1
|
Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
Collapse
|
2
|
Weichseldorfer M, Tagaya Y, Reitz M, DeVico AL, Latinovic OS. Identifying CCR5 coreceptor populations permissive for HIV-1 entry and productive infection: implications for in vivo studies. J Transl Med 2022; 20:39. [PMID: 35073923 PMCID: PMC8785515 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine receptor CCR5 is the major coreceptor for HIV-1 cell entry. We previously observed that not all CCR5 mAbs reduce HIV-1 infection, suggesting that only some CCR5 populations are permissive for HIV-1 entry. This study aims to better understand the relevant conformational states of the cellular coreceptor, CCR5, involved in HIV entry. We hypothesized that CCR5 assumes multiple configurations during normal cycling on the plasma membrane, but only particular forms facilitate HIV-1 infection. Methods To this end, we quantified different CCR5 populations using six CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with different epitope specificities and visualized them with super-resolution microscopy. We quantified each surface CCR5 population before and after HIV-1 infection. Results Based on CCR5 conformational changes, down-modulation, and trafficking rates (internalization and recycling kinetics), we were able to distinguish among heterogeneous CCR5 populations and thus which populations might best be targeted to inhibit HIV-1 entry. We assume that a decreased surface presence of a particular CCR5 subpopulation following infection means that it has been internalized due to HIV-1 entry, and that it therefore represents a highly relevant target for future antiviral therapy strategies. Strikingly, this was most true for antibody CTC8, which targets the N-terminal region of CCR5 and blocks viral entry more efficiently than it blocks chemokine binding. Conclusions Defining the virus-host interactions responsible for HIV-1 transmission, including specific coreceptor populations capable of establishing de novo infections, is essential for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. This study hopefully will facilitate further development of inhibitors to block CCR5 usage by HIV-1, as well as inform future HIV-1 vaccine design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03243-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weichseldorfer
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Olga S Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Could gene therapy cure HIV? Life Sci 2021; 277:119451. [PMID: 33811896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed almost 33 million lives so far. According to the recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, about 38 million people are living with AIDS. Hence, finding a solution to overcome this life-threatening virus can save millions of lives. Scientists and medical doctors have prescribed HIV patients with specific drugs for many years. Methods such antiretroviral therapy (ART) or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been used for a while to treat HIV patients, however they have some side effects and drawbacks causing their application to be not quite successful. Instead, the application of gene therapy which refers to the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease has shown promising results to control HIV infection. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize recent advances in gene therapy approach against HIV.
Collapse
|
4
|
Almeida MJ, Matos A. Designer Nucleases: Gene-Editing Therapies using CCR5 as an Emerging Target in HIV. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:306-323. [PMID: 31652113 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191025112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a life-threatening disorder that persists worldwide as a severe health problem. Since it was linked with the HIV attachment process, the Chemokine receptor, CCR5, has been at the development leading edge of several gene-based therapies. Given the shortcomings of the current antiretroviral treatment procedure and the non-availability of a licensed vaccine, the aptitude to modify complex genomes with Designer Nucleases has had a noteworthy impact on biotechnology. Over the last years, ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology have appeared as a promising solution that mimics the naturally occurring CCR5/Δ32 mutation and permanently guarantees the absence of CCR5-expression on the surface of HIV target-cells, leading to a continuous resistance to the virus entry and, ultimately, proving that cellular immunization from infection could be, in fact, a conceivable therapeutic approach to finally achieve the long-awaited functional cure of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Matos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Research Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products (CIEPQF), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Generation of HIV-1-infected patients' gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cells using feeder-free culture conditions. AIDS 2020; 34:1127-1139. [PMID: 32501846 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has brought promise to regenerative medicine as it breaks the ethical barrier of using embryonic stem cells. Such cell culture-derived patient-specific autologous stem cells are needed for transplantation. Here we report deriving HIV-1-infected patients' iPSC lines under transgene-free methods and under feeder-free and xeno-free culture conditions to meet the requirement for clinical application. METHODS AND RESULTS We have reprogrammed patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells with EBNA1/OriP episomal vectors, or a defective and persistent Sendai virus vector (SeVdp) to ensure a nonintegrating iPSC generation. Both single picked and pooled iPSC lines demonstrated high pluripotency and were able to differentiate into various lineage cells in vivo. The established cell lines could be modified by genetic editing using the TALENs or CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to have a bi-allelic CCR5Δ32 mutations seamlessly. All generated iPSC lines and modified cell lines had no evidence of HIV integration and maintained normal karyotype after expansion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a reproducible simple procedure for generating therapeutic grade iPSCs from HIV-infected patients and for engineering these cells to possess a naturally occurring genotype for resistance to HIV-1 infection when differentiated into immune cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agas A, Schuetz H, Mishra V, Szlachetka AM, Haorah J. Antiretroviral drug-S for a possible HIV elimination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 11:149-162. [PMID: 31523362 PMCID: PMC6737427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy (cART) can remarkably control human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) replication, it fails to cure HIV/AIDS disease. It is attributed to the incapability of cART to eliminate persistent HIV-1 contained in latent reservoirs in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissue organs. Thus, withdrawal of cART causes rebound viral replication and resurgent of HIV/AIDS. The lack of success on non-ART approaches for elimination of HIV-1 include the targeted molecules not reaching the CNS, not adjusting well with drug-resistant mutants, or unable to eliminate all components of viral life cycle. Here, we show that our newly discovered Drug-S can effectively inhibit HIV-1 infection and persistence at the low concentration without causing any toxicity to neuroimmune cells. Our results suggest that Drug-S may have a direct effect on viral structure, prevent rebounding of HIV-1 infection, and arrest progression into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We also observed that Drug-S is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, suggesting a potential antiretroviral drug for elimination of CNS viral reservoirs and self-renewal of residual HIV-1. These results outlined the possible mechanism(s) of action of Drug-S as a novel antiretroviral drug for elimination of HIV-1 replication by interfering the virion structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Agas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Bio Mechanics, Materials and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Heather Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Bio Mechanics, Materials and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Adam M Szlachetka
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James Haorah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Bio Mechanics, Materials and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brocca-Cofano E, Xu C, Wetzel KS, Cottrell ML, Policicchio BB, Raehtz KD, Ma D, Dunsmore T, Haret-Richter GS, Musaitif K, Keele BF, Kashuba AD, Collman RG, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Marginal Effects of Systemic CCR5 Blockade with Maraviroc on Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission to Infant Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:e00576-18. [PMID: 29925666 PMCID: PMC6096825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches do not eliminate all human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maternal-to-infant transmissions (MTIT); new prevention paradigms might help avert new infections. We administered maraviroc (MVC) to rhesus macaques (RMs) to block CCR5-mediated entry, followed by repeated oral exposure of a CCR5-dependent clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 (SIVmac766). MVC significantly blocked the CCR5 coreceptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissue cells. All control animals and 60% of MVC-treated infant RMs became infected by the 6th challenge, with no significant difference between the number of exposures (P = 0.15). At the time of viral exposures, MVC plasma and tissue (including tonsil) concentrations were within the range seen in humans receiving MVC as a therapeutic. Both treated and control RMs were infected with only a single transmitted/founder variant, consistent with the dose of virus typical of HIV-1 infection. The uninfected RMs expressed the lowest levels of CCR5 on the CD4+ T cells. Ramp-up viremia was significantly delayed (P = 0.05) in the MVC-treated RMs, yet peak and postpeak viral loads were similar in treated and control RMs. In conclusion, in spite of apparent effective CCR5 blockade in infant RMs, MVC had a marginal impact on acquisition and only a minimal impact on the postinfection delay of viremia following oral SIV infection. Newly developed, more effective CCR5 blockers may have a more dramatic impact on oral SIV transmission than MVC.IMPORTANCE We have previously suggested that the very low levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) maternal-to-infant transmissions (MTIT) in African nonhuman primates that are natural hosts of SIVs are due to a low availability of target cells (CCR5+ CD4+ T cells) in the oral mucosa of the infants, rather than maternal and milk factors. To confirm this new MTIT paradigm, we performed a proof-of-concept study in which we therapeutically blocked CCR5 with maraviroc (MVC) and orally exposed MVC-treated and naive infant rhesus macaques to SIV. MVC had only a marginal effect on oral SIV transmission. However, the observation that the infant RMs that remained uninfected at the completion of the study, after 6 repeated viral challenges, had the lowest CCR5 expression on the CD4+ T cells prior to the MVC treatment appears to confirm our hypothesis, also suggesting that the partial effect of MVC is due to a limited efficacy of the drug. New, more effective CCR5 inhibitors may have a better effect in preventing SIV and HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Cottrell
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin B Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D Raehtz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tammy Dunsmore
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George S Haret-Richter
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karam Musaitif
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela D Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Achieving HIV-1 Control through RNA-Directed Gene Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120119. [PMID: 27941595 PMCID: PMC5192495 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection has been transformed by combined anti-retroviral therapy (ART), changing a universally fatal infection into a controllable infection. However, major obstacles for an HIV-1 cure exist. The HIV latent reservoir, which exists in resting CD4+ T cells, is not impacted by ART, and can reactivate when ART is interrupted or ceased. Additionally, multi-drug resistance can arise. One alternate approach to conventional HIV-1 drug treatment that is being explored involves gene therapies utilizing RNA-directed gene regulation. Commonly known as RNA interference (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA) induce gene silencing in conserved biological pathways, which require a high degree of sequence specificity. This review will provide an overview of the silencing pathways, the current RNAi technologies being developed for HIV-1 gene therapy, current clinical trials, and the challenges faced in progressing these treatments into clinical trials.
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gero Hütter
- a Cellex GmbH , Dresden , Germany.,b TU Dresden , Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus , Dresden , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Spanevello F, Calistri A, Del Vecchio C, Mantelli B, Frasson C, Basso G, Palù G, Cavazzana M, Parolin C. Development of Lentiviral Vectors Simultaneously Expressing Multiple siRNAs Against CCR5, vif and tat/rev Genes for an HIV-1 Gene Therapy Approach. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e312. [PMID: 27093170 PMCID: PMC5014525 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy holds considerable promise for the functional cure of HIV-1 infection and, in this context, RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches represent powerful strategies. Stable expression of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting HIV genes or cellular cofactors has the potential to render HIV-1 susceptible cells resistant to infection. To inhibit different steps of virus life cycle, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing multiple siRNAs targeting the CCR5 cellular gene as well as vif and tat/rev viral transcripts, under the control of different RNA polymerase III promoters (U6, 7SK, H1) were developed. The use of a single RNA polymerase III promoter driving the expression of a sequence giving rise to three siRNAs directed against the selected targets (e-shRNA) was also investigated. Luciferase assay and inhibition of HIV-1 replication in human Jurkat T-cell line were adopted to select the best combination of promoter/siRNA. The efficacy of selected developed combinatorial vectors in interfering with viral replication was evaluated in human primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We identified two effective anti-HIV combinatorial vectors that conferred protection against R5- and X4- tropic viruses. Overall, our results showed that the antiviral effect is influenced by different factors, including the promoter used to express the RNAi molecules and the selected cassette combination. These findings contribute to gain further insights in the design of RNAi-based gene therapy approaches against HIV-1 for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Mantelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Oncohematology Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza (IRP), Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Oncohematology Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peterson CW, Haworth KG, Burke BP, Polacino P, Norman KK, Adair JE, Hu SL, Bartlett JS, Symonds GP, Kiem HP. Multilineage polyclonal engraftment of Cal-1 gene-modified cells and in vivo selection after SHIV infection in a nonhuman primate model of AIDS. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16007. [PMID: 26958575 PMCID: PMC4765711 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have focused on gene therapy approaches to induce functional cure/remission of HIV-1 infection. Here, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the clinical grade anti-HIV lentiviral vector, Cal-1, in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Cal-1 animals exhibit robust levels of gene marking in myeloid and lymphoid lineages without measurable adverse events, suggesting that Cal-1 transduction and autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells are safe, and lead to long-term, multilineage engraftment following myeloablative conditioning. Ex vivo, CD4+ cells from transplanted animals undergo positive selection in the presence of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). In vivo, Cal-1 gene-marked cells are evident in the peripheral blood and in HIV-relevant tissue sites such as the gastrointestinal tract. Positive selection for gene-marked cells is observed in blood and tissues following SHIV challenge, leading to maintenance of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts in a normal range. Analysis of Cal-1 lentivirus integration sites confirms polyclonal engraftment of gene-marked cells. Following infection, a polyclonal, SHIV-resistant clonal repertoire is established. These findings offer strong preclinical evidence for safety and efficacy of Cal-1, present a new method for tracking protected cells over the course of virus-mediated selective pressure in vivo, and reveal previously unobserved dynamics of virus-dependent T-cell selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Peterson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin G Haworth
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Patricia Polacino
- Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krystin K Norman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
DiGiusto DL. Stem cell gene therapy for HIV: strategies to inhibit viral entry and replication. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:79-87. [PMID: 25578054 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the demonstration of a cure of an HIV+ patient with an allogeneic stem cell transplant using naturally HIV-resistant cells, significant interest in creating similar autologous products has fueled the development of a variety of "cell engineering" approaches to stem cell therapy for HIV. Among the more well-studied strategies is the inhibition of viral entry through disruption of expression of viral co-receptors or through competitive inhibitors of viral fusion with the cell membrane. Preclinical evaluation of these approaches often starts in vitro but ultimately is tested in animal models prior to clinical implementation. In this review, we trace the development of several key approaches (meganucleases, short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and fusion inhibitors) to modification of hematopoietic stem cells designed to impart resistance to HIV to their T-cell and monocytic progeny. The basic evolution of technologies through in vitro and in vivo testing is discussed as well as the pros and cons of each approach and how the addition of postentry inhibitors may enhance the overall antiviral efficacy of these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L DiGiusto
- Department of Stem Cell and Cell Therapeutic Operations, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Alongside advancements in gene therapy for inherited immune disorders, the need for effective alternative therapeutic options for other conditions has resulted in an expansion in the field of research for T cell gene therapy. T cells are easily obtained and can be induced to divide robustly ex vivo, a characteristic that allows them to be highly permissible to viral vector-mediated introduction of transgenes. Pioneering clinical trials targeting cancers and infectious diseases have provided safety and feasibility data and important information about persistence of engineered cells in vivo. Here, we review clinical experiences with γ-retroviral and lentiviral vectors and consider the potential of integrating transposon-based vectors as well as specific genome editing with designer nucleases in engineered T cell therapies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahlenstiel CL, Suzuki K, Marks K, Symonds GP, Kelleher AD. Controlling HIV-1: Non-Coding RNA Gene Therapy Approaches to a Functional Cure. Front Immunol 2015; 6:474. [PMID: 26441979 PMCID: PMC4584958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment strategy for HIV-1 involves prolonged and intensive combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), which successfully suppresses plasma viremia. It has transformed HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease. However, despite the success of cART, a latent form of HIV-1 infection persists as integrated provirus in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. Virus can reactivate from this reservoir upon cessation of treatment, and hence HIV requires lifelong therapy. The reservoir represents a major barrier to eradication. Understanding molecular mechanisms regulating HIV-1 transcription and latency are crucial to develop alternate treatment strategies, which impact upon the reservoir and provide a path toward a "functional cure" in which there is no detectable viremia in the absence of cART. Numerous reports have suggested ncRNAs are involved in regulating viral transcription and latency. This review will discuss the latest developments in ncRNAs, specifically short interfering (si)RNA and short hairpin (sh)RNA, targeting molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 transcription, which may represent potential future therapeutics. It will also briefly address animal models for testing potential therapeutics and current gene therapy clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Marks
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Méndez C, Ahlenstiel CL, Kelleher AD. Post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing and human immunodeficiency virus. World J Virol 2015; 4:219-244. [PMID: 26279984 PMCID: PMC4534814 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is controlled through continuous, life-long use of a combination of drugs targeting different steps of the virus cycle, HIV-1 is never completely eradicated from the body. Despite decades of research there is still no effective vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Therefore, the possibility of an RNA interference (RNAi)-based cure has become an increasingly explored approach. Endogenous gene expression is controlled at both, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by non-coding RNAs, which act through diverse molecular mechanisms including RNAi. RNAi has the potential to control the turning on/off of specific genes through transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), as well as fine-tuning their expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In this review we will describe in detail the canonical RNAi pathways for PTGS and TGS, the relationship of TGS with other silencing mechanisms and will discuss a variety of approaches developed to suppress HIV-1 via manipulation of RNAi. We will briefly compare RNAi strategies against other approaches developed to target the virus, highlighting their potential to overcome the major obstacle to finding a cure, which is the specific targeting of the HIV-1 reservoir within latently infected cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Petz LD, Burnett JC, Li H, Li S, Tonai R, Bakalinskaya M, Shpall EJ, Armitage S, Kurtzberg J, Regan DM, Clark P, Querol S, Gutman JA, Spellman SR, Gragert L, Rossi JJ. Progress toward curing HIV infection with hematopoietic cell transplantation. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:109-16. [PMID: 26251620 PMCID: PMC4524463 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s56050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection afflicts more than 35 million people worldwide, according to 2014 estimates from the World Health Organization. For those individuals who have access to antiretroviral therapy, these drugs can effectively suppress, but not cure, HIV-1 infection. Indeed, the only documented case for an HIV/AIDS cure was a patient with HIV-1 and acute myeloid leukemia who received allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from a graft that carried the HIV-resistant CCR5-∆32/∆32 mutation. Other attempts to establish a cure for HIV/AIDS using HCT in patients with HIV-1 and malignancy have yielded mixed results, as encouraging evidence for virus eradication in a few cases has been offset by poor clinical outcomes due to the underlying cancer or other complications. Such clinical strategies have relied on HIV-resistant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that harbor the natural CCR5-∆32/∆32 mutation or that have been genetically modified for HIV-resistance. Nevertheless, HCT with HIV-resistant cord blood remains a promising option, particularly with inventories of CCR5-∆32/∆32 units or with genetically modified, human leukocyte antigen-matched cord blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Petz
- StemCyte international Cord Blood Center, Baldwin Park, CA, USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Haitang Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Richard Tonai
- StemCyte international Cord Blood Center, Baldwin Park, CA, USA
| | - Milena Bakalinskaya
- CCR5-Δ32/Δ32 Research Department, StemCyte international Cord Blood Center, Baldwin Park, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue Armitage
- MD Anderson Cord Blood Bank, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donna M Regan
- St Louis Cord Blood Bank, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela Clark
- Enhance Quality Consulting Inc., Oviedo, FL, USA
| | - Sergio Querol
- Cell Therapy Service and Cord Blood Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan A Gutman
- BMT/Hematologic Malignancies, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Loren Gragert
- National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mock U, Machowicz R, Hauber I, Horn S, Abramowski P, Berdien B, Hauber J, Fehse B. mRNA transfection of a novel TAL effector nuclease (TALEN) facilitates efficient knockout of HIV co-receptor CCR5. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5560-71. [PMID: 25964300 PMCID: PMC4477672 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygosity for a natural deletion variant of the HIV-coreceptor molecule CCR5, CCR5Δ32, confers resistance toward HIV infection. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation from a CCR5Δ32-homozygous donor has resulted in the first cure from HIV ('Berlin patient'). Based thereon, genetic disruption of CCR5 using designer nucleases was proposed as a promising HIV gene-therapy approach. Here we introduce a novel TAL-effector nuclease, CCR5-Uco-TALEN that can be efficiently delivered into T cells by mRNA electroporation, a gentle and truly transient gene-transfer technique. CCR5-Uco-TALEN mediated high-rate CCR5 knockout (>90% in PM1 and >50% in primary T cells) combined with low off-target activity, as assessed by flow cytometry, next-generation sequencing and a newly devised, very convenient gene-editing frequency digital-PCR (GEF-dPCR). GEF-dPCR facilitates simultaneous detection of wild-type and gene-edited alleles with remarkable sensitivity and accuracy as shown for the CCR5 on-target and CCR2 off-target loci. CCR5-edited cells were protected from infection with HIV-derived lentiviral vectors, but also with the wild-type CCR5-tropic HIV-1BaL strain. Long-term exposure to HIV-1BaL resulted in almost complete suppression of viral replication and selection of CCR5-gene edited T cells. In conclusion, we have developed a novel TALEN for the targeted, high-efficiency knockout of CCR5 and a useful dPCR-based gene-editing detection method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mock
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Rafał Machowicz
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Stefan Horn
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Pierre Abramowski
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Belinda Berdien
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bobbin ML, Burnett JC, Rossi JJ. RNA interference approaches for treatment of HIV-1 infection. Genome Med 2015; 7:50. [PMID: 26019725 PMCID: PMC4445287 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is a chronic and debilitating disease that cannot be cured with current antiretroviral drugs. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) can potently suppress HIV-1 replication and delay the onset of AIDS, viral mutagenesis often leads to viral escape from multiple drugs. In addition to the pharmacological agents that comprise cART drug cocktails, new biological therapeutics are reaching the clinic. These include gene-based therapies that utilize RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the expression of viral or host mRNA targets that are required for HIV-1 infection and/or replication. RNAi allows sequence-specific design to compensate for viral mutants and natural variants, thereby drastically expanding the number of therapeutic targets beyond the capabilities of cART. Recent advances in clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the promise of RNAi therapeutics, reinforcing the concept that RNAi-based agents might offer a safe, effective, and more durable approach for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, there are challenges that must be overcome in order for RNAi therapeutics to reach their clinical potential. These include the refinement of strategies for delivery and to reduce the risk of mutational escape. In this review, we provide an overview of RNAi-based therapies for HIV-1, examine a variety of combinatorial RNAi strategies, and discuss approaches for ex vivo delivery and in vivo delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L Bobbin
- Irell & Manella School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Irell & Manella School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 9101 USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Irell & Manella School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 9101 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gu WG. Genome editing-based HIV therapies. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
21
|
Khalili K, Kaminski R, Gordon J, Cosentino L, Hu W. Genome editing strategies: potential tools for eradicating HIV-1/AIDS. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:310-21. [PMID: 25716921 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current therapy for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and preventing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression has profoundly decreased viral replication in cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection, but it does not eliminate the low level of viral replication in latently infected cells, which contain integrated copies of HIV-1 proviral DNA. There is an urgent need for the development of HIV-1 genome eradication strategies that will lead to a permanent or "sterile" cure of HIV-1/AIDS. In the past few years, novel nuclease-initiated genome editing tools have been developing rapidly, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These surgical knives, which can excise any genome, provide a great opportunity to eradicate the HIV-1 genome by targeting highly conserved regions of the HIV-1 long terminal repeats or essential viral genes. Given the time consuming and costly engineering of target-specific ZFNs and TALENs, the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 technology has emerged as a simpler and more versatile technology to allow permanent removal of integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA in eukaryotic cells, and hopefully animal models or human patients. The major unmet challenges of this approach at present include inefficient nuclease gene delivery, potential off-target cleavage, and cell-specific genome targeting. Nanoparticle or lentivirus-mediated delivery of next generation Cas9 technologies including nickase or RNA-guided FokI nuclease (RFN) will further improve the potential for genome editing to become a promising approach for curing HIV-1/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Geering B, Fussenegger M. Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
23
|
Esmaeilzadeh A, Farshbaf A, Erfanmanesh M. Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cells transplantation and genetic modification of CCR5 m303/m303 mutant patient for HIV/AIDS. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:216-8. [PMID: 25613565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV and AIDS is one of the biggest challenges all over the world. There are an approximately 34 million people living with the virus, and a large number of them become infected each year. Although there are some antiviral drugs for HIV viral load reduction, they are not sufficient. There is no cure for AIDS. Nowadays natural resistance or immunity has absorbed attentions. Because in some HIV positive patients progression trend is slow or even they indicate resistance to AIDS. One of the most interesting approaches in this category is CCR5 gene. CCR5 is a main cc-chemokine co-receptor that facilitates HIV-1 entry to macrophage and CD4(+) T cells. To now, many polymorphisms have been known by CCR5 gene that produces a truncated protein with no function. So, HIV-1 could not entry to immune-cells and the body resistant to HIV/AIDS. Δ32/Δ32 and m303/m303 homozygotes are example of mutations that could create this resistance mechanism. There is a new treatment, such as Hematopoietic Stem Cell transplantation (HSCT) in Berlin and Boston patients for Δ32/Δ32 mutation. It could eliminate co-receptor antagonist and highly-active-anti retroviral therapy (HAART) drugs problems such as toxicity, low safety and side-effects. Now there, the aim of this hypothesis will be evaluation of a new mutation CCR5 m303/m303 as autologous HSCT. This novel hypothesis indicates that autologous HSCT for m303/m303 could be effective treatment for anyone HIV/AIDS affected patient worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Alieh Farshbaf
- Department of Genetic & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Erfanmanesh
- Young Researchers Club, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verheyen J, Esser S, Kordelas L. More on shift of HIV tropism in stem-cell transplantation with CCR5 delta32/delta32 mutation. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2437-8. [PMID: 25517720 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1412279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
Hütter G. Regenerating blood: towards engineering HIV-1-resistant hematopoietic stem cells. Regen Med 2014; 9:705-7. [PMID: 25431905 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gero Hütter
- Cellex GmbH, Fiedlerstr. 36, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Latinovic O, Schneider K, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR, Heredia A, Redfield RR. Binding of fusion protein FLSC IgG1 to CCR5 is enhanced by CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. Antiviral Res 2014; 112:80-90. [PMID: 25453341 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 chemokine receptor is crucial for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, acting as the principal coreceptor for HIV-1 entry and transmission and is thus an attractive target for antiviral therapy. Studies have suggested that CCR5 surface density and its conformational changes subsequent to virion engagement are rate limiting for entry, and consequently, infection. Not all CCR5 antibodies inhibit HIV-1 infection, suggesting a need for more potent reagents. Here we evaluated full length single chain (FLSC) IgG1, a novel IgG-CD4-gp120(BAL) fusion protein with several characteristics that make it an attractive candidate for treatment of HIV-1 infections, including bivalency and a potentially increased serum half-life over FLSC, the parental molecule. FLSC IgG1 binds two domains on CCR5, the N-terminus and the second extracellular loop, lowering the levels of available CCR5 viral attachment sites. Furthermore, FLSC IgG1 synergizes with Maraviroc (MVC), the only licensed CCR5 antagonist. In this study, we used both microscopy and functional assays to address the mechanistic aspects of the interactions of FLSC IgG1 and MVC in the context of CCR5 conformational changes and viral infection. We used a novel stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), based on high resolution localization of photoswitchable dyes to visualize direct contacts between FLSC IgG1 and CCR5. We compared viral entry inhibition by FLSC IgG1 with that of other CCR5 blockers and showed FLSC IgG1 to be the most potent. We also showed that lower CCR5 surface densities in HIV-1 infected primary cells result in lower FLSC IgG1 EC50 values. In addition, CCR5 binding by FLSC IgG1, but not CCR5 Ab 2D7, was significantly increased when cells were treated with MVC, suggesting MVC allosterically increases exposure of the FLSC IgG1 binding site. These data have implications for future antiviral therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kate Schneider
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Chang CC, Lewin SR. Challenges, progress and strategies in the search for a cure for HIV. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ma14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|