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Chabukswar S, Grandi N, Lin LT, Tramontano E. Envelope Recombination: A Major Driver in Shaping Retroviral Diversification and Evolution within the Host Genome. Viruses 2023; 15:1856. [PMID: 37766262 PMCID: PMC10536682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are integrated into host DNA as the result of ancient germ line infections, primarily by extinct exogenous retroviruses. Thus, vertebrates' genomes contain thousands of ERV copies, providing a "fossil" record for ancestral retroviral diversity and its evolution within the host genome. Like other retroviruses, the ERV proviral sequence consists of gag, pro, pol, and env genes flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs). Particularly, the env gene encodes for the envelope proteins that initiate the infection process by binding to the host cellular receptor(s), causing membrane fusion. For this reason, a major element in understanding ERVs' evolutionary trajectory is the characterization of env changes over time. Most of the studies dedicated to ERVs' env have been aimed at finding an "actual" physiological or pathological function, while few of them have focused on how these genes were once acquired and modified within the host. Once acquired into the organism, genome ERVs undergo common cellular events, including recombination. Indeed, genome recombination plays a role in ERV evolutionary dynamics. Retroviral recombination events that might have been involved in env divergence include the acquisition of env genes from distantly related retroviruses, env swapping facilitating multiple cross-species transmission over millions of years, ectopic recombination between the homologous sequences present in different positions in the chromosomes, and template switching during transcriptional events. The occurrence of these recombinational events might have aided in shaping retroviral diversification and evolution until the present day. Hence, this review describes and discusses in detail the reported recombination events involving ERV env to provide the basis for further studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saili Chabukswar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.C.); (N.G.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.C.); (N.G.)
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.C.); (N.G.)
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Younis N, Caldeira-Brant AL, Chu T, Abdalla S, Orwig KE. Human immature testicular tissue organ culture: a step towards fertility preservation and restoration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1242263. [PMID: 37701899 PMCID: PMC10494240 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1242263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue (ITT) is currently the only option to preserve fertility of prepubertal patients. Autologous transplantation of ITT may not be safe or appropriate for all patients. Therefore, methods to mature ITT ex vivo are needed. Objectives Aim to investigate the feasibility of inducing in vitro spermatogenesis from ITT cryopreserved for pediatric patients prior to initiation of gonadotoxic therapy. Materials and methods Cryopreserved-thawed ITT from prepubertal and peripubertal patients were cultured for 7, 16, and 32 days in medium with no hormones or supplemented with 5 IU/L FSH, 1 IU/L hCG, or 5IU/L FSH+1 IU/L hCG. Samples were evaluated histologically to assess tissue integrity, and immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify VASA (DDX4)+ germ cells, UCHL1+ spermatogonia, SYCP3+ spermatocytes, CREM+ spermatids, SOX9+ Sertoli cells. Proliferation (KI67) and apoptosis (CASPASE3) of germ cells and Sertoli cells were also analyzed. Sertoli and Leydig cell maturation was evaluated by AR and INSL3 expression as well as expression of the blood testis barrier protein, CLAUDIN11, and testosterone secretion in the culture medium. Results Integrity of seminiferous tubules, VASA+ germ cells and SOX9+ Sertoli cells were maintained up to 32 days. The number of VASA+ germ cells was consistently higher in the peripubertal groups. UCHL1+ undifferentiated spermatogonia and SOX9+ Sertoli cell proliferation was confirmed in most samples. SYCP3+ primary spermatocytes began to appear by day 16 in both age groups. Sertoli cell maturation was demonstrated by AR expression but the expression of CLAUDIN11 was disorganized. Presence of mature and functional Leydig cells was verified by INSL3 expression and secretion of testosterone. Gonadotropin treatments did not consistently impact the number or proliferation of germ cells or somatic cells, but FSH was necessary to increase testosterone secretion over time in prepubertal samples. Conclusion ITT were maintained in organotypic culture for up to 32 days and spermatogonia differentiated to produce primary spermatocytes in both pre- and peripubertal age groups. However, complete spermatogenesis was not observed in either group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Younis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andre L. Caldeira-Brant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shtaywy Abdalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kyle E. Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Cai D, Weng W. Development potential of extracellular matrix hydrogels as hemostatic materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1187474. [PMID: 37383519 PMCID: PMC10294235 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1187474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of subcutaneous extracellular matrix proteins into the circulation is a key step in hemostasis initiation after vascular injury. However, in cases of severe trauma, extracellular matrix proteins are unable to cover the wound, making it difficult to effectively initiate hemostasis and resulting in a series of bleeding events. Acellular-treated extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels are widely used in regenerative medicine and can effectively promote tissue repair due to their high mimic nature and excellent biocompatibility. ECM hydrogels contain high concentrations of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, which can simulate subcutaneous extracellular matrix components and participate in the hemostatic process. Therefore, it has unique advantages as a hemostatic material. This paper first reviewed the preparation, composition and structure of extracellular hydrogels, as well as their mechanical properties and safety, and then analyzed the hemostatic mechanism of the hydrogels to provide a reference for the application and research, and development of ECM hydrogels in the field of hemostasis.
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Peng B, Du L, Zhang T, Chen J, Xu B. Research progress in decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels for intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1981-1993. [PMID: 36734099 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01862d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common clinical disorders, low back pain (LBP) influences patient quality of life and causes substantial social and economic burdens. Many factors can result in LBP, the most common of which is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The progression of IDD cannot be alleviated by conservative or surgical treatments, and gene therapy, growth factor therapy, and cell therapy have their own limitations. Recently, research on the use of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of IDD has garnered great interest, and satisfactory treatment results have been achieved. This article describes the classification of hydrogels, the methods of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) production and the various types of gel formation. The current research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD is described in detail in this article. First, an overview of the material sources, decellularization methods, and gel formation methods is given. The focus is on research performed over the last three years, which mainly consists of bovine and porcine NP tissues, while for decellularization methods, combinations of several approaches are primarily used. dECM hydrogels have significantly improved mechanical properties after the polymers are cross-linked. The main effects of these gels include induction of stem cell differentiation to intervertebral disc (IVD) cells, good mechanical properties to restore IVD height after polymer cross-linking, and slow release of exosomes. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD are summarised, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper is the first to summarise the research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD and aims to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lilong Du
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Tongxing Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beizhengzhong Road, Hunan, 410399, China.
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Virus Safety of Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091926. [PMID: 36146732 PMCID: PMC9503113 DOI: 10.3390/v14091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of xenotransplantation using pig islet cells or organs is under development to alleviate the shortage of human donor islet cells or organs for the treatment of diabetes or organ failure. Multiple genetically modified pigs were generated to prevent rejection. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of potentially zoonotic porcine viruses. In order to prevent this, we developed highly sensitive PCR-based, immunologicals and other methods for the detection of numerous xenotransplantation-relevant viruses. These methods were used for the screening of donor pigs and xenotransplant recipients. Of special interest are the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) that are integrated in the genome of all pigs, which are able to infect human cells, and that cannot be eliminated by methods that other viruses can. We showed, using droplet digital PCR, that the number of PERV proviruses is different in different pigs (usually around 60). Furthermore, the copy number is different in different organs of a single pig, indicating that PERVs are active in the living animals. We showed that in the first clinical trials treating diabetic patients with pig islet cells, no porcine viruses were transmitted. However, in preclinical trials transplanting pig hearts orthotopically into baboons, porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), but no PERVs, were transmitted. PCMV/PRV transmission resulted in a significant reduction of the survival time of the xenotransplant. PCMV/PRV was also transmitted in the first pig heart transplantation to a human patient and possibly contributed to the death of the patient. Transmission means that the virus was detected in the recipient, however it remains unclear whether it can infect primate cells, including human cells. We showed previously that PCMV/PRV can be eliminated from donor pigs by early weaning. PERVs were also not transmitted by inoculation of human cell-adapted PERV into small animals, rhesus monkey, baboons and cynomolgus monkeys, even when pharmaceutical immunosuppression was applied. Since PERVs were not transmitted in clinical, preclinical, or infection experiments, it remains unclear whether they should be inactivated in the pig genome by CRISPR/Cas. In summary, by using our sensitive methods, the safety of xenotransplantation can be ensured.
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Lassiter R, Merchen TD, Fang X, Wang Y. Protective Role of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase in Allograft Rejection and Tubular Injury in Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671025. [PMID: 34305900 PMCID: PMC8293746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are the primary targets of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and rejection by the recipient's immune response in kidney transplantation (KTx). However, the molecular mechanism of rejection and IRI remains to be identified. Our previous study demonstrated that kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase were reduced in ischemia-reperfusion procedure and further decreased in rejection allografts among mismatched pig KTx. Herein, we reveal that TEC injury in acutely rejection allografts is associated with alterations of Bcl2 family proteins, reduction of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), and TEC-specific KMO. Three cytokines, IFN γ , TNFα, and IL1β, reported in our previous investigation were identified as triggers of TEC injury by altering the expression of Bcl2, BID, and TJP1. Allograft rejection and TEC injury were always associated with a dramatic reduction of KMO. 3HK and 3HAA, as direct and downstream products of KMO, effectively protected TEC from injury via increasing expression of Bcl-xL and TJP1. Both 3HK and 3HAA further prevented allograft rejection by inhibiting T cell proliferation and up-regulating aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression. Pig KTx with the administration of DNA nanoparticles (DNP) that induce expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and KMO to increase 3HK/3HAA showed an improvement of allograft rejection as well as murine skin transplant in IDO knockout mice with the injection of 3HK indicated a dramatic reduction of allograft rejection. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that reduction of KMO in the graft is a key mediator of allograft rejection and loss. KMO can effectively improve allograft outcome by attenuating allograft rejection and maintaining graft barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Lassiter
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Todd D. Merchen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xuexiu Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Youli Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Zhang W, Du A, Liu S, Lv M, Chen S. Research progress in decellularized extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels. Regen Ther 2021; 18:88-96. [PMID: 34095366 PMCID: PMC8142036 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is widely used in regenerative medicine as a scaffold material due to its unique biological activity and good biocompatibility. Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network structure polymer with high water content and high swelling that can simulate the water environment of human tissues, has good biocompatibility, and can exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste with cells. At present, hydrogel is the ideal biological material for tissue engineering. In recent years, rapid development of the hydrogel theory and technology and progress in the use of dECM to form hydrogels have attracted considerable attention to dECM hydrogels as an innovative method for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This article introduces the classification of hydrogels, and focuses on the history and formation of dECM hydrogels, the source of dECM, the application of dECM hydrogels in tissue engineering and the commercial application of dECM materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Aoling Du
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441053, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Institute of Applied Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mingyue Lv
- Anesthesia Class 1 of Chuanshan College, South China University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Institute of Applied Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Brannigan RE, Fantus RJ, Halpern JA. Fertility preservation in men: a contemporary overview and a look toward emerging technologies. Fertil Steril 2021; 115:1126-1139. [PMID: 33933174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and oncologic therapies can have significant adverse effects on male reproductive potential, leaving many men permanently infertile. Fertility preservation has emerged as a key survivorship issue over the past 20 years, and numerous professional societies have published guidelines calling for fertility preservation to become a routine component of oncologic care. Most males with cancer are able to produce a semen specimen for fertility preservation, but numerous other methods of sperm procurement are available for patients who cannot provide a sufficient sample. Despite these options, fertility preservation will remain a challenge for prepubertal boys and men without sperm production. For these patients, experimental and investigational approaches offer the hope that one day they will translate to the clinical arena, offering additional pathways for successful fertility preservation care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Brannigan
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Richard J Fantus
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A Halpern
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Yoon CH, Choi HJ, Kim MK. Corneal xenotransplantation: Where are we standing? Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 80:100876. [PMID: 32755676 PMCID: PMC7396149 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternatives to allotransplants is driven by the shortage of corneal donors and is demanding because of the limitations of the alternatives. Indeed, current progress in genetically engineered (GE) pigs, the introduction of gene-editing technology by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, and advanced immunosuppressants have made xenotransplantation a possible option for a human trial. Porcine corneal xenotransplantation is considered applicable because the eye is regarded as an immune-privileged site. Furthermore, recent non-human primate studies have shown long-term survival of porcine xenotransplants in keratoplasty. Herein, corneal immune privilege is briefly introduced, and xenogeneic reactions are compared with allogeneic reactions in corneal transplantation. This review describes the current knowledge on special issues of xenotransplantation, xenogeneic rejection mechanisms, current immunosuppressive regimens of corneal xenotransplantation, preclinical efficacy and safety data of corneal xenotransplantation, and updates of the regulatory framework to conduct a clinical trial on corneal xenotransplantation. We also discuss barriers that might prevent xenotransplantation from becoming common practice, such as ethical dilemmas, public concerns on xenotransplantation, and the possible risk of xenozoonosis. Given that the legal definition of decellularized porcine cornea (DPC) lies somewhere between a medical device and a xenotransplant, the preclinical efficacy and clinical trial data using DPC are included. The review finally provides perspectives on the current standpoint of corneal xenotransplantation in the fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lau GA, Schaeffer AJ. Pediatric oncofertility: an update. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:2416-2421. [PMID: 33209715 PMCID: PMC7658128 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility preservation (FP) in pediatric patients with cancer is an evolving field. In this review, we give a short update on recent scientific advances in the practice of pediatric oncofertility, particularly related to the research involving gonadal tissue cryopreservation from prepubertal patients, which remains experimental. We then focus on recent advances in the implementation of formal pediatric oncofertility programs and barriers in the delivery of FP in this patient population. Finally, we include some of the more recent outcomes data from established oncofertility programs that treat pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Lau
- Division of Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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3D Printing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Design Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2689701. [PMID: 33282941 PMCID: PMC7685790 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2689701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional engineered muscles are still a critical clinical issue to be addressed, although different strategies have been considered so far for the treatment of severe muscular injuries. Indeed, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle (SM) results inadequate for large-scale defects, and currently, SM reconstruction remains a complex and unsolved task. For this aim, tissue engineered muscles should provide a proper biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) alternative, characterized by an aligned/microtopographical structure and a myogenic microenvironment, in order to promote muscle regeneration. As a consequence, both materials and fabrication techniques play a key role to plan an effective therapeutic approach. Tissue-specific decellularized ECM (dECM) seems to be one of the most promising material to support muscle regeneration and repair. 3D printing technologies, on the other side, enable the fabrication of scaffolds with a fine and detailed microarchitecture and patient-specific implants with high structural complexity. To identify innovative biomimetic solutions to develop engineered muscular constructs for the treatment of SM loss, the more recent (last 5 years) reports focused on SM dECM-based scaffolds and 3D printing technologies for SM regeneration are herein reviewed. Possible design inputs for 3D printed SM dECM-based scaffolds for muscular regeneration are also suggested.
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Emilia M, Roman N, Barbara SM, Urszula M, Krzysztof Ł, Paweł O. Expression profile of Tripartite motif family (TRIM) in human fibroblasts (NHDF) infected with porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12650. [PMID: 33037648 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interactions between the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA of genes encoding restriction factors (RFs) can lead to the development of new antiretroviral strategies aimed at providing the resistance and reducing susceptibility of human cells to potential PERV infection. Among RFs TRIM family play an important role in shaping the immune response during various stages of infection. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the transcriptional profile of TRIM family genes and identify complementary miRNAs in NHDF cells infected with PERVs and induced by gram negative lipopolysacharide (LPS). METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts cells were cultured in four separate conditions- 2 monocultures: control (N), treated with LPS (NL) and 2 co-cultures with porcine PK15 cells: without LPS (NP) and treated with LPS (NLP). Bacterial LPS was used in this study as an inducer of inflammation in NHDF cells. After extraction of DNA and RNA from cells PERV infection was confirmed in co-cultures by qPCR and RTqPCR. RNA extracts served as a matrix for HGU 133A 2.0 and miRNA 2.0 microarrays to evaluate the expression profile of the selected TRIM family genes and miRNAs adequately. TRIM 2, 14, 22, and 28 were selected for the validation of HGU 133A 2.0 results. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of REST© 2009 and Genespring GX 13.0. Transcriptome Analysis Console 4.0 program (Affymetrix) was used to identify miRNAs that differentiate the studied genes in all conditions. RESULTS Porcine endogenous retrovirus infection at DNA and RNA level was confirmed in NHDF cells in each of the tested groups (NP and NLP). Contamination was excluded in N and NL groups. Based on the analysis of HGU 133A 2.0 results 93 mRNA IDs of TRIM family genes differentiating analyzed conditions were selected P < .05. HGU 133A 2.0 mRNA fluorescence profile was confirmed with RTqPCR of TRIM2, TRIM14, TRIM22 and TRIM28 P < .05. TRIM14 down regulation was specific only in PERV monoinfection (group NP). In miRNA 2.0 microarray 346 miRNAs were identified as differentiating NHDF cells in all analyzed conditions, P < .05. According to the analysis with mirTAR platform and Microrna.org datatbase none of the selected miRNAs had the potential to regulate the selected genes of the TRIM family. CONCLUSION Porcine endogenous retrovirus infection of NHDF cells is accompanied by TRIM14 down regulation suggesting TRIM14 as a possible marker of retroviral infection. None of the selected miRNAs had statistically significant potential to regulate the expression of the selected TRIMs in any of the analyzed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morawiec Emilia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Gyncentrum, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Virology, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Nowak Roman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Orthopaedic Clinical Unit No 5 Sosnowiec, Silesian Medical University Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Strzałka-Mrozik Barbara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mazurek Urszula
- Jozef Tyszkiewicz Higher School in Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.,Karol Godula Upper Silesian Academy of Entrepreneurship Chorzów, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Łopata Krzysztof
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,HYDREX DIAGNOSTICS Sp. z o.o. Sp.k, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Olczyk Paweł
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Kim BS, Das S, Jang J, Cho DW. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-based Bioinks for Engineering Tissue- and Organ-specific Microenvironments. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10608-10661. [PMID: 32786425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials-based biofabrication methods have gained much attention in recent years. Among them, 3D cell printing is a pioneering technology to facilitate the recapitulation of unique features of complex human tissues and organs with high process flexibility and versatility. Bioinks, combinations of printable hydrogel and cells, can be utilized to create 3D cell-printed constructs. The bioactive cues of bioinks directly trigger cells to induce tissue morphogenesis. Among the various printable hydrogels, the tissue- and organ-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can exert synergistic effects in supporting various cells at any component by facilitating specific physiological properties. In this review, we aim to discuss a new paradigm of dECM-based bioinks able to recapitulate the inherent microenvironmental niche in 3D cell-printed constructs. This review can serve as a toolbox for biomedical engineers who want to understand the beneficial characteristics of the dECM-based bioinks and a basic set of fundamental criteria for printing functional human tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu,, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanskrita Das
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu,, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sharma P, Kumar P, Sharma R, Bhatt VD, Dhot PS. Tissue Engineering; Current Status & Futuristic Scope. J Med Life 2019; 12:225-229. [PMID: 31666821 PMCID: PMC6814873 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2019-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 30 years have passed since the term ‘tissue engineering’ was created to represent a new concept that focuses on the regeneration of neotissues from cells with the support of biomaterials and growth factors. This interdisciplinary engineering has attracted much attention as a new therapeutic means that may overcome the drawbacks involved in the current artificial organs and organ transplantation that have also been aiming at replacing lost or severely damaged tissues or organs. However, the tissues regenerated by tissue engineering and widely applied to patients are still minimal, including skin, bone, cartilage, capillary, and periodontal tissues. What are the reasons for such slow advances in clinical applications of tissue engineering? This article gives a brief overview of the current state of tissue engineering, covering the fundamentals and applications. The fundamentals of tissue engineering involve cell sources, scaffolds for cell expansion and differentiation, as well as carriers for growth factors. Animal and human trials are a major part of the applications. Based on these results, some critical problems to be resolved for the advances of tissue engineering are addressed from the engineering point of view, emphasizing the close collaboration between medical doctors and biomaterials scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College and Hospital (Santosh University), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College and Hospital (Santosh University), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Rachna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, TSM Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vijaya Dhar Bhatt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Santosh Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - P S Dhot
- Department of Pathology, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, UP, India
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15
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Abstract
In 1986, the European Society of Biomaterials Consensus Conference gave a simplified definition of biomaterials as “a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems”. This seems to be more appropriate when we look into the versatility of applications of biomaterials in the health sector, especially in cardiovascular practice. This field has expanded exponentially in every direction, with multifunctional capability. Heart valves have undergone an evolution in biomaterials and design. Patches and conduits have been developed to correct anatomical deficits, and solutions have been found for narrowing or ballooning of the arteries. Research is ongoing to find replacements for every part of this system by creating replicas made of various materials. To investigate problems pertaining to the cardiovascular system, catheters have undergone an astounding leap in material optimization. In these three sectors, the trends, successes, and failures are worth discussing. This review mainly focuses on the types of biomaterial used for making cardiovascular devices and their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Guhathakurta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Satish Galla
- Bioengineering Division, SynkroMax Biotech Private Limited, Thirumazhisai, Chennai, India
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16
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Hirata M, Wittayarat M, Hirano T, Nguyen NT, Le QA, Namula Z, Fahrudin M, Tanihara F, Otoi T. The Relationship between Embryonic Development and the Efficiency of Target Mutations in Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) Pol Genes in Porcine Embryos. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090593. [PMID: 31443357 PMCID: PMC6770129 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is a provirus found in the pig genome that may act as an infectious pathogen in humans who receive pig organ xenotransplantation. Inactivation of the PERV pol gene in porcine cells reportedly affects cell growth. Therefore, the mutation of PERV pol gene in porcine embryos using genome editing may affect the embryonic development. The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the mutation of the PERV pol gene in porcine embryos and their development. We introduced, either alone or in combination, three different gRNAs (gRNA1, 2, and 3) into porcine zygotes by genome editing using electroporation of the Cas9 protein (GEEP) system. All three gRNAs targeted the PERV pol gene, and we assessed their effects on porcine embryonic development. Our results showed that the blastocyst formation rates of zygotes electroporated with gRNA3-alone and in combination-were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of zygotes electroporated with gRNA1. The mutation rates assessed by the PERV pol gene target site sequencing in individual blastocysts and pooled embryos at the 2-to-8-cell stage did not differ among the three gRNAs. However, the frequency of indel mutations in mutant embryos at the 2-to-8-cell stage trended higher in the embryos electroporated with gRNA3 alone and in combination. Embryonic development may be affected by gRNAs that induce high-frequency indel mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan
| | - Manita Wittayarat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan
| | - Quynh Anh Le
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan
| | - Zhao Namula
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524005, China
| | - Mokhamad Fahrudin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan.
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima 7793233, Japan
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17
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Wojdas E, Łopata K, Nowak R, Kimsa‐Dudek M, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Expression profile of human porcine endogenous retrovirus A receptors (HuPAR‐1, HuPAR‐2) and transcription factor activator protein‐2γ (TFAP‐2C) genes in infected human fibroblasts—Model in vitro. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12541. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Magdalena Kimsa‐Dudek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow Krakow Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
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18
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Skolasinski SD, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A. Lung tissue bioengineering for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: overcoming the need for lung transplantation from human donors. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:665-678. [PMID: 31164014 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1624163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects more than 380 million people, causing more than 3 million deaths annually worldwide. Despite this enormous burden, currently available therapies are largely limited to symptom control. Lung transplant is considered for end-stage disease but is severely limited by the availability of human organs. Furthermore, the pre-transplant course is a complex orchestration of locating and harvesting suitable lungs, and the post-transplant course is complicated by rejection and infection. Lung tissue bioengineering has the potential to relieve the organ shortage and improve the post-transplant course by generating patient-specific lungs for transplant. Additionally, emerging progenitor cell therapies may facilitate in vivo regeneration of pulmonary tissue, obviating the need for transplant. Areas Covered: We review several lung tissue bioengineering approaches including the recellularization of decellularized scaffolds, 3D bioprinting, genetically-engineered xenotransplantation, blastocyst complementation, and direct therapy with progenitor cells. Articles were identified by searching relevant terms (see Key Words) in the PubMed database and selected for inclusion based on novelty and uniqueness of their approach. Expert Opinion: Lung tissue bioengineering research is in the early stages. Of the methods reviewed, only direct cell therapy has been investigated in humans. We anticipate a minimum of 5-10 years before human therapy will be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Skolasinski
- a Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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19
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Kabirian F, Mozafari M. Decellularized ECM-derived bioinks: Prospects for the future. Methods 2019; 171:108-118. [PMID: 31051254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization aims to remove cells from tissue ultrastructure while preserving the mechanical and biological properties, which makes the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) an appropriate scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology as a reproducible and accurate method can print the combination of ECM and autologous cells layer by layer to fabricate patient based cell-laden structures representing the intrinsic cues of natural ECM. This review defines ECM, classifies decellularization agents and techniques, and explains different sources of ECM. Then, bioprinting techniques, bioink concept, applications of dECM bioinks, and finally the future perspectives of 3d bioprinting technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kabirian
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Department, Materials & Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Department, Materials & Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Fayomi AP, Peters K, Sukhwani M, Valli-Pulaski H, Shetty G, Meistrich ML, Houser L, Robertson N, Roberts V, Ramsey C, Hanna C, Hennebold JD, Dobrinski I, Orwig KE. Autologous grafting of cryopreserved prepubertal rhesus testis produces sperm and offspring. Science 2019; 363:1314-1319. [PMID: 30898927 PMCID: PMC6598202 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testicular tissue cryopreservation is an experimental method to preserve the fertility of prepubertal patients before they initiate gonadotoxic therapies for cancer or other conditions. Here we provide the proof of principle that cryopreserved prepubertal testicular tissues can be autologously grafted under the back skin or scrotal skin of castrated pubertal rhesus macaques and matured to produce functional sperm. During the 8- to 12-month observation period, grafts grew and produced testosterone. Complete spermatogenesis was confirmed in all grafts at the time of recovery. Graft-derived sperm were competent to fertilize rhesus oocytes, leading to preimplantation embryo development, pregnancy, and the birth of a healthy female baby. Pending the demonstration that similar results are obtained in noncastrated recipients, testicular tissue grafting may be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetunji P Fayomi
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Peters
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hanna Valli-Pulaski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Houser
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Nicola Robertson
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Roberts
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cathy Ramsey
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Carol Hanna
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Łopata K, Wojdas E, Nowak R, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) - Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29755422 PMCID: PMC5932395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenotransplantation of porcine tissues may help overcome the shortage of human organs for transplantation. However, there are some concerns about recipient safety because the risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission to human cells remains unknown. Although, to date, no PERV infections have been noted in vivo, the possibility of such infections has been confirmed in vitro. Better understanding of the structure and replication cycle of PERVs is a prerequisite for determining the risk of infection and planning PERV-detection strategies. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the structure and replication cycle of PERVs in the context of retroviral infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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22
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Del Vento F, Vermeulen M, de Michele F, Giudice MG, Poels J, des Rieux A, Wyns C. Tissue Engineering to Improve Immature Testicular Tissue and Cell Transplantation Outcomes: One Step Closer to Fertility Restoration for Prepubertal Boys Exposed to Gonadotoxic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010286. [PMID: 29346308 PMCID: PMC5796232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their important contribution to the cure of both oncological and benign diseases, gonadotoxic therapies present the risk of a severe impairment of fertility. Sperm cryopreservation is not an option to preserve prepubertal boys’ reproductive potential, as their seminiferous tubules only contain spermatogonial stem cells (as diploid precursors of spermatozoa). Cryobanking of human immature testicular tissue (ITT) prior to gonadotoxic therapies is an accepted practice. Evaluation of cryopreserved ITT using xenotransplantation in nude mice showed the survival of a limited proportion of spermatogonia and their ability to proliferate and initiate differentiation. However, complete spermatogenesis could not be achieved in the mouse model. Loss of germ cells after ITT grafting points to the need to optimize the transplantation technique. Tissue engineering, a new branch of science that aims at improving cellular environment using scaffolds and molecules administration, might be an approach for further progress. In this review, after summarizing the lessons learned from human prepubertal testicular germ cells or tissue xenotransplantation experiments, we will focus on the benefits that might be gathered using bioengineering techniques to enhance transplantation outcomes by optimizing early tissue graft revascularization, protecting cells from toxic insults linked to ischemic injury and exploring strategies to promote cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Del Vento
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maxime Vermeulen
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Francesca de Michele
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Maria Grazia Giudice
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jonathan Poels
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Christine Wyns
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-95-01
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates the state of the art in terms of challenges and strategies used to restore fertility with spermatogonial stem cells retrieved from prepubertal boys affected by cancer. Although these boys do not yet produce spermatozoa, the only option to preserve their fertility is cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells in the form of testicular cell suspensions or whole tissue pieces. Different techniques have been described to achieve completion of spermatogenesis from human, spermatogonial stem cells but none is yet ready for clinical application. A crucial point to address is gaining a full understanding of spermatogonial stem cell niche pathophysiology, where germ cells undergo proliferation and differentiation. Various fertility restoration approaches will be presented depending on the presence of an intact niche, dissociated niche, or reconstituted niche. RECENT FINDINGS Testicular organoids open the way to providing further insights into the niche. They can recreate the three-dimensional architecture of the testicular microenvironment in vitro, allowing a large number of applications, from physiology to drug toxicity investigations. SUMMARY In addition to the full elucidation of the niche microenvironment, achieving fertility restoration from cryopreserved human spermatogonial stem cells implies overcoming other important challenges. Testicular organoids might prove to be essential tools to progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca de Michele
- aInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain bDepartment of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Update on fertility restoration from prepubertal spermatogonial stem cells: How far are we from clinical practice? Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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25
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Mourad NI, Crossan C, Cruikshank V, Scobie L, Gianello P. Characterization of porcine endogenous retrovirus expression in neonatal and adult pig pancreatic islets. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nizar I. Mourad
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Claire Crossan
- School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow Scotland
| | - Victoria Cruikshank
- School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow Scotland
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow Scotland
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
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26
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Searching for Common Mammalian Retroviruses in Pediatric Idiopathic Diseases. Viruses 2016; 8:86. [PMID: 27102168 PMCID: PMC4810276 DOI: 10.3390/v8030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian retroviruses cause a variety of diseases in their hosts, including hematological and immunodeficiency disorders. Both human T-cell leukemia (HTLV) and human immunodeficiency (HIV) viruses originated from several independent zoonotic transmissions, indicating that cross-species transmissions from animal to humans may still occur. Thus, as the risk for retroviral transmissions from animals to humans increase, we investigated whether mammalian retroviruses are involved in selected pediatric idiopathic diseases whose symptoms evoke retroviral infections. Blood samples, sera, and synovial fluids, or bone marrow cells were collected from pediatric patients under 18 years of age with different autoimmune idiopathic diseases. Overall, we screened clinical samples from 110 children using sensitive nested and semi-nested PCR strategies targeting env genes, and a C-type retrovirus reverse transcriptase (RT) activity kit. All clinical samples were free of retroviral signatures, indicating the unlikelihood of an etiological role of the retroviruses we assessed in the pediatric diseases we tested.
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Gassei K, Orwig KE. Experimental methods to preserve male fertility and treat male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2015; 105:256-66. [PMID: 26746133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a prevalent condition that has insidious impacts on the infertile individuals, their families, and society, which extend far beyond the inability to have a biological child. Lifestyle changes, fertility treatments, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) are available to help many infertile couples achieve their reproductive goals. All of these technologies require that the infertile individual is able to produce at least a small number of functional gametes (eggs or sperm). It is not possible for a person who does not produce gametes to have a biological child. This review focuses on the infertile man and describes several stem cell-based methods and gene therapy approaches that are in the research pipeline and may lead to new fertility treatment options for men with azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Gassei
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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28
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Demange A, Yajjou-Hamalian H, Gallay K, Luengo C, Beven V, Leroux A, Confort MP, Al Andary E, Gouet P, Moreau K, Ronfort C, Blanchard Y. Porcine endogenous retrovirus-A/C: biochemical properties of its integrase and susceptibility to raltegravir. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3124-3130. [PMID: 26296914 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are present in the genomes of pig cells. The PERV-A/C recombinant virus can infect human cells and is a major risk of zoonotic disease in the case of xenotransplantation of pig organs to humans. Raltegravir (RAL) is a viral integrase (IN) inhibitor used in highly active antiretroviral treatment. In the present study, we explored the potential use of RAL against PERV-A/C. We report (i) a three-dimensional model of the PERV-A/C intasome complexed with RAL, (ii) the sensitivity of PERV-A/C IN to RAL in vitro and (iii) the sensitivity of a PERV-A/C-IRES-GFP recombinant virus to RAL in cellulo. We demonstrated that RAL is a potent inhibitor against PERV-A/C IN and PERV-A/C replication with IC50s in the nanomolar range. To date, the use of retroviral inhibitors remains the only way to control the risk of zoonotic PERV infection during pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Demange
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Halima Yajjou-Hamalian
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, BMSSI-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kathy Gallay
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Luengo
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Beven
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Aurélie Leroux
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elsy Al Andary
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Gouet
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, BMSSI-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Ronfort
- UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
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29
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Choi J, Kim HM, Yoon JK, Cho Y, Lee HJ, Kim KC, Kim CK, Kim GW, Kim YB. Identification of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) packaging sequence and development of PERV packaging viral vector system. J Microbiol 2015; 53:348-53. [PMID: 25935307 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the retroviruses have focused on the specific interaction of the nucleocapsid protein with a packaging signal in the viral RNA as important for this selectivity, but the packaging signal in porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) has not been defined. Herein, we identified and analyzed this packaging signal in PERV and found hairpin structures with conserved tetranucleotides in their loops and nucleocapsid recognition sequences; both of which are key elements in the viral packaging signal of MLV. We evaluated packaging efficiency of sequence variants isolated from viral and proviral integrated genomes. All viral packaging sequences (Ψ) were identical, while five distinct packaging sequences were identified from proviral sources. One proviral sequence (Ψ1) was identical to that of the viral Ψ and had the highest packaging efficiency. Three variants (Ψ2, Ψ3, Ψ4) maintained key elements of the viral packaging signal, but had nucleotide replacements and consequently demonstrated reduced packaging efficiency. Despite of the same overall hairpin structure, the proviral variant (Ψ5) had only one GACG sequence in the hairpin loop and showed the lowest packaging efficiency other than ∆Ψ, in which the essential packaging sequence was removed. This result, thus, defined the packaging sequences in PERV and emphasized the importance of nucleotide sequence and RNA structure in the determination of packaging efficiency. In addition, we demonstrate efficient infection and gene expression from the PERV based viral vector, which may serve as a novel alternative to current retroviral expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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30
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Godehardt AW, Rodrigues Costa M, Tönjes RR. Review on porcine endogenous retrovirus detection assays--impact on quality and safety of xenotransplants. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:95-101. [PMID: 25641488 PMCID: PMC4413356 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of porcine organs, tissues, and cells inherits a risk for xenozoonotic infections. Viable tissues and cells intended for transplantation have to be considered as potentially contaminated non-sterile products. The demands on microbial testing, based on the regulatory requirements, are often challenging due to a restricted shelf life or the complexity of the product itself. In Europe, the regulatory framework for xenogeneic cell therapy is based on the advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) regulation (2007), the EMA CHMP Guideline on xenogeneic cell-based medicinal products (2009), as well as the WHO and Council of Europe recommendations. In the USA, FDA guidance for industry (2003) regulates the use of xenotransplants. To comply with the regulations, validated test methods need to be established that reveal the microbial status of a transplant within its given shelf life, complemented by strictly defined action alert limits and supported by breeding in specific pathogen-free (SPF) facilities. In this review, we focus on assays for the detection of the porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV-A/-B/-C, which exhibit highly polymorphic proviral loci in pig genomes. PERVs are transmitted vertically and cannot be completely eliminated by breeding or gene knock out technology. PERVs entail a public health concern that will persist even if no evidence of PERV infection of xenotransplant recipients in vivo has been revealed yet. Nevertheless, infectious risks must be minimized by full assessment of pigs as donors by combining different molecular screening assays for sensitive and specific detection as well as a functional analysis of the infectivity of PERV including an adequate monitoring of recipients.
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31
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Lange P, Greco K, Partington L, Carvalho C, Oliani S, Birchall MA, Sibbons PD, Lowdell MW, Ansari T. Pilot study of a novel vacuum-assisted method for decellularization of tracheae for clinical tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:800-811. [PMID: 25689270 DOI: 10.1002/term.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered tracheae have been successfully implanted to treat a small number of patients on compassionate grounds. The treatment has not become mainstream due to the time taken to produce the scaffold and the resultant financial costs. We have developed a method for decellularization (DC) based on vacuum technology, which when combined with an enzyme/detergent protocol significantly reduces the time required to create clinically suitable scaffolds. We have applied this technology to prepare porcine tracheal scaffolds and compared the results to scaffolds produced under normal atmospheric pressures. The principal outcome measures were the reduction in time (9 days to prepare the scaffold) followed by a reduction in residual DNA levels (DC no-vac: 137.8±48.82 ng/mg vs. DC vac 36.83±18.45 ng/mg, p<0.05.). Our approach did not impact on the collagen or glycosaminoglycan content or on the biomechanical properties of the scaffolds. We applied the vacuum technology to human tracheae, which, when implanted in vivo showed no significant adverse immunological response. The addition of a vacuum to a conventional decellularization protocol significantly reduces production time, whilst providing a suitable scaffold. This increases clinical utility and lowers production costs. To our knowledge this is the first time that vacuum assisted decellularization has been explored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lange
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Watford Rd, Harrow, UK.,Department of Haematology, UCL, Medical School, London, UK
| | - K Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Watford Rd, Harrow, UK
| | - L Partington
- Department of Haematology, UCL, Medical School, London, UK
| | - C Carvalho
- Department of Haematology, UCL, Medical School, London, UK
| | - S Oliani
- Immunomorphology Laboratory, Department of Biology, IBILCE-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - M A Birchall
- UCL Ear Institute, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - P D Sibbons
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Watford Rd, Harrow, UK
| | - M W Lowdell
- Department of Haematology, UCL, Medical School, London, UK
| | - T Ansari
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Watford Rd, Harrow, UK
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32
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Armezzani A, Varela M, Spencer TE, Palmarini M, Arnaud F. "Ménage à Trois": the evolutionary interplay between JSRV, enJSRVs and domestic sheep. Viruses 2014; 6:4926-45. [PMID: 25502326 PMCID: PMC4276937 DOI: 10.3390/v6124926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep betaretroviruses represent a fascinating model to study the complex evolutionary interplay between host and pathogen in natural settings. In infected sheep, the exogenous and pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) coexists with a variety of highly related endogenous JSRVs, referred to as enJSRVs. During evolution, some of them were co-opted by the host as they fulfilled important biological functions, including placental development and protection against related exogenous retroviruses. In particular, two enJSRV loci, enJS56A1 and enJSRV-20, were positively selected during sheep domestication due to their ability to interfere with the replication of related competent retroviruses. Interestingly, viruses escaping these transdominant enJSRVs have recently emerged, probably less than 200 years ago. Overall, these findings suggest that in sheep the process of endogenization is still ongoing and, therefore, the evolutionary interplay between endogenous and exogenous sheep betaretroviruses and their host has not yet reached an equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Armezzani
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646310 Pullman, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61-1QH, UK.
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- UMR754, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, SFR BioSciences Gerland, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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