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Li J, Cui H, Yao Y, Niu J, Zhang J, Zheng X, Cui M, Liu J, Cheng T, Gao Y, Guo Q, Yu S, Wang L, Huang Z, Huang J, Zhang K, Wang C, Meng G. Anti-influenza activity of CPAVM1 protease secreted by Bacillus subtilis LjM2. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105919. [PMID: 38851592 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. has been considered a promising source for identifying new antimicrobial substances, including anti-viral candidates. Here, we successfully isolated a number of bacteria strains from aged dry citrus peel (Chenpi). Of note, the culture supernatant of a new isolate named Bacillus subtilis LjM2 demonstrated strong inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in multiple experimental systems in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the anti-viral effect of LjM2 was attributed to its direct lysis of viral particles. Further analysis showed that a protease which we named CPAVM1 isolated from the culture supernatant of LjM2 was the key component responsible for its anti-viral function. Importantly, the therapeutic effect of CPAVM1 was still significant when applied 12 hours after IAV infection of experimental mice. Moreover, we found that the CPAVM1 protease cleaved multiple IAV proteins via targeting basic amino acid Arg or Lys. Furthermore, this study reveals the molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of CPAVM1 protease. During catalysis, Tyr75, Tyr77, and Tyr102 are important active sites. Therefore, the present work identified a special protease CPAVM1 secreted by a new strain of Bacillus subtilis LjM2 against influenza A virus infection via direct cleavage of critical viral proteins, thus facilitates future biotechnological applications of Bacillus subtilis LjM2 and the protease CPAVM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211135, China
| | - Hong Cui
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Yujie Yao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Junling Niu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jia Liu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuhui Gao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiuhong Guo
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shi Yu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lanfeng Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211135, China; Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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Amelia TSM, Suaberon FAC, Vad J, Fahmi ADM, Saludes JP, Bhubalan K. Recent Advances of Marine Sponge-Associated Microorganisms as a Source of Commercially Viable Natural Products. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:492-512. [PMID: 35567600 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many industrially significant compounds have been derived from natural products in the environment. Research efforts so far have contributed to the discovery of beneficial natural products that have improved the quality of life on Earth. As one of the sources of natural products, marine sponges have been progressively recognised as microbial hotspots with reports of the sponges harbouring diverse microbial assemblages, genetic material, and metabolites with multiple industrial applications. Therefore, this paper aims at reviewing the recent literature (primarily published between 2016 and 2022) on the types and functions of natural products synthesised by sponge-associated microorganisms, thereby helping to bridge the gap between research and industrial applications. The metabolites that have been derived from sponge-associated microorganisms, mostly bacteria, fungi, and algae, have shown application prospects especially in medicine, cosmeceutical, environmental protection, and manufacturing industries. Sponge bacteria-derived natural products with medical properties harboured anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral functions. Efforts in re-identifying the origin of known and future sponge-sourced natural products would further clarify the roles and significance of microbes within marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Suet May Amelia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ferr Angelus C Suaberon
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery & Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, 5000, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Johanne Vad
- Changing Oceans Research Group, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Afiq Durrani Mohd Fahmi
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Eco-Innovation Research Interest Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jonel P Saludes
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery & Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, 5000, Iloilo City, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Agustin, 5000, Iloilo City, Philippines
- Department of Science and Technology, Balik Scientist Program, Philippine Council for Health Research & Development (PCHRD), Bicutan, 1631, Taguig, Philippines
| | - Kesaven Bhubalan
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Eco-Innovation Research Interest Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Tai CJ, Huang CY, Ahmed AF, Orfali RS, Alarif WM, Huang YM, Wang YH, Hwang TL, Sheu JH. An Anti-Inflammatory 2,4-Cyclized-3,4-Secospongian Diterpenoid and Furanoterpene-Related Metabolites of a Marine Sponge Spongia sp. from the Red Sea. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010038. [PMID: 33467112 PMCID: PMC7830757 DOI: 10.3390/md19010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of a Red Sea Spongia sp. led to the isolation of four new compounds, i.e., 17-dehydroxysponalactone (1), a carboxylic acid, spongiafuranic acid A (2), one hydroxamic acid, spongiafuranohydroxamic acid A (3), and a furanyl trinorsesterpenoid 16-epi-irciformonin G (4), along with three known metabolites (-)-sponalisolide B (5), 18-nor- 3,17-dihydroxy-spongia-3,13(16),14-trien-2-one (6), and cholesta-7-ene-3β,5α-diol-6-one (7). The biosynthetic pathway for the molecular skeleton of 1 and related compounds was postulated for the first time. Anti-inflammatory activity of these metabolites to inhibit superoxide anion generation and elastase release in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLF/CB)-induced human neutrophil cells and cytotoxicity of these compounds toward three cancer cell lines and one human dermal fibroblast cell line were assayed. Compound 1 was found to significantly reduce the superoxide anion generation and elastase release at a concentration of 10 μM, and compound 5 was also found to display strong inhibitory activity against superoxide anion generation at the same concentration. Due to the noncytotoxic activity and the potent inhibitory effect toward the superoxide anion generation and elastase release, 1 and 5 can be considered to be promising anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Tai
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Atallah F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.F.A.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +966-114-677264 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +966-114-677245 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.)
| | - Raha S. Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walied M. Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yusheng M. Huang
- Department of Marine Recreation, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Magong, Penghu 88046, Taiwan;
- Tropical Island Sustainable Development Research Center, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Magong, Penghu 88046, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (T.-L.H.)
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (T.-L.H.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.F.A.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +966-114-677264 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +966-114-677245 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.)
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Riccio G, Ruocco N, Mutalipassi M, Costantini M, Zupo V, Coppola D, de Pascale D, Lauritano C. Ten-Year Research Update Review: Antiviral Activities from Marine Organisms. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071007. [PMID: 32645994 PMCID: PMC7407529 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet and are characterized by huge taxonomic and chemical diversity of marine organisms. Several studies have shown that marine organisms produce a variety of compounds, derived from primary or secondary metabolism, which may have antiviral activities. In particular, certain marine metabolites are active towards a plethora of viruses. Multiple mechanisms of action have been found, as well as different targets. This review gives an overview of the marine-derived compounds discovered in the last 10 years. Even if marine organisms produce a wide variety of different compounds, there is only one compound available on the market, Ara-A, and only another one is in phase I clinical trials, named Griffithsin. The recent pandemic emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19, highlights the need to further invest in this field, in order to shed light on marine compound potentiality and discover new drugs from the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Riccio
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Maria Costantini
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Daniela Coppola
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (N.R.); (M.M.); (M.C.); (V.Z.); (D.C.); (D.d.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5833-221
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Matloub AA, Gomaa EZ, Hassan AA, Elbatanony MM, El-Senousy WM. Comparative Chemical and Bioactivity Studies of Intra- and Extracellular Metabolites of Endophytic Bacteria, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Endotoxin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 with Potential Medical Applications. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Qin Y, Wang J, Wang F, Shen L, Zhou H, Sun H, Hao K, Song L, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Wu Y, Yang J. Purification and Characterization of a Secretory Alkaline Metalloprotease with Highly Potent Antiviral Activity from Serratia marcescens Strain S3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3168-3178. [PMID: 30799619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report a secretory protein that was purified from Serratia marcescens strain S3 isolated from soil from the tobacco rhizosphere. Subsequent mass spectrometry and annotation characterized the protein as secretory alkaline metalloprotease (SAMP). SAMP plays a crucial role in inhibiting Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), confocal microscopy, and microscale thermophoresis (MST) were employed to investigate the anti-TMV mechanism of SAMP. Our results demonstrated that SAMP, as a hydrolytic metal protease, combined and hydrolyzed TMV coat proteins to destroy the virus particles. This study is the first to investigate the antiviral effects of a S. marcescens metalloprotease, and our finding suggests that S. marcescens-S3 may be agronomically useful as a disease-controlling factor active against Tobacco mosaic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxia Qin
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Lili Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Haixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Hangjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Liyun Song
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Hunan Tobacco Science Institute , Changsha 410004 , P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Jiangxi Institute of Tobacco Leaf Science , Nanchang 330025 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Jinguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , P. R. China
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de Menezes CBA, Afonso RS, de Souza WR, Parma MM, de Melo IS, Fugita FLS, Moraes LAB, Zucchi TD, Fantinatti-Garboggini F. Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. a novel actinobacterium producer of antimicrobial compounds isolated from the marine sponge. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:691-698. [PMID: 30799528 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An antibiotic-producing actinobacterium, designated isolate B375T, was isolated from marine sponge Glodia corticostylifera collected from Praia Guaecá, São Paulo, Brazil (23°49S; 45°25W), and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain B375T was most closely related to Williamsia serinedens DSM 45037T and Williamsia spongiae DSM 46676T and having 99.43% and 98.65% similarities, respectively, but was distinguished from these strains by a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (53.2-63.2%) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and N-glycolated muramic acid residues present in the wall cells. The cells contained C16:0 (23.3%), C18:0 10-methyl (23.2%) and C18:1 ω9c (21.6%) as the major cellular fatty acids. The strain B375T inhibited growing of Staphylococcus aureus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains and was considered a producer of antimicrobial compounds. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B375T (= CBMAI 1090T = DSM 46677T) should, therefore, be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Beatriz Afonso de Menezes
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas Biológicas e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, Av. Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Paulínia, SP, CEP 13148-218, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sanches Afonso
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas Biológicas e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, Av. Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Paulínia, SP, CEP 13148-218, Brazil
| | - Wallace Rafael de Souza
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340 Km 127.5, CP 69, Jaguariúna, SP, CEP 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Parma
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340 Km 127.5, CP 69, Jaguariúna, SP, CEP 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Itamar Soares de Melo
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340 Km 127.5, CP 69, Jaguariúna, SP, CEP 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lucas Satoru Fugita
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes,3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 12040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes,3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 12040-901, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Fantinatti-Garboggini
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas Biológicas e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, Av. Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Paulínia, SP, CEP 13148-218, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Glotova TI, Nikonova AA, Glotov AG. ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS EFFECTIVE AGAINST BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:204-210. [PMID: 36494951 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-5-204-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae. It causes various clinical forms of infection leading to significant economic losses in beef and dairy industry worldwide. Furthermore, the virus is a contaminant of biological preparations (bovine fetal serum, continuous cell cultures, vaccines for human and veterinary medicine, interferons, trypsin, biotechnological preparations, embryos, stem cells, etc.). It is used as a test object when developing methods of decontamination. In some countries, a tool for monitoring the infection caused by the virus is vaccination based on the use of live and inactivated vaccines with varying efficiency. The antiviral compounds are a potential means of control in case of insufficient efficacy of vaccines. Their advantage for BVDV control is the ability to provide immediate protection for animals at risk in the case of an outbreak of the disease. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about antiviral compounds against BVDV. It was noted that due to the use of advanced biomedical technologies there is a tendency to search for drugs that might be effective for antiviral therapy of BVDV, as indicated by numerous studies of new compounds and the antiviral efficacy of known drugs used in medical practice. In addition to the well-known antiviral targets for the virus, such as the RdRp, IMPDH, NS3, new targets were discovered, such as protein p7. Its mechanism of action remains to be explored. It can be concluded that there is a great potential for BVDV control through the use of antiviral drugs which has not yet implemented. The biggest obstacle for commercial implementation of identified compounds is the lack of demonstration of their efficacy in vivo. Further studies should be performed to develop a method for administering effective drugs to groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Glotova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
| | - A A Nikonova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
| | - A G Glotov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies
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Bastos JCS, Padilla MA, Caserta LC, Miotto N, Vigani AG, Arns CW. Hepatitis C virus: Promising discoveries and new treatments. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6393-6401. [PMID: 27605875 PMCID: PMC4968121 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains an important global health issue. It is estimated that a significant part of the world population is chronically infected with the virus, and many of those affected may develop cirrhosis or liver cancer. The virus shows considerable variability, a characteristic that directly interferes with disease treatment. The response to treatment varies according to HCV genotype and subtype. The continuous generation of variants (quasispecies) allows the virus to escape control by antivirals. Historically, the combination of ribavirin and interferon therapy has represented the only treatment option for the disease. Currently, several new treatment options are emerging and are available to a large part of the affected population. In addition, the search for new substances with antiviral activity against HCV continues, promising future improvements in treatment. Researchers should consider the mutation capacity of the virus and the other variables that affect treatment success.
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Indraningrat AAG, Smidt H, Sipkema D. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E87. [PMID: 27144573 PMCID: PMC4882561 DOI: 10.3390/md14050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. However, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. This review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. We discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioactive compounds produced by sponge-associated microorganisms in four categories: antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal compounds. Based on in vitro activity tests, identified targets of potent antimicrobial substances derived from sponge-associated microbes include: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) (2-undecyl-4-quinolone, sorbicillactone A and chartarutine B); influenza A (H1N1) virus (truncateol M); nosocomial Gram positive bacteria (thiopeptide YM-266183, YM-266184, mayamycin and kocurin); Escherichia coli (sydonic acid), Chlamydia trachomatis (naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2); Plasmodium spp. (manzamine A and quinolone 1); Leishmania donovani (manzamine A and valinomycin); Trypanosoma brucei (valinomycin and staurosporine); Candida albicans and dermatophytic fungi (saadamycin, 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and YM-202204). Thirty-five bacterial and 12 fungal genera associated with sponges that produce antimicrobials were identified, with Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Penicillium as the prominent producers of antimicrobial compounds. Furthemore culture-independent approaches to more comprehensively exploit the genetic richness of antimicrobial compound-producing pathways from sponge-associated bacteria are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia (IKIP PGRI) Bali, Jl. Seroja Tonja, Denpasar 80238, Indonesia.
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
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Su P, Feng T, Zhou X, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Luo Y, Peng J, Zhang Z, Lu X, Zhang D, Liu Y. Isolation of Rhp-PSP, a member of YER057c/YjgF/UK114 protein family with antiviral properties, from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain JSC-3b. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16121. [PMID: 26530252 PMCID: PMC4632080 DOI: 10.1038/srep16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain JSC-3b isolated from a water canal adjacent to a vegetable field produces a protein that was purified by bioactivity-guided fractionation based on ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange absorption and size exclusion. The protein was further identified as an endoribonuclease L-PSP (Liver-Perchloric acid-soluble protein) by shotgun mass spectrometry analysis and gene identification, and it is member of YER057c/YjgF/UK114 protein family. Herein, this protein is designated Rhp-PSP. Rhp-PSP exhibited significant inhibitory activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in vivo and in vitro. To our knowledge, this represents the first report on the antiviral activity of a protein of the YER057c/YjgF/UK114 family and also the first antiviral protein isolated from R. palustris. Our research provides insight into the potential of photosynthetic bacterial resources in biological control of plant virus diseases and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Su
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Tuizi Feng
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ju’e Cheng
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yuanhua Luo
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Pest and Disease on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Actinobacteria from Termite Mounds Show Antiviral Activity against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, a Surrogate Model for Hepatitis C Virus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:745754. [PMID: 26579205 PMCID: PMC4633559 DOI: 10.1155/2015/745754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from termite-associated bacteria were evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Two bacterial strains were identified as active, with percentages of inhibition (IP) equal to 98%. Both strains were subjected to functional analysis via the addition of virus and extract at different time points in cell culture; the results showed that they were effective as posttreatments. Moreover, we performed MTT colorimetric assays to identify the CC50, IC50, and SI values of these strains, and strain CDPA27 was considered the most promising. In parallel, the isolates were identified as Streptomyces through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Specifically, CDPA27 was identified as S. chartreusis. The CDPA27 extract was fractionated on a C18-E SPE cartridge, and the fractions were reevaluated. A 100% methanol fraction was identified to contain the compound(s) responsible for antiviral activity, which had an SI of 262.41. GC-MS analysis showed that this activity was likely associated with the compound(s) that had a peak retention time of 5 min. Taken together, the results of the present study provide new information for antiviral research using natural sources, demonstrate the antiviral potential of Streptomyces chartreusis compounds isolated from termite mounds against BVDV, and lay the foundation for further studies on the treatment of HCV infection.
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14
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Streptomyces lavendulaeProtease Inhibitor: Purification, Gene Overexpression, and 3-Dimensional Structure. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/963041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitorstrypsin (STI1, Streptomyces trypsin inhibitor 1) has been identified, purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. SDS-PAGE of protease inhibitor showed molecular weight of approximately 10 KDa. PCR product (~1615 bp) ofsti1gene was cloned in expression vectorpACYC177/ET3dand transformed inEscherichia coliJM109.Protease inhibitorstrypsin was purified and used as antivirus against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). CVB3 is one of the major causative agents of chronic, subacute, acute, and fulminant myocarditis as well as pancreatitis and aseptic meningitis. It has been reported that more than 50% of human myocarditis is associated with CVB3 infection.
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15
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Abstract
Many ribonucleases (RNases) are able to inhibit the reproduction of viruses in infected cell cultures and laboratory animals, but the molecular mechanisms of their antiviral activity remain unclear. The review discusses the well-known RNases that possess established antiviral effects, including both intracellular RNases (RNase L, MCPIP1 protein, and eosinophil-associated RNases) and exogenous RNases (RNase A, BS-RNase, onconase, binase, and synthetic RNases). Attention is paid to two important, but not always obligatory, aspects of molecules of RNases that have antiviral properties, i.e., catalytic activity and ability to dimerize. The hypothetic scheme of virus elimination by exogenous RNases that reflects possible types of interaction of viruses and RNases with a cell is proposed. The evidence for RNases as classical components of immune defense and thus perspective agents for the development of new antiviral therapeutics is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. N. Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - R. Shah Mahmud
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia
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Fuerst JA. Diversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms associated with marine sponges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7331-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Faioli CN, Domingos TFS, de Oliveira EC, Sanchez EF, Ribeiro S, Muricy G, Fuly AL. Appraisal of antiophidic potential of marine sponges against Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta venom. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1799-813. [PMID: 24141284 PMCID: PMC3813912 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a health problem in many countries due to the high incidence of such accidents. Antivenom treatment has regularly been used for more than a century, however, this does not neutralize tissue damage and may even increase the severity and morbidity of accidents. Thus, it has been relevant to search for new strategies to improve antiserum therapy, and a variety of molecules from natural sources with antiophidian properties have been reported. In this paper, we analyzed the ability of ten extracts from marine sponges (Amphimedon viridis, Aplysina fulva, Chondrosia collectrix, Desmapsamma anchorata, Dysidea etheria, Hymeniacidon heliophila, Mycale angulosa, Petromica citrina, Polymastia janeirensis, and Tedania ignis) to inhibit the effects caused by Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta venom. All sponge extracts inhibited proteolysis and hemolysis induced by both snake venoms, except H. heliophila, which failed to inhibit any biological activity. P. citrina inhibited lethality, hemorrhage, plasma clotting, and hemolysis induced by B. jararaca or L. muta. Moreover, other sponges inhibited hemorrhage induced only by B. jararaca. We conclude that Brazilian sponges may be a useful aid in the treatment of snakebites caused by L. muta and B. jararaca and therefore have potential for the discovery of molecules with antiophidian properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nunes Faioli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.F.); (T.F.S.D.); (E.C.O.)
| | - Thaisa Francielle Souza Domingos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.F.); (T.F.S.D.); (E.C.O.)
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.F.); (T.F.S.D.); (E.C.O.)
| | | | - Suzi Ribeiro
- Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum 20940-040, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Guilherme Muricy
- Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum 20940-040, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (S.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Andre Lopes Fuly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.F.); (T.F.S.D.); (E.C.O.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-21-2629-2294; Fax: +55-21-2629-2376
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Santiago Bastos JC, Kohn LK, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, Padilla MA, Flores EF, da Silva BP, de Menezes CBA, Arns CW. Addendum: Bastos, J.C.S.; Kohn, L.K.; Fantinatti-Garboggini, F.; Padilla, M.A.; Flores, E.F.; da Silva, B.P.; de Menezes, C.B.A.; Arns, C.W. Antiviral Activity of Bacillus sp. Isolated from the Marine Sponge Petromica citrina against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, a Surrogate Model of the Hepatitis C Virus. Viruses 2013, 5, 1219-1230. Viruses 2013. [PMCID: PMC3738955 DOI: 10.3390/v5071682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cristina Santiago Bastos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-019-8823-7217
| | - Luciana Konecny Kohn
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
| | - Fabiana Fantinatti-Garboggini
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
| | - Marina Aiello Padilla
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) CEP 97105-900 - Santa Maria/RS/Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Bárbara Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
| | - Cláudia Beatriz Afonso de Menezes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia/Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970 , Campinas/SP/Brazil; E-Mails: (L.K.K.); (F.F.-G.); (M.A.P.); (B.P.d.S); (C.B.A.d.M.); (C.W.A.)
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