV infected elite controllers, low, medium and high viral load rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61264. [PMID: 23620737 PMCID: PMC3631185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies of the frequencies and absolute numbers of the various cell lineages that synthesize IL-17 in the blood and corresponding gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, their correlation with CD4(+) Tregs, CD8(+) Tregs, total and IFN-α synthesizing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) relative to plasma viral load in SIV infection has been lacking. The unique availability of SIV infected rhesus macaques (RM) classified as Elite Controllers (EC), and those with Low, Intermediate and High Viral Loads (HVL) provided a unique opportunity to address this issue. Results of these studies showed that EC demonstrated a remarkable ability to reverse changes that are induced acutely by SIV in the various cell lineages. Highlights of the differences between EC and HVL RM within Gastro-intestinal tissues (GIT) was the maintenance and/or increases in the levels of IL-17 synthesizing CD4, CD8, and NK cells and pDCs associated with slight decreases in the levels of CD4(+) Tregs and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in EC as compared with decreases in the levels of IL-17 synthesizing CD4, CD8 and NK cells associated with increases in pDCs and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in HVL monkeys. A previously underappreciated role for CD8(+) Tregs was also noted with a moderate increase in ECs but further increases of CD8(+) Tregs with increasing VL in viremic monkeys. Positive correlations between plasma VL and decreases in the levels of Th17, Tc17, NK-17, CD4(+) Tregs and increases in the levels of CD8(+) Tregs, total and IFN-α synthesizing pDCs were also noted. This study also identified 2 additional IL-17(+) subsets in GIT as CD3(-/)CD8(+)/NKG2a(-) and CD3(+)/CD8(+)/NKG2a(+) subsets. Studies also suggest a limited role for IFN-α synthesizing pDCs in chronic immune activation despite persistent up-regulation of ISGs. Finally, elevated persistent innate immune responses appear associated with poor prognosis. These findings provide an initial foundation for markers important to follow for vaccine design.
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25
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Interferon-inducible mechanism of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 dissemination is dependent on Siglec-1/CD169. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003291. [PMID: 23593001 PMCID: PMC3623718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interactions with myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) can result in virus dissemination to CD4+ T cells via a trans infection pathway dependent on virion incorporation of the host cell derived glycosphingolipid (GSL), GM3. The mechanism of DC-mediated trans infection is extremely efficacious and can result in infection of multiple CD4+ T cells as these cells make exploratory contacts on the DC surface. While it has long been appreciated that activation of DCs with ligands that induce type I IFN signaling pathway dramatically enhances DC-mediated T cell trans infection, the mechanism by which this occurs has remained unclear until now. Here, we demonstrate that the type I IFN-inducible Siglec-1, CD169, is the DC receptor that captures HIV in a GM3-dependent manner. Selective downregulation of CD169 expression, neutralizing CD169 function, or depletion of GSLs from virions, abrogated DC-mediated HIV-1 capture and trans infection, while exogenous expression of CD169 in receptor-naïve cells rescued GSL-dependent capture and trans infection. HIV-1 particles co-localized with CD169 on DC surface immediately following capture and subsequently within non-lysosomal compartments that redistributed to the DC – T cell infectious synapses upon initiation of T cell contact. Together, these findings describe a novel mechanism of pathogen parasitization of host encoded cellular recognition machinery (GM3 – CD169 interaction) for DC-dependent HIV dissemination. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the initial cellular targets of HIV-1 and can play a crucial role in determining the course of virus infection in vivo. While sentinel functions of DCs are essential for establishment of an antiviral state, HIV-1 can subvert DC function for its dissemination. One of the mechanisms by which DCs can mediate virus spread is via the trans infection pathway whereby DCs capture HIV-1 particles and retain them in an infectious state without getting infected, and pass these infectious particles to CD4+ T cells upon initiation of cellular contacts. In this report, we demonstrate that expression of Siglec-1or CD169, on DC surface is responsible for capture of HIV-1 particles by binding the ganglioside, GM3, present in the virion lipid bilayer. This interaction between CD169 and GM3 targets captured virus particles to non-degradative compartments and resulted in retention of virus particle infectivity within DCs. Upon initiation of T cell contacts with virus-laden DCs, HIV-1 particles were trafficked to the DC – T synaptic junctions and transferred to T cells for establishment of productive infection. These studies define a novel host-encoded receptor – ligand interaction that drives HIV-1 dissemination and can be used for development of novel anti-viral therapeutics.
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26
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Dragin L, Nguyen LA, Lahouassa H, Sourisce A, Kim B, Ramirez BC, Margottin-Goguet F. Interferon block to HIV-1 transduction in macrophages despite SAMHD1 degradation and high deoxynucleoside triphosphates supply. Retrovirology 2013; 10:30. [PMID: 23497353 PMCID: PMC3599726 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-α (IFN-α) is an essential mediator of the antiviral response, which potently inhibits both early and late phases of HIV replication. The SAMHD1 deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase represents the prototype of a new antiviral strategy we referred to as “nucleotide depletion”. SAMHD1 depletes dNTP levels in myeloid cells below those required for optimal synthesis of HIV viral DNA. HIV-2 and its SIVsm and SIVmac close relatives encode a protein termed Vpx, which counteracts SAMHD1. The potentiality of IFN-α to cooperate with nucleotide depletion has been poorly investigated so far. Here we wondered whether IFN-α affects SAMHD1 expression, Vpx-induced SAMHD1 degradation, Vpx-mediated rescue of HIV-1 transduction and the dNTP supply in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Results IFN-α inhibited HIV-1 transduction in monocytes and in MDMs while SAMHD1 expression was not up-regulated. Vpx triggered SAMHD1 degradation in IFN-α treated cells, and weakly restored HIV-1 transduction from the IFN-α block. Vpx helper effect towards HIV-1 transduction was gradually inhibited with increasing doses of IFN-α. dNTP levels were not significantly affected in MDMs and CD4+ primary activated T lymphocytes by IFN-α and, in correlation with SAMHD1 degradation, restoration of dNTP levels by Vpx was efficient in MDMs treated with the cytokine. In contrast, IFN-α inhibited Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation in THP-1 cells, where, accordingly, Vpx could not rescue HIV-1 transduction. Conclusion Our results suggest that the early antiviral effect of IFN-α results from a mechanism independent of nucleotide depletion in MDMs. In addition, they indicate that the macrophage-like THP-1 cell line may provide a system to characterize an IFN-α-induced cell response that inhibits Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Dragin
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, Paris, 75014, France
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