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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Finding a chink in the armor: Update, limitations, and challenges toward successful antivirals against flaviviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010291. [PMID: 35482672 PMCID: PMC9049358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have caused large epidemics and ongoing outbreaks for centuries. They are now distributed in every continent infecting up to millions of people annually and may emerge to cause future epidemics. Some of the viruses from this group cause severe illnesses ranging from hemorrhagic to neurological manifestations. Despite decades of research, there are currently no approved antiviral drugs against flaviviruses, urging for new strategies and antiviral targets. In recent years, integrated omics data-based drug repurposing paired with novel drug validation methodologies and appropriate animal models has substantially aided in the discovery of new antiviral medicines. Here, we aim to review the latest progress in the development of both new and repurposed (i) direct-acting antivirals; (ii) host-targeting antivirals; and (iii) multitarget antivirals against flaviviruses, which have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, with an emphasis on their targets and mechanisms. The search yielded 37 compounds that have been evaluated for their efficacy against flaviviruses in animal models; 20 of them are repurposed drugs, and the majority of them exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The review also highlighted the major limitations and challenges faced in the current in vitro and in vivo evaluations that hamper the development of successful antiviral drugs for flaviviruses. We provided an analysis of what can be learned from some of the approved antiviral drugs as well as drugs that failed clinical trials. Potent in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacy alone does not warrant successful antiviral drugs; current gaps in studies need to be addressed to improve efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
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Perera N, Brun J, Alonzi DS, Tyrrell BE, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Antiviral effects of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)-based iminosugars in dengue virus-infected primary dendritic cells. Antiviral Res 2022; 199:105269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carpio KL, Barrett ADT. Flavivirus NS1 and Its Potential in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:622. [PMID: 34207516 PMCID: PMC8229460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus contains many important human pathogens, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), yellow fever (YF) and Zika (ZIK) viruses. While there are effective vaccines for a few flavivirus diseases (JE, TBE and YF), the majority do not have vaccines, including WN and ZIK. The flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it is glycosylated and forms different structures to facilitate different roles intracellularly and extracellularly, including roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also plays a role in protective immunity through antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies elicit passive protection in animal models against a virus challenge. Historically, NS1 has been used as a diagnostic marker for the flavivirus infection due to its complement fixing properties and specificity. Its role in disease pathogenesis, and the strong humoral immune response resulting from infection, makes NS1 an excellent target for inclusion in candidate flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra L. Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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5
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Nunes-Santos CJ, Kuehn HS, Rosenzweig SD. N-Glycan Modification in Covid-19 Pathophysiology: In vitro Structural Changes with Limited Functional Effects. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:335-344. [PMID: 33245474 PMCID: PMC7691692 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, we reported two siblings with a rare congenital disorder of glycosylation due to mutations in mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (MOGS). The glycan alteration derived from this disease resulted in an in vitro infection resistance to particular enveloped, N-glycosylation-dependent viruses as influenza and HIV. As part of the global effort to find safe and effective antiviral therapies for Covid-19, we assessed the in vitro activity of the FDA-approved α-glucosidase inhibitor miglustat against SARS-CoV-2. Expression plasmids encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and human ACE2 glycoproteins (GP) were tested to evaluate N-glycan modifications induced by α-glucosidase inhibition. Immunoprecipitation was used to assess binding between these two GP. Cell-to-cell fusion was assessed by immunofluorescence of cocultures of SARS-CoV-2 S and ACE2-expressing cells. Miglustat effect on immune response was tested by measuring cytokine release from PBMC exposed to purified SARS-CoV-2 S. In our overexpression system, miglustat successfully and specifically modified N-glycans in both SARS-CoV-2 S and its main receptor ACE2. Binding between these two GP was not affected by glycan modifications. A surrogate marker for viral cytopathic effect, measured as receptor-dependent SARS-CoV-2 S-driven cell-to-cell fusion, was not disrupted by miglustat treatment. This observation was further confirmed in MOGS-null transfected cells. Miglustat produced no statistically significant effects on cytokine production following SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein stimulation of PBMC. Our work shows that despite clear N-glycan alteration in the presence of miglustat, the functions of the Covid-19-related glycoproteins studied were not affected, making it unlikely that miglustat can change the natural course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane J Nunes-Santos
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm. 2C410F, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm. 2C410F, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm. 2C410F, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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6
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Evans DeWald L, Starr C, Butters T, Treston A, Warfield KL. Iminosugars: A host-targeted approach to combat Flaviviridae infections. Antiviral Res 2020; 184:104881. [PMID: 32768411 PMCID: PMC7405907 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is the most common form of protein glycosylation and is required for the proper folding, trafficking, and/or receptor binding of some host and viral proteins. As viruses lack their own glycosylation machinery, they are dependent on the host's machinery for these processes. Certain iminosugars are known to interfere with the N-linked glycosylation pathway by targeting and inhibiting α-glucosidases I and II in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbing ER α-glucosidase function can prevent these enzymes from removing terminal glucose residues on N-linked glycans, interrupting the interaction between viral glycoproteins and host chaperone proteins that is necessary for proper folding of the viral protein. Iminosugars have demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo against multiple viruses. This review discusses the broad activity of iminosugars against Flaviviridae. Iminosugars have shown favorable activity against multiple members of the Flaviviridae family in vitro and in murine models of disease, although the activity and mechanism of inhibition can be virus-specfic. While iminosugars are not currently approved for the treatment of viral infections, their potential use as future host-targeted antiviral (HTAV) therapies continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Starr
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly L. Warfield
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA,Corresponding author. 400 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
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7
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Troost B, Smit JM. Recent advances in antiviral drug development towards dengue virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:9-21. [PMID: 32795907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high disease burden of dengue virus, there is no approved antiviral treatment or broadly applicable vaccine to treat or prevent dengue virus infection. In the last decade, many antiviral compounds have been identified but only few have been further evaluated in pre-clinical or clinical trials. This review will give an overview of the direct-acting and host-directed antivirals identified to date. Furthermore, important parameters for further development that is, drug properties including efficacy, specificity and stability, pre-clinical animal testing, and combinational drug therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Warfield KL, Alonzi DS, Hill JC, Caputo AT, Roversi P, Kiappes JL, Sheets N, Duchars M, Dwek RA, Biggins J, Barnard D, Shresta S, Treston AM, Zitzmann N. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidase I with a Single-Dose Iminosugar Treatment Protects against Lethal Influenza and Dengue Virus Infections. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4205-4214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
| | - Johan C. Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
| | - Alessandro T. Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, England, U.K
| | - J. L. Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew Duchars
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879, United States
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
| | - Julia Biggins
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Dale Barnard
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, U.K
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Mechanisms of Antiviral Activity of Iminosugars Against Dengue Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:277-301. [PMID: 29845540 PMCID: PMC7121742 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against many enveloped viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), HIV, influenza and hepatitis C virus, is believed to be mediated by inducing misfolding of viral N-linked glycoproteins through inhibition of host endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidase enzymes. This leads to reduced secretion and/or infectivity of virions and hence lower viral titres, both in vitro and in vivo. Free oligosaccharide analysis from iminosugar-treated cells shows that antiviral activity correlates with production of mono- and tri-glucosylated sugars, indicative of inhibition of ER α-glucosidases. We demonstrate that glucose-mimicking iminosugars inhibit isolated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing enzymes and that this inhibition also occurs in primary cells treated with these drugs. Galactose-mimicking iminosugars that have been tested do not inhibit glycoprotein processing but do inhibit glycolipid processing, and are not antiviral against DENV. By comparison, the antiviral activity of glucose-mimetic iminosugars that inhibit endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidases, but not glycolipid processing, demonstrates that inhibition of α-glucosidases is responsible for iminosugar antiviral activity against DENV. This monograph will review the investigations of many researchers into the mechanisms of action of iminosugars and the contribution of our current understanding of these mechanisms for optimising clinical delivery of iminosugars. The effects of iminosugars on enzymes other than glucosidases, the induction of ER stress and viral receptors will be also put into context. Data suggest that inhibition of α-glucosidases results in inhibited release of virus and is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against DENV.
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Structural Insights into the Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Target Endoplasmic Reticulum Alpha-Glucosidase II. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:265-276. [PMID: 29845539 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the host-cell endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) pathway is an effective broad-spectrum antiviral strategy. The two ER resident α-glucosidases whose sequential action permits entry in this pathway are the targets of glucomimetic inhibitors. Knowledge of the molecular details of the ER α-glucosidase II (α-Glu II) structure was limited. We determined crystal structures of a trypsinolytic fragment of murine α-Glu II, alone and in complex with key catalytic cycle ligands, and four different broad-spectrum antiviral iminosugar inhibitors, two of which are currently in clinical trials against dengue fever. The structures highlight novel portions of the enzyme outside its catalytic pocket which contribute to its activity and substrate specificity. These crystal structures and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry of the murine ER alpha glucosidase II heterodimer uncover the quaternary arrangement of the enzyme's α- and β-subunits, and suggest a conformational rearrangement of ER α-Glu II upon association of the enzyme with client glycoproteins.
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Watanabe S, Low JGH, Vasudevan SG. Preclinical Antiviral Testing for Dengue Virus Infection in Mouse Models and Its Association with Clinical Studies. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1048-1057. [PMID: 29756760 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is no licensed antiviral drug against dengue virus (DENV) infection. Mouse models of DENV infection have been widely used for preclinical evaluation of antivirals. However, only in a few instances so far have the data obtained from preclinical mouse model testing been associated with data from clinical studies in humans. In this Review, we focus on the antiviral drugs targeting viral replication that have been tested in animals/humans and discuss how preclinical drug evaluation in suitable mouse/animal models may be more fruitfully used to inform early phase clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Jenny Guek-Hong Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Subhash G. Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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12
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Carlin AF, Plummer EM, Vizcarra EA, Sheets N, Joo Y, Tang W, Day J, Greenbaum J, Glass CK, Diamond MS, Shresta S. An IRF-3-, IRF-5-, and IRF-7-Independent Pathway of Dengue Viral Resistance Utilizes IRF-1 to Stimulate Type I and II Interferon Responses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1600-1612. [PMID: 29117564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors (TFs) that translate viral recognition into antiviral responses, including type I interferon (IFN) production. Dengue virus (DENV) and other clinically important flaviviruses are suppressed by type I IFN. While mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1-/-) succumb to DENV infection, we found that mice deficient in three transcription factors controlling type I IFN production (Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- triple knockout [TKO]) survive DENV challenge. DENV infection of TKO mice resulted in minimal type I IFN production but a robust type II IFN (IFN-γ) response. Using loss-of-function approaches for various molecules, we demonstrate that the IRF-3-, IRF-5-, IRF-7-independent pathway predominantly utilizes IFN-γ and, to a lesser degree, type I IFNs. This pathway signals via IRF-1 to stimulate interleukin-12 (IL-12) production and IFN-γ response. These results reveal a key antiviral role for IRF-1 by activating both type I and II IFN responses during DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily M Plummer
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunichel Joo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Day
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Greenbaum
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Bajpai VK, Chandra V, Kim NH, Rai R, Kumar P, Kim K, Aeron A, Kang SC, Maheshwari DK, Na M, Rather IA, Park YH. Ghost probiotics with a combined regimen: a novel therapeutic approach against the Zika virus, an emerging world threat. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:438-454. [PMID: 28877637 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1368445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) used to be an obscure flavivirus closely related to dengue virus (DENV). Transmission of this epidemic pathogen occurs mainly via mosquitoes, but it is also capable of placental and sexual transmission. Although the characteristics of these viruses are well defined, infections are unpredictable in terms of disease severity, unusual clinical manifestations, unexpected methods of transmission, long-term persistence, and the development of new strains. Recently, ZIKV has gained huge medical attention following the large-scale epidemics around the world, and reported cases of congenital abnormalities associated with Zika virus infections which have created a public health emergency of international concern. Despite continuous research on ZIKV, no specific treatment or vaccine has been developed, excepting a preventive strategy for congenital ZIKV infection. Probiotics, known as GRAS, are bacteria that confer various health beneficial effects, and have been shown to be effective at curing a number of viral diseases by modulating the immune system. Furthermore, probiotic preparations consisting of dead cells and cellular metabolites, so-called "Ghost probiotics", can also act as biological response modifiers. Here, we review available information on the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features of ZIKV, and on treatment and prevention strategies. In addition, we emphasize the use of probiotics and plant-based natural remedies and describe their action mechanisms, and the green technologies for microbial conversion, which could contribute to the development of novel therapies that may reduce the pathogenicity of ZIKV. Accordingly, we draw attention to new findings, unanswered questions, unresolved issues, and controversies regarding ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- a Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
| | - Vishal Chandra
- b Department of Biosciences , Integral University , Lucknow , India.,c Stephenson Cancer Center (SCC) , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Na-Hyung Kim
- d Department of Oriental Pharmacy , Wonkwang University , Iksan-city , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Rajni Rai
- e School of Biotechnology , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- e School of Biotechnology , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
| | - Kangmin Kim
- f Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences , Chonbuk National University , Iksan-si , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Abhinav Aeron
- f Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences , Chonbuk National University , Iksan-si , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- g Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering , Daegu University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
| | - D K Maheshwari
- h Department of Botany and Microbiology , Gurukul Kangri University , Haridwar , India
| | - MinKyun Na
- i College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Irfan A Rather
- a Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
| | - Yong-Ha Park
- a Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Korea
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14
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Tyrrell BE, Sayce AC, Warfield KL, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars: Promising therapeutics for influenza infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:521-545. [PMID: 27931136 PMCID: PMC5470110 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1242868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes three to five million severe respiratory infections per year in seasonal epidemics, and sporadic pandemics, three of which occurred in the twentieth century and are a continuing global threat. Currently licensed antivirals exclusively target the viral neuraminidase or M2 ion channel, and emerging drug resistance necessitates the development of novel therapeutics. It is believed that a host-targeted strategy may combat the development of antiviral drug resistance. To this end, a class of molecules known as iminosugars, hydroxylated carbohydrate mimics with the endocyclic oxygen atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, are being investigated for their broad-spectrum antiviral potential. The influenza virus glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are susceptible to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases by certain iminosugars, leading to reduced virion production or infectivity, demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. In some experiments, viral strain-specific effects are observed. Iminosugars may also inhibit other host and virus targets with antiviral consequences. While investigations of anti-influenza iminosugar activities have been conducted since the 1980s, recent successes of nojirimycin derivatives have re-invigorated investigation of the therapeutic potential of iminosugars as orally available, low cytotoxicity, effective anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ellen Tyrrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew Cameron Sayce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Lyn Warfield
- Antiviral Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions IncGaithersburgMDUnited States
| | - Joanna Louise Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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15
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Rossignol ED, Peters KN, Connor JH, Bullitt E. Zika virus induced cellular remodelling. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28318141 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with morbidities such as Guillain-Barré, infant microcephaly, and ocular disease. The spread of this positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and its growing public health threat underscore gaps in our understanding of basic ZIKV virology. To advance knowledge of the virus replication cycle within mammalian cells, we use serial section 3-dimensional electron tomography to demonstrate the widespread remodelling of intracellular membranes upon infection with ZIKV. We report extensive structural rearrangements of the endoplasmic reticulum and reveal stages of the ZIKV viral replication cycle. Structures associated with RNA genome replication and virus assembly are observed integrated within the endoplasmic reticulum, and we show viruses in transit through the Golgi apparatus for viral maturation, and subsequent cellular egress. This study characterises in detail the 3-dimensional ultrastructural organisation of the ZIKV replication cycle stages. Our results show close adherence of the ZIKV replication cycle to the existing flavivirus replication paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Rossignol
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen N Peters
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Lai JH, Lin YL, Hsieh SL. Pharmacological intervention for dengue virus infection. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 129:14-25. [PMID: 28104437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a considerable health impact in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. Escalation of infection rates greatly increases morbidity and mortality, most commonly from deaths due to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Although the development of an effective, long-lasting vaccine has been a major aim for control and prevention of DENV infection, the currently licensed vaccine has limitations and is less than satisfactory. Thus, there remains an important need to identify effective and tolerable medications for treatment of DENV-infected patients both in the early phase, to prevent progression to fatal outcomes, and to minimize deaths after patients develop severe complications. This review will address several specific points, including (1) approaches to identify anti-DENV medications, (2) recent advances in the development of potential compounds targeting DENV infection, (3) experience with clinical trials of regimens for DENV infection, (4) some available medications of potential for clinical trials against DENV infection, (5) reasons for unsuccessful outcomes and challenges of anti-DENV treatments, and (6) directions for developing or selecting better anti-DENV strategies. This review provides useful guidance for clinicians selecting drugs for DENV-infected patients with severe manifestations or potential fatal disease progression, and for basic researchers seeking to develop effective anti-DENV regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Miller JL, Spiro SG, Dowall SD, Taylor I, Rule A, Alonzi DS, Sayce AC, Wright E, Bentley EM, Thom R, Hall G, Dwek RA, Hewson R, Zitzmann N. Minimal In Vivo Efficacy of Iminosugars in a Lethal Ebola Virus Guinea Pig Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167018. [PMID: 27880800 PMCID: PMC5120828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral properties of iminosugars have been reported previously in vitro and in small animal models against Ebola virus (EBOV); however, their effects have not been tested in larger animal models such as guinea pigs. We tested the iminosugars N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) and N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1deoxynojirimycin (MON-DNJ) for safety in uninfected animals, and for antiviral efficacy in animals infected with a lethal dose of guinea pig adapted EBOV. 1850 mg/kg/day NB-DNJ and 120 mg/kg/day MON-DNJ administered intravenously, three times daily, caused no adverse effects and were well tolerated. A pilot study treating infected animals three times within an 8 hour period was promising with 1 of 4 infected NB-DNJ treated animals surviving and the remaining three showing improved clinical signs. MON-DNJ showed no protective effects when EBOV-infected guinea pigs were treated. On histopathological examination, animals treated with NB-DNJ had reduced lesion severity in liver and spleen. However, a second study, in which NB-DNJ was administered at equally-spaced 8 hour intervals, could not confirm drug-associated benefits. Neither was any antiviral effect of iminosugars detected in an EBOV glycoprotein pseudotyped virus assay. Overall, this study provides evidence that NB-DNJ and MON-DNJ do not protect guinea pigs from a lethal EBOV-infection at the dose levels and regimens tested. However, the one surviving animal and signs of improvements in three animals of the NB-DNJ treated cohort could indicate that NB-DNJ at these levels may have a marginal beneficial effect. Future work could be focused on the development of more potent iminosugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Miller
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NZ); (JLM)
| | - Simon G. Spiro
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Taylor
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Rule
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Sayce
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thom
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NZ); (JLM)
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18
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Caputo AT, Alonzi DS, Marti L, Reca IB, Kiappes JL, Struwe WB, Cross A, Basu S, Lowe ED, Darlot B, Santino A, Roversi P, Zitzmann N. Structures of mammalian ER α-glucosidase II capture the binding modes of broad-spectrum iminosugar antivirals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4630-8. [PMID: 27462106 PMCID: PMC4987793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604463113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of enveloped viruses depends heavily on the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glycoprotein quality control (QC) machinery. This dependency exceeds the dependency of host glycoproteins, offering a window for the targeting of ERQC for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. We determined small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystal structures of the main ERQC enzyme, ER α-glucosidase II (α-GluII; from mouse), alone and in complex with key ligands of its catalytic cycle and antiviral iminosugars, including two that are in clinical trials for the treatment of dengue fever. The SAXS data capture the enzyme's quaternary structure and suggest a conformational rearrangement is needed for the simultaneous binding of a monoglucosylated glycan to both subunits. The X-ray structures with key catalytic cycle intermediates highlight that an insertion between the +1 and +2 subsites contributes to the enzyme's activity and substrate specificity, and reveal that the presence of d-mannose at the +1 subsite renders the acid catalyst less efficient during the cleavage of the monoglucosylated substrate. The complexes with iminosugar antivirals suggest that inhibitors targeting a conserved ring of aromatic residues between the α-GluII +1 and +2 subsites would have increased potency and selectivity, thus providing a template for further rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro T Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Marti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ida-Barbara Reca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - J L Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Cross
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Souradeep Basu
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Darlot
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
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19
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Watterson D, Modhiran N, Young PR. The many faces of the flavivirus NS1 protein offer a multitude of options for inhibitor design. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Warfield KL, Plummer EM, Sayce AC, Alonzi DS, Tang W, Tyrrell BE, Hill ML, Caputo AT, Killingbeck SS, Beatty PR, Harris E, Iwaki R, Kinami K, Ide D, Kiappes JL, Kato A, Buck MD, King K, Eddy W, Khaliq M, Sampath A, Treston AM, Dwek RA, Enterlein SG, Miller JL, Zitzmann N, Ramstedt U, Shresta S. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum glucosidases is required for in vitro and in vivo dengue antiviral activity by the iminosugar UV-4. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:93-98. [PMID: 26946111 PMCID: PMC5064435 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of UV-4 was previously demonstrated against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) in multiple mouse models. Herein, step-wise minimal effective dose and therapeutic window of efficacy studies of UV-4B (UV-4 hydrochloride salt) were conducted in an antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) mouse model of severe DENV2 infection in AG129 mice lacking types I and II interferon receptors. Significant survival benefit was demonstrated with 10–20 mg/kg of UV-4B administered thrice daily (TID) for seven days with initiation of treatment up to 48 h after infection. UV-4B also reduced infectious virus production in in vitro antiviral activity assays against all four DENV serotypes, including clinical isolates. A set of purified enzyme, in vitro, and in vivo studies demonstrated that inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α-glucosidases and not the glycosphingolipid pathway appears to be responsible for the antiviral activity of UV-4B against DENV. Along with a comprehensive safety package, these and previously published data provided support for an Investigational New Drug (IND) filing and Phases 1 and 2 clinical trials for UV-4B with an indication of acute dengue disease. The iminosugar UV-4B has in vitro activity against all 4 dengue virus serotypes. Inhibition of ER α-glucosidases is responsible for UV-4B activity against dengue. In vivo efficacy studies inform clinical trial design for UV-4B treatment of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Plummer
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew C Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - William Tang
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Beatrice E Tyrrell
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessandro T Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah S Killingbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ren Iwaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Kinami
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ide
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - J L Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Michael D Buck
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kevin King
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - William Eddy
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Raymond A Dwek
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Joanna L Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The dengue virus and related flaviviruses are an increasing global health threat. In this perspective, we comment on and review medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at the prevention or treatment of dengue infections. We include target-based approaches aimed at viral or host factors and results from phenotypic screenings in cellular assay systems for viral replication. This perspective is limited to the discussion of results that provide explicit chemistry or structure-activity relationship (SAR), or appear to be of particular interest to the medicinal chemist for other reasons. The discovery and development efforts discussed here may at least partially be extrapolated toward other emerging flaviviral infections, such as West Nile virus. Therefore, this perspective, although not aimed at flaviviruses in general, should also be able to provide an overview of the medicinal chemistry of these closely related infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira A M Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova , Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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