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Nazir A, Xu X, Liu Y, Chen Y. Phage Endolysins: Advances in the World of Food Safety. Cells 2023; 12:2169. [PMID: 37681901 PMCID: PMC10486871 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance continues to escalate, the exploration of alternative approaches to safeguard food safety becomes more crucial than ever. Phage endolysins are enzymes derived from phages that possess the ability to break down bacterial cell walls. They have emerged as promising antibacterial agents suitable for integration into food processing systems. Their application as food preservatives can effectively regulate pathogens, thus contributing to an overall improvement in food safety. This review summarizes the latest techniques considering endolysins' potential for food safety. These techniques include native and engineered endolysins for controlling bacterial contamination at different points within the food production chain. However, we find that characterizing endolysins through in vitro methods proves to be time consuming and resource intensive. Alternatively, the emergence of advanced high-throughput sequencing technology necessitates the creation of a robust computational framework to efficiently characterize recently identified endolysins, paving the way for future research. Machine learning encompasses potent tools capable of analyzing intricate datasets and pattern recognition. This study briefly reviewed the use of these industry 4.0 technologies for advancing the research in food industry. We aimed to provide current status of endolysins in food industry and new insights by implementing these industry 4.0 strategies revolutionizes endolysin development. It will enhance food safety, customization, efficiency, transparency, and collaboration while reducing regulatory hurdles and ensuring timely product availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Nazir
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (A.N.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (A.N.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (A.N.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (A.N.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China
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2
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Choi D, Kong M. LysGR1, a novel thermostable endolysin from Geobacillus stearothermophilus bacteriophage GR1. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178748. [PMID: 37275144 PMCID: PMC10237291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Geobacillus stearothermophilus is a highly thermophilic, spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium that causes flat sour spoilage in low-acid canned foods. To address this problem, we isolated G. stearothermophilus-infecting phage GR1 from the soil and characterized its endolysin LysGR1. Phage GR1 belongs to the Siphoviridae family and possesses a genome of 79,387 DNA bps with 108 putative open reading frames. GR1 demonstrated a very low degree of homology to previously reported phages, indicating that it is novel. The endolysin of GR1 (LysGR1) contains an N-terminal amidase domain as an enzymatically active domain (EAD) and two C-terminal LysM domains as a cell wall binding domain (CBD). Although GR1 is specific to certain strains of G. stearothermophilus, LysGR1 showed a much broader lytic range, killing all the tested strains of G. stearothermophilus and several foodborne pathogens, such as Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. LysGR1_EAD, alone, also exhibits lytic activity against a wide range of bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, which is not terminated by a full-length endolysin. Both LysGR1 and its EAD effectively remove the G. stearothermophilus biofilms and are highly thermostable, retaining about 70% of their lytic activity after a 15-min incubation at 70°C. Considering the high thermal stability, broad lytic activity, and biofilm reduction efficacy of LysGR1 and its EAD, we hypothesize that these enzymes could act as promising biocontrol agents against G. stearothermophilus and as foodborne pathogens.
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Liu H, Kheirvari M, Tumban E. Potential Applications of Thermophilic Bacteriophages in One Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8222. [PMID: 37175929 PMCID: PMC10179064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages have a wide range of applications such as combating antibiotic resistance, preventing food contamination for food safety, and as biomarkers to indirectly assess the quality of water. Additionally, bacteriophage components (endolysins and coat proteins) have a lot of applications in food processing, vaccine design, and the delivery of cargo to the body. Therefore, bacteriophages/components have a multitude of applications in human, plant/veterinary, and environmental health (One Health). Despite their versatility, bacteriophage/component use is mostly limited to temperatures within 4-40 °C. This limits their applications (e.g., in food processing conditions, pasteurization, and vaccine design). Advances in thermophilic bacteriophage research have uncovered novel thermophilic endolysins (e.g., ΦGVE2 amidase and MMPphg) that can be used in food processing and in veterinary medicine. The endolysins are thermostable at temperatures > 65 °C and have broad antimicrobial activities. In addition to thermophilic endolysins, enzymes (DNA polymerase and ligases) derived from thermophages have different applications in molecular biology/biotechnology: to generate DNA libraries and develop diagnostics for human and animal pathogens. Furthermore, coat proteins from thermophages are being explored to develop virus-like particle platforms with versatile applications in human and animal health. Overall, bacteriophages, especially those that are thermophilic, have a plethora of applications in One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ebenezer Tumban
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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4
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Jasilionis A, Plotka M, Wang L, Dorawa S, Lange J, Watzlawick H, van den Bergh T, Vroling B, Altenbuchner J, Kaczorowska A, Pohl E, Kaczorowski T, Nordberg Karlsson E, Freitag‐Pohl S. AmiP from hyperthermophilic Thermus parvatiensis prophage is a thermoactive and ultrathermostable peptidoglycan lytic amidase. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4585. [PMID: 36721347 PMCID: PMC9929850 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages encode a wide variety of cell wall disrupting enzymes that aid the viral escape in the final stages of infection. These lytic enzymes have accumulated notable interest due to their potential as novel antibacterials for infection treatment caused by multiple-drug resistant bacteria. Here, the detailed functional and structural characterization of Thermus parvatiensis prophage peptidoglycan lytic amidase AmiP, a globular Amidase_3 type lytic enzyme adapted to high temperatures is presented. The sequence and structure comparison with homologous lytic amidases reveals the key adaptation traits that ensure the activity and stability of AmiP at high temperatures. The crystal structure determined at a resolution of 1.8 Å displays a compact α/β-fold with multiple secondary structure elements omitted or shortened compared with protein structures of similar proteins. The functional characterization of AmiP demonstrates high efficiency of catalytic activity and broad substrate specificity toward thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria strains containing Orn-type or DAP-type peptidoglycan. The here presented AmiP constitutes the most thermoactive and ultrathermostable Amidase_3 type lytic enzyme biochemically characterized with a temperature optimum at 85°C. The extraordinary high melting temperature Tm 102.6°C confirms fold stability up to approximately 100°C. Furthermore, AmiP is shown to be more active over the alkaline pH range with pH optimum at pH 8.5 and tolerates NaCl up to 300 mM with the activity optimum at 25 mM NaCl. This set of beneficial characteristics suggests that AmiP can be further exploited in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Jasilionis
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of ChemistryLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Magdalena Plotka
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical GeneticsUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Sebastian Dorawa
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna‐Karina Kaczorowska
- Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Tadeusz Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
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A Broad-Spectrum Phage Endolysin (LysCP28) Able to Remove Biofilms and Inactivate Clostridium perfringens Strains. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020411. [PMID: 36673503 PMCID: PMC9858456 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing four major toxins which cause disease symptoms and pathogenesis in humans and animals. C. perfringens strains carrying enterotoxins can cause food poisoning in humans and are associated with meat consumption. An endolysin, named LysCP28, is encoded by orf28 from C. perfringens bacteriophage BG3P. This protein has an N-terminal glycosyl-hydrolase domain (lysozyme) and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Purified LysCP28 (38.8 kDa) exhibited a broad spectrum of lytic activity against C. perfringens strains (77 of 96 or 80.21%), including A, B, C, and D types, isolated from different sources. Moreover, LysCP28 (10 μg/mL) showed high antimicrobial activity and was able to lyse 2 × 107 CFU/mL C. perfringens ATCC 13124 and C. perfringens J21 (animal origin) within 2 h. Necessary due to this pathogenic bacterium's ability to form biofilms, LysCP28 (18.7 μg/mL) was successfully evaluated as an antibiofilm agent in both biofilm removal and formation inhibition. Finally, to confirm the efficacy of LysCP28 in a food matrix, duck meat was contaminated with C. perfringens and treated with endolysin (100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL), which reduced viable bacteria by 3.2 and 3.08 units-log, respectively, in 48 h at 4 °C. Overall, the endolysin LysCP28 could potentially be used as a biopreservative to reduce C. perfringens contamination during food processing.
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Venhorst J, van der Vossen JMBM, Agamennone V. Battling Enteropathogenic Clostridia: Phage Therapy for Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891790. [PMID: 35770172 PMCID: PMC9234517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens are responsible for many health care-associated infections as well as systemic and enteric diseases. Therefore, they represent a major health threat to both humans and animals. Concerns regarding increasing antibiotic resistance (related to C. difficile and C. perfringens) have caused a surge in the pursual of novel strategies that effectively combat pathogenic infections, including those caused by both pathogenic species. The ban on antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry industry has added to the urgency of finding novel antimicrobial therapeutics for C. perfringens. These efforts have resulted in various therapeutics, of which bacteriophages (in short, phages) show much promise, as evidenced by the Eliava Phage Therapy Center in Tbilisi, Georgia (https://eptc.ge/). Bacteriophages are a type of virus that infect bacteria. In this review, the (clinical) impact of clostridium infections in intestinal diseases is recapitulated, followed by an analysis of the current knowledge and applicability of bacteriophages and phage-derived endolysins in this disease indication. Limitations of phage and phage endolysin therapy were identified and require considerations. These include phage stability in the gastrointestinal tract, influence on gut microbiota structure/function, phage resistance development, limited host range for specific pathogenic strains, phage involvement in horizontal gene transfer, and-for phage endolysins-endolysin resistance, -safety, and -immunogenicity. Methods to optimize features of these therapeutic modalities, such as mutagenesis and fusion proteins, are also addressed. The future success of phage and endolysin therapies require reliable clinical trial data for phage(-derived) products. Meanwhile, additional research efforts are essential to expand the potential of exploiting phages and their endolysins for mitigating the severe diseases caused by C. difficile and C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Venhorst
- Biomedical Health, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos M. B. M. van der Vossen
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Valeria Agamennone
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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7
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Cruz KCP, Enekegho LO, Stuart DT. Bioengineered Probiotics: Synthetic Biology Can Provide Live Cell Therapeutics for the Treatment of Foodborne Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:890479. [PMID: 35656199 PMCID: PMC9152101 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.890479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant microbial pathogens presents an ominous health and economic challenge to modern society. The discovery and large-scale development of antibiotic drugs in previous decades was transformational, providing cheap, effective treatment for what would previously have been a lethal infection. As microbial strains resistant to many or even all antibiotic drug treatments have evolved, there is an urgent need for new drugs or antimicrobial treatments to control these pathogens. The ability to sequence and mine the genomes of an increasing number of microbial strains from previously unexplored environments has the potential to identify new natural product antibiotic biosynthesis pathways. This coupled with the power of synthetic biology to generate new production chassis, biosensors and “weaponized” live cell therapeutics may provide new means to combat the rapidly evolving threat of drug resistant microbial pathogens. This review focuses on the application of synthetic biology to construct probiotic strains that have been endowed with functionalities allowing them to identify, compete with and in some cases kill microbial pathogens as well as stimulate host immunity. Weaponized probiotics may have the greatest potential for use against pathogens that infect the gastrointestinal tract: Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile. The potential benefits of engineered probiotics are highlighted along with the challenges that must still be met before these intriguing and exciting new therapeutic tools can be widely deployed.
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8
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Lee C, Kim H, Ryu S. Bacteriophage and endolysin engineering for biocontrol of food pathogens/pathogens in the food: recent advances and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8919-8938. [PMID: 35400249 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in modern technologies, various foodborne outbreaks have continuously threatened the food safety. The overuse of and abuse/misuse of antibiotics have escalated this threat due to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Therefore, the development of new methodologies for controlling microbial contamination is extremely important to ensure the food safety. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages(phages) and derived endolysins have been proposed as novel, effective, and safe antimicrobial agents and applied for the prevention and/or eradication of bacterial contaminants even in foods and food processing facilities. In this review, we describe recent genetic and protein engineering tools for phages and endolysins. The major aim of engineering is to overcome limitations such as a narrow host range, low antimicrobial activity, and low stability of phages and endolysins. Phage engineering also aims to deter the emergence of phage resistance. In the case of endolysin engineering, enhanced antibacterial ability against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is another important goal. Here, we summarize the successful studies of phages and endolysins treatment in different types of food. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances in engineering techniques for phages and endolysins, discusses existing challenges, and suggests technical opportunities for further development, especially in terms of antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Vasina DV, Antonova NP, Vorobev AM, Laishevtsev AI, Kapustin AV, Zulkarneev ER, Bochkareva SS, Kiseleva IA, Anurova MN, Aleshkin AV, Tkachuk AP, Gushchin VA. Efficacy of the Endolysin-Based Antibacterial Gel for Treatment of Anaerobic Infection Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1260. [PMID: 34680839 PMCID: PMC8532708 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscess formation is a common complication of severe life-threatening infections caused by obligate anaerobes. Fusobacterium necrophorum is among the frequently detected anaerobic pathogens from clinical specimens associated with liver abscesses, skin and soft tissue infections, or oral abscesses. The antimicrobial therapy for this kind of infection needs to be optimized. Here, we examined the possibility of treating F. necrophorum-induced abscess wound infections with candidate therapeutics based on three endolysins with activity against a broad spectrum of aerobe Gram-negative pathogens. Antibacterial gel containing three Gram-negative bacteria-targeting endolysins, LysAm24, LysAp22, and LysECD7, was formulated for topical use. Abscess formation was induced in rabbits with F. necrophorum and caused systemic infection. The survival and lifespan of the animals, general parameters, and biochemical and hematological blood tests were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the gel treatment for the wound infection. The administration of the investigated gel twice per day for 5 days resulted in less acute inflammation, with decreased leukocytes and segmented neutrophils in the blood, retardation of infection progression, and an almost two-fold increase in the lifespan of the animals compared to the placebo group. The results indicate that endolysin-based therapy is an effective approach to treat anaerobic bacterial infections. The use of endolysins as independent pharmaceuticals, or their combination with antibiotics, could significantly reduce the development of complications in infectious diseases caused by sensitive bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Vasina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.A.); (A.P.T.)
| | - Nataliia P. Antonova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.A.); (A.P.T.)
| | - Aleksei M. Vorobev
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.V.); (E.R.Z.); (S.S.B.); (I.A.K.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Aleksei I. Laishevtsev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV” (FSC VIEV), 117218 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.L.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Andrei V. Kapustin
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV” (FSC VIEV), 117218 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.L.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Eldar R. Zulkarneev
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.V.); (E.R.Z.); (S.S.B.); (I.A.K.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Svetlana S. Bochkareva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.V.); (E.R.Z.); (S.S.B.); (I.A.K.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Irina A. Kiseleva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.V.); (E.R.Z.); (S.S.B.); (I.A.K.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Mariia N. Anurova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrei V. Aleshkin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.V.); (E.R.Z.); (S.S.B.); (I.A.K.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Artem P. Tkachuk
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.A.); (A.P.T.)
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.A.); (A.P.T.)
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Islam MR, Martinez-Soto CE, Lin JT, Khursigara CM, Barbut S, Anany H. A systematic review from basics to omics on bacteriophage applications in poultry production and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-33. [PMID: 34609270 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1984200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing human population is currently facing an unprecedented challenge on global food production and sustainability. Despite recognizing poultry as one of the most successful and rapidly growing food industries to address this challenge; poultry health and safety remain major issues that entail immediate attention. Bacterial diseases including colibacillosis, salmonellosis, and necrotic enteritis have become increasingly prevalent during poultry production. Likewise, outbreaks caused by consumption of undercooked poultry products contaminated with zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria, are a serious public health concern. With antimicrobial resistance problem and restricted use of antibiotics in food producing animals, bacteriophages are increasingly recognized as an attractive natural antibacterial alternative. Bacteriophages have recently shown promising results to treat diseases in poultry, reduce contamination of carcasses, and enhance the safety of poultry products. Omics technologies have been successfully employed to accurately characterize bacteriophages and their genes/proteins important for interaction with bacterial hosts. In this review, the potential of using lytic bacteriophages to mitigate the risk of major poultry-associated bacterial pathogens are explored. This study also explores challenges associated with the adoption of this technology by industries. Furthermore, the impact of omics approaches on studying bacteriophages, their host interaction and applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos E Martinez-Soto
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet T Lin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Morzywolek A, Plotka M, Kaczorowska AK, Szadkowska M, Kozlowski LP, Wyrzykowski D, Makowska J, Waters JJ, Swift SM, Donovan DM, Kaczorowski T. Novel Lytic Enzyme of Prophage Origin from Clostridium botulinum E3 Strain Alaska E43 with Bactericidal Activity against Clostridial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179536. [PMID: 34502443 PMCID: PMC8430805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing botulinum toxin and responsible for botulism of humans and animals. Phage-encoded enzymes called endolysins, which can lyse bacteria when exposed externally, have potential as agents to combat bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Bioinformatics analysis revealed in the genomes of several Clostridium species genes encoding putative N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases with anti-clostridial potential. One such enzyme, designated as LysB (224-aa), from the prophage of C. botulinum E3 strain Alaska E43 was chosen for further analysis. The recombinant 27,726 Da protein was expressed and purified from E. coli Tuner(DE3) with a yield of 37.5 mg per 1 L of cell culture. Size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments showed that the protein is dimeric in solution. Bioinformatics analysis and results of site-directed mutagenesis studies imply that five residues, namely H25, Y54, H126, S132, and C134, form the catalytic center of the enzyme. Twelve other residues, namely M13, H43, N47, G48, W49, A50, L73, A75, H76, Q78, N81, and Y182, were predicted to be involved in anchoring the protein to the lipoteichoic acid, a significant component of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. The LysB enzyme demonstrated lytic activity against bacteria belonging to the genera Clostridium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Deinococcus, but did not lyse Gram-negative bacteria. Optimal lytic activity of LysB occurred between pH 4.0 and 7.5 in the absence of NaCl. This work presents the first characterization of an endolysin derived from a C. botulinum Group II prophage, which can potentially be used to control this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morzywolek
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Plotka
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Anna-Karina Kaczorowska
- Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Monika Szadkowska
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Lukasz P. Kozlowski
- Institute of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Makowska
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Jerel J. Waters
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; (J.J.W.); (S.M.S.); (D.M.D.)
| | - Steven M. Swift
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; (J.J.W.); (S.M.S.); (D.M.D.)
| | - David M. Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; (J.J.W.); (S.M.S.); (D.M.D.)
| | - Tadeusz Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.K.)
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12
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Kim H, Park T, Kwon I, Seo J. Specific inhibition of Streptococcus bovis by endolysin LyJH307 supplementation shifts the rumen microbiota and metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:93. [PMID: 34344466 PMCID: PMC8335910 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endolysins, the bacteriophage-originated peptidoglycan hydrolases, are a promising replacement for antibiotics due to immediate lytic activity and no antibiotic resistance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the lytic activity of endolysin LyJH307 against S. bovis and to explore changes in rumen fermentation and microbiota in an in vitro system. Two treatments were used: 1) control, corn grain without LyJH307; and 2) LyJH307, corn grain with LyJH307 (4 U/mL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using mixture of rumen fluid collected from two cannulated Holstein steers (450 ± 30 kg) and artificial saliva buffer mixed as 1:3 ratio for 12 h incubation time. In vitro dry matter digestibility, pH, volatile fatty acids, and lactate concentration were estimated at 12 h, and the gas production was measured at 6, 9, and 12 h. The rumen bacterial community was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results LyJH307 supplementation at 6 h incubation markedly decreased the absolute abundance of S. bovis (approximately 70% compared to control, P = 0.0289) and increased ruminal pH (P = 0.0335) at the 12 h incubation. The acetate proportion (P = 0.0362) was significantly increased after LyJH307 addition, whereas propionate (P = 0.0379) was decreased. LyJH307 supplementation increased D-lactate (P = 0.0340) without any change in L-lactate concentration (P > 0.10). There were no significant differences in Shannon’s index, Simpson’s index, Chao1 estimates, and evenness (P > 0.10). Based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices, the LyJH307 affected the overall shift in microbiota (P = 0.097). LyJH307 supplementation induced an increase of 11 genera containing Lachnoclostridium, WCHB1–41, unclassified genus Selenomonadaceae, Paraprevotella, vadinBE97, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, Lactobacillus, Anaerorhabdus furcosa group, Victivallaceae, Desulfuromonadaceae, and Sediminispirochaeta. The predicted functional features represented by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were changed by LyJH307 toward a decrease of carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusions LyJH307 caused a reduction of S. bovis and an increase of pH with shifts in minor microbiota and its metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism. This study provides the first insight into the availability of endolysin as a specific modulator for rumen and shows the possibility of endolysin degradation by rumen microbiota. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00614-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbeen Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, 1268-50 Samrangjin-ro, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, 1268-50 Samrangjin-ro, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Xu Y. Phage and phage lysins: New era of bio-preservatives and food safety agents. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3349-3373. [PMID: 34302296 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the search and application of new antimicrobial agents as alternatives to use of chemical preservatives and antibiotic-like compounds by the food industry. The massive use of antibiotic has created a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that find their way from farm to humans. Thus, there exists an imperative need to explore new antibacterial options and bacteriophages perfectly fit into the class of safe and potent antimicrobials. Phage bio-control has come a long way owing to advances with use of phage cocktails, recombinant phages, and phage lysins; however, there still exists unmet challenges that restrict the number of phage-based products reaching the market. Hence, further studies are required to explore for more efficient phage-based bio-control strategies that can become an integral part of food safety protocols. This review thus aims to highlight the recent developments made in the application of phages and phage enzymes covering pre-harvest as well as post-harvest usage. It further focuses on the major issues in both phage and phage lysin research hindering their optimum use while detailing out the advances made by researchers lately in this direction for full exploitation of phages and phage lysins in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Xu
- Food Technology College Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, China
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14
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Furlon JM, Mitchell SJ, Bailey-Kellogg C, Griswold KE. Bioinformatics-driven discovery of novel Clostridioides difficile lysins and experimental comparison with highly active benchmarks. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2482-2492. [PMID: 33748952 PMCID: PMC10049856 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the single most deadly bacterial pathogen in the United States, and its global prevalence and outsized health impacts underscore the need for more effective therapeutic options. Towards this goal, a novel group of modified peptidoglycan hydrolases with significant in vitro bactericidal activity have emerged as potential candidates for treating C. difficile infections (CDI). To date, discovery and development efforts directed at these CDI-specific lysins have been limited, and in particular there has been no systematic comparison of known or newly discovered lysin candidates. Here, we detail bioinformatics-driven discovery of six new anti-C. difficile lysins belonging to the amidase-3 family of enzymes, and we describe experimental comparison of their respective catalytic domains (CATs) with highly active CATs from the literature. Our quantitative analyses include metrics for expression level, inherent antibacterial activity, breadth of strain selectivity, killing of germinating spores, and structural and functional measures of thermal stability. Importantly, prior studies have not examined stability as a performance metric, and our results show that the panel of eight enzymes possess widely variable thermal denaturation temperatures and resistance to heat inactivation, including some enzymes that exhibit marginal stability at body temperature. Ultimately, no single enzyme dominated with respect to all performance measures, suggesting the need for a balanced assessment of lysin properties during efforts to find, engineer, and develop candidates with true clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Furlon
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Chris Bailey-Kellogg
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Lyticon LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Karl E Griswold
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Lyticon LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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15
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Abdelsattar AS, Dawoud A, Makky S, Nofal R, Aziz RK, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages: from isolation to application. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:337-360. [PMID: 33902418 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210426092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are considered as a potential alternative to fight pathogenic bacteria during the antibiotic resistance era. With their high specificity, they are being widely used in various applications: medicine, food industry, agriculture, animal farms, biotechnology, diagnosis, etc. Many techniques have been designed by different researchers for phage isolation, purification, and amplification, each of which has strengths and weaknesses. However, all aim at having a reasonably pure phage sample that can be further characterized. Phages can be characterized based on their physiological, morphological or inactivation tests. Microscopy, in particular, has opened a wide gate not only for visualizing phage morphological structure, but also for monitoring biochemistry and behavior. Meanwhile, computational analysis of phage genomes provides more details about phage history, lifestyle, and potential for toxigenic or lysogenic conversion, which translate to safety in biocontrol and phage therapy applications. This review summarizes phage application pipelines at different levels and addresses specific restrictions and knowledge gaps in the field. Recently developed computational approaches, which are used in phage genome analysis, are critically assessed. We hope that this assessment provides researchers with useful insights for selection of suitable approaches for Phage-related research aims and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawoud
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Salsabil Makky
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Rana Nofal
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Qasr El-Ainy St, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578. Egypt
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16
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Li X, Wang S, Nyaruaba R, Liu H, Yang H, Wei H. A Highly Active Chimeric Lysin with a Calcium-Enhanced Bactericidal Activity against Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro and In Vivo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040461. [PMID: 33921682 PMCID: PMC8074178 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysins, including chimeric lysins, have recently been explored as novel promising alternatives to failing antibiotics in treating multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, by fusing the CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase) catalytic domain from the Ply187 lysin with the non-SH3b cell-wall binding domain from the LysSA97 lysin, a new chimeric lysin ClyC was constructed with Ca2+-enhanced bactericidal activity against all S. aureus strains tested, including MRSA. Notably, treating S. aureus with 50 μg/mL of ClyC in the presence of 100 μM Ca2+ lead to a reduction of 9 Log10 (CFU/mL) in viable bacterial number, which was the first time to observe a lysin showing such a high activity. In addition, the effective concentration of ClyC could be decreased dramatically from 12 to 1 μg/mL by combination with 0.3 μg/mL of penicillin G. In a mouse model of S. aureus bacteremia, a single intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 mg/mouse of ClyC significantly improved the survival rates and reduced 2 Log10 (CFU/mL) of the bacterial burdens in the organs of the infected mice. ClyC was also found stable after lyophilization without cryoprotectants. Based on the above observations, ClyC could be a promising candidate against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-27-51861078 (H.Y.); +86-27-51861077 (H.W.)
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-27-51861078 (H.Y.); +86-27-51861077 (H.W.)
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17
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Chen J, Wei H, Guo Y, Li Q, Wang H, Liu J. Chaperone-mediated protein folding enhanced D-psicose 3-epimerase expression in engineered Bacillus subtilis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Son B, Kong M, Lee Y, Ryu S. Development of a Novel Chimeric Endolysin, Lys109 With Enhanced Lytic Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:615887. [PMID: 33519773 PMCID: PMC7843465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become increased, phage endolysins are believed as one of the promising alternatives to antibiotics. However, the discovery of potent endolysin is still challenging because it is labor intensive and difficult to obtain a soluble form with high lytic activity. In this respect, the modular structures of Gram-positive endolysins can provide an opportunity to develop novel endolysins by domain rearrangement. In this study, a random domain swapping library of four different endolysins from phages infecting Staphylococcus aureus was constructed and screened to obtain engineered endolysins. The novel chimeric endolysin, Lys109 was selected and characterized for its staphylolytic activity. Lys109 exhibited greater bacterial cell lytic activity than its parental endolysins against staphylococcal planktonic cells and biofilms, showing highly improved activity in eliminating S. aureus from milk and on the surface of stainless steel. These results demonstrate that a novel chimeric endolysin with higher activity and solubility can be developed by random domain swapping and that this chimeric endolysin has a great potential as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoona Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Cho JH, Kwon JG, O'Sullivan DJ, Ryu S, Lee JH. Development of an endolysin enzyme and its cell wall-binding domain protein and their applications for biocontrol and rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens in food. Food Chem 2020; 345:128562. [PMID: 33189482 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a well-known pathogen that causes food-borne illnesses. Although bacteriophages can be effective natural food preservatives, phage endolysin and cell wall-binding domain (CBD) provide useful materials for lysis of C. perfringens and rapid detection. The genome of phage CPAS-15 consists of 51.8-kb double-stranded circular DNA with 78 open reading frames, including an endolysin gene. The apparent absence of a virulence factor or toxin gene suggests its safety in food applications. C. perfringens endolysin (LysCPAS15) inhibits host cells by up to a 3-log reduction in 2 h, and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-fused CBD protein (EGFP-LysCPAS15_CBD1) detects C. perfringens within 5 min. Both exhibit broader host range spectra and higher stabilities than a bacteriophage. Tests in milk show the same host lysis and specific detection activities, with no hindrance effect from food matrices, indicating that endolysin and its CBD can provide food extended protection from C. perfringens contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Joon-Gi Kwon
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel J O'Sullivan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Wang F, Xiong Y, Xiao Y, Han J, Deng X, Lin L. MMPphg from the thermophilic Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP17 as a potential antimicrobial agent against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Virol J 2020; 17:130. [PMID: 32843096 PMCID: PMC7448439 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New strategies are urgently needed to deal with the growing problem of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. As the natural viruses against bacteria, recently, bacteriophages have received particular attention. Here, we identified and characterized a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase named MMPphg by decoding the complete genome sequence of Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP17, which was isolated in Tengchong hot spring in China and contains a circular genome of 33,172 bp in size and a GC content of 63.4%. Findings We cloned the MMPphg gene, overproduced and purified the phage lytic protein, which contains a highly conserved M23 metallopeptidase domain and can be activated by Mg2+ and Zn2+. MMPphg is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 70 °C, and preserved more than 80% of its activity after a 30 min treatment between 35 and 65 °C. More interestingly, by disrupting bacterial cells, MMPphg exhibits surprising antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, especially antibiotic-resistant strains such as Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusions In the current age of mounting antibiotic resistance, these results suggest the great potential of MMPphg, the gene product of bacteriophage MMP17, in combating bacterial infections and shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics for human or veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xianyu Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lianbing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China. .,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, China.
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21
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TSPphg Lysin from the Extremophilic Thermus Bacteriophage TSP4 as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent against Both Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacteria. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020192. [PMID: 32050494 PMCID: PMC7077265 DOI: 10.3390/v12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are urgently needed but are not within reach. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of TSPphg, a novel phage lysin identified from extremophilic Thermus phage TSP4 by sequencing its whole genome. By breaking down the bacterial cells, TSPphg is able to cause bacteria destruction and has shown bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, especially antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, in which the complete elimination and highest reduction in bacterial counts by greater than 6 logs were observed upon 50 μg/mL TSPphg treatment at 37 °C for 1 h. A murine skin infection model further confirmed the in vivo efficacy of TSPphg in removing a highly dangerous and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin damage and in accelerating wound closure. Together, our findings may offer a therapeutic alternative to help fight bacterial infections in the current age of mounting antibiotic resistance, and to shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to develop novel anti-infectives.
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22
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Wang F, Xiao Y, Xiong Y, Jiao Y, Zhang Q, Lin L. Complete genome sequence of MMP7, a novel Meiothermus bacteriophage of the family Myoviridae isolated from a hot spring. Arch Virol 2020; 165:753-756. [PMID: 31965314 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of a novel Meiothermus bacteriophage, named MMP7, which was isolated from Tengchong hot spring in Yunnan Province of China and belongs to the family Myoviridae, was sequenced in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported genome sequence of a Meiothermus phage, which has a circular DNA genome of 32,864 bp and a GC content of 64%. The MMP7 genome contains 53 putative protein-encoding genes but no rRNA or tRNA genes, and it exhibits low overall sequence similarity and no significant homology to phage genomes whose sequences are publicly available, suggesting that MMP7 is a novel phage. Consistent with current taxonomic results, whole-genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that Meiothermus phage MMP7 has close evolutionary relationship to Thermus phages. Together, our results could be helpful for discovering new thermostable antimicrobial agents and understanding the evolution and genetic diversity of Meiothermus phages in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Yunjian Jiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China
| | - Lianbing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, China.
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Hammond RW, Swift SM, Foster-Frey JA, Kovalskaya NY, Donovan DM. Optimized production of a biologically active Clostridium perfringens glycosyl hydrolase phage endolysin PlyCP41 in plants using virus-based systemic expression. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:101. [PMID: 31864319 PMCID: PMC6925876 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease and a cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry. It is controlled using antibiotics, widespread use of which may lead to development of drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins that degrade peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall are potential replacements for antibiotics. Phage endolysins have been identified that exhibit antibacterial activities against several Clostridium strains. RESULTS An Escherichia coli codon-optimized gene encoding the glycosyl hydrolase endolysin (PlyCP41) containing a polyhistidine tag was expressed in E. coli. In addition, The E. coli optimized endolysin gene was engineered for expression in plants (PlyCP41p) and a plant codon-optimized gene (PlyCP41pc), both containing a polyhistidine tag, were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a potato virus X (PVX)-based transient expression vector. PlyCP41p accumulated to ~ 1% total soluble protein (100μg/gm f. wt. leaf tissue) without any obvious toxic effects on plant cells, and both the purified protein and plant sap containing the protein lysed C. perfringens strain Cp39 in a plate lysis assay. Optimal systemic expression of PlyCP41p was achieved at 2 weeks-post-infection. PlyCP41pc did not accumulate to higher levels than PlyCP41p in infected tissue. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that functionally active bacteriophage PlyCP41 endolysin can be produced in systemically infected plant tissue with potential for use of crude plant sap as an effective antimicrobial agent against C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie W Hammond
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Steven M Swift
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Juli A Foster-Frey
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Natalia Y Kovalskaya
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ORISE, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - David M Donovan
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Swift SM, Reid KP, Donovan DM, Ramsay TG. Thermophile Lytic Enzyme Fusion Proteins that Target Clostridium perfringens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040214. [PMID: 31717357 PMCID: PMC6963370 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a bacterial pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and livestock, and is a source of food poisoning and gas gangrene in humans. As the agriculture industry eliminates the use of antibiotics in animal feed, alternatives to antibiotics will be needed. Bacteriophage endolysins are enzymes used by the virus to burst their bacterial host, releasing bacteriophage particles. This type of enzyme represents a potential replacement for antibiotics controlling C. perfringens. As animal feed is often heat-treated during production of feed pellets, thermostable enzymes would be preferred for use in feed. To create thermostable endolysins that target C. perfringens, thermophile endolysin catalytic domains were fused to cell wall binding domains from different C. perfringens prophage endolysins. Three thermostable catalytic domains were used, two from prophage endolysins from two Geobacillus strains, and a third endolysin from the deep-sea thermophilic bacteriophage Geobacillus virus E2 (GVE2). These domains harbor predicted L-alanine-amidase, glucosaminidase, and L-alanine-amidase activities, respectively and degrade the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall. The cell wall binding domains were from C. perfringens prophage endolysins (Phage LYtic enzymes; Ply): PlyCP18, PlyCP10, PlyCP33, PlyCP41, and PlyCP26F. The resulting fifteen chimeric proteins were more thermostable than the native C. perfringens endolysins, and killed swine and poultry disease-associated strains of C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Swift
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricultural (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 10300, USA or (S.M.S.); (K.P.R.); (D.M.D.)
- Contrafect Corporation., Yonkers, NY 10701, USA
| | - Kevin P. Reid
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricultural (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 10300, USA or (S.M.S.); (K.P.R.); (D.M.D.)
| | - David M. Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricultural (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 10300, USA or (S.M.S.); (K.P.R.); (D.M.D.)
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Timothy G. Ramsay
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricultural (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 10300, USA or (S.M.S.); (K.P.R.); (D.M.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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Ts2631 Endolysin from the Extremophilic Thermus scotoductus Bacteriophage vB_Tsc2631 as an Antimicrobial Agent against Gram-Negative Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070657. [PMID: 31323845 PMCID: PMC6669862 DOI: 10.3390/v11070657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria that thrive in extreme conditions and the bacteriophages that infect them are sources of valuable enzymes resistant to denaturation at high temperatures. Many of these heat-stable proteins are useful for biotechnological applications; nevertheless, none have been utilized as antibacterial agents. Here, we demonstrate the bactericidal potential of Ts2631 endolysin from the extremophilic bacteriophage vB_Tsc2631, which infects Thermus scotoductus, against the alarming multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family. A 2–3.7 log reduction in the bacterial load was observed in antibacterial tests against A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa after 1.5 h. The Ts2631 activity was further enhanced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a metal ion chelator (4.2 log reduction in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii) and, to a lesser extent, by malic acid and citric acid (2.9 and 3.3 log reductions, respectively). The EDTA/Ts2631 combination reduced all pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family, particularly multidrug-resistant Citrobacter braakii, to levels below the detection limit (>6 log); these results indicate that Ts2631 endolysin could be useful to combat Gram-negative pathogens. The investigation of A. baumannii cells treated with Ts2631 endolysin variants under transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the intrinsic antibacterial activity of Ts2631 endolysin is dependent on the presence of its N-terminal tail.
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Validation and Stabilization of a Prophage Lysin of Clostridium perfringens by Using Yeast Surface Display and Coevolutionary Models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00054-19. [PMID: 30850429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00054-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage lysins are compelling antimicrobial proteins whose biotechnological utility and evolvability would be aided by elevated stability. Lysin catalytic domains, which evolved as modular entities distinct from cell wall binding domains, can be classified into one of several families with highly conserved structure and function, many of which contain thousands of annotated homologous sequences. Motivated by the quality of these evolutionary data, the performance of generative protein models incorporating coevolutionary information was analyzed to predict the stability of variants in a collection of 9,749 multimutants across 10 libraries diversified at different regions of a putative lysin from a prophage region of a Clostridium perfringens genome. Protein stability was assessed via a yeast surface display assay with accompanying high-throughput sequencing. Statistical fitness of mutant sequences, derived from second-order Potts models inferred with different levels of sequence homolog information, was predictive of experimental stability with areas under the curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.78 to 0.85. To extract an experimentally derived model of stability, a logistic model with site-wise score contributions was regressed on the collection of multimutants. This achieved a cross-validated classification performance of 0.95. Using this experimentally derived model, 5 designs incorporating 5 or 6 mutations from multiple libraries were constructed. All designs retained enzymatic activity, with 4 of 5 increasing the melting temperature and with the highest-performing design achieving an improvement of +4°C.IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage lysins exhibit high specificity and activity toward host bacteria with which the phage coevolved. These properties of lysins make them attractive for use as antimicrobials. Although there has been significant effort to develop platforms for rapid lysin engineering, there have been numerous shortcomings when pursuing the ultrahigh throughput necessary for the discovery of rare combinations of mutations to improve performance. In addition to validation of a putative lysin and stabilization thereof, the experimental and computational methods presented here offer a new avenue for improving protein stability and are easily scalable to analysis of tens of millions of mutations in single experiments.
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O'Sullivan L, Bolton D, McAuliffe O, Coffey A. Bacteriophages in Food Applications: From Foe to Friend. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:151-172. [PMID: 30633564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have traditionally been considered troublesome in food fermentations, as they are an important cause of starter-culture failure and trigger significant financial losses. In addition, from an evolutionary perspective, phages have contributed to the pathogenicity of many bacteria through transduction of virulence genes. In contrast, phages have played an important positive role in molecular biology. Moreover, these agents are increasingly being recognized as a potential solution to the detection and biocontrol of various undesirable bacteria, which cause either spoilage of food materials, decreased microbiological safety of foods, or infectious diseases in food animals and crops. The documented successful applications of phages and various phage-derived molecules are discussed in this review, as are many promising new uses that are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Ireland;
| | | | | | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Ireland; .,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez A, García P. Application of Bacteriophages in the Agro-Food Sector: A Long Way Toward Approval. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:296. [PMID: 30186776 PMCID: PMC6113595 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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29
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Ha E, Son B, Ryu S. Clostridium perfringens Virulent Bacteriophage CPS2 and Its Thermostable Endolysin LysCPS2. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050251. [PMID: 29751651 PMCID: PMC5977244 DOI: 10.3390/v10050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is one of the most common causes of food-borne illness. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria requires the development of alternatives to typical antimicrobial treatments. Here, we isolated and characterized a C. perfringens-specific virulent bacteriophage CPS2 from chicken feces. The CPS2 phage contains a 17,961 bp double-stranded DNA genome with 25 putative ORFs, and belongs to the Picovirinae, subfamily of Podoviridae. Bioinformatic analysis of the CPS2 genome revealed a putative endolysin, LysCPS2, which is homologous to the endolysin of Clostridium phage phiZP2 and phiCP7R. The enzyme showed strong lytic activity against C. perfringens with optimum conditions at pH 7.5–10, 25–65 °C, and over a broad range of NaCl concentrations. Interestingly, LysCPS2 was found to be highly thermostable, with up to 30% of its lytic activity remaining after 10 min of incubation at 95 °C. The cell wall binding domain in the C-terminal region of LysCPS2 showed a binding spectrum specific to C. perfringens strains. This is the first report to characterize highly thermostable endolysin isolated from virulent C. perfringens bacteriophage. The enzyme can be used as an alternative biocontrol and detection agent against C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsu Ha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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30
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Engineering of Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes: Improving Their Potential as Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020029. [PMID: 29565804 PMCID: PMC6023083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic enzymes encoded by bacteriophages have been intensively explored as alternative agents for combating bacterial pathogens in different contexts. The antibacterial character of these enzymes (enzybiotics) results from their degrading activity towards peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. In fact, phage lytic products have the capacity to kill target bacteria when added exogenously in the form of recombinant proteins. However, there is also growing recognition that the natural bactericidal activity of these agents can, and sometimes needs to be, substantially improved through manipulation of their functional domains or by equipping them with new functions. In addition, often, native lytic proteins exhibit features that restrict their applicability as effective antibacterials, such as poor solubility or reduced stability. Here, I present an overview of the engineering approaches that can be followed not only to overcome these and other restrictions, but also to generate completely new antibacterial agents with significantly enhanced characteristics. As conventional antibiotics are running short, the remarkable progress in this field opens up the possibility of tailoring efficient enzybiotics to tackle the most menacing bacterial infections.
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31
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Love MJ, Bhandari D, Dobson RCJ, Billington C. Potential for Bacteriophage Endolysins to Supplement or Replace Antibiotics in Food Production and Clinical Care. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E17. [PMID: 29495476 PMCID: PMC5872128 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern about the emergence of bacterial strains showing resistance to all classes of antibiotics commonly used in human medicine. Despite the broad range of available antibiotics, bacterial resistance has been identified for every antimicrobial drug developed to date. Alarmingly, there is also an increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, rendering some patients effectively untreatable. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics for use in the treatment of both humans and food-producing animals. Bacteriophage-encoded lytic enzymes (endolysins), which degrade the cell wall of the bacterial host to release progeny virions, are potential alternatives to antibiotics. Preliminary studies show that endolysins can disrupt the cell wall when applied exogenously, though this has so far proven more effective in Gram-positive bacteria compared with Gram-negative bacteria. Their potential for development is furthered by the prospect of bioengineering, and aided by the modular domain structure of many endolysins, which separates the binding and catalytic activities into distinct subunits. These subunits can be rearranged to create novel, chimeric enzymes with optimized functionality. Furthermore, there is evidence that the development of resistance to these enzymes may be more difficult compared with conventional antibiotics due to their targeting of highly conserved bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Love
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Dinesh Bhandari
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia.
| | - Craig Billington
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
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Zhang Y, Lin H, Wang J, Li M. Characteristics of Two Lysis-Related Proteins from a Shewanella putrefaciens Phage with High Lytic Activity and Wide Spectrum. J Food Prot 2018; 81:332-340. [PMID: 29369685 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although Shewanella putrefaciens is the specific spoilage organism in most seafood, only seven Shewanella phages have been sequenced and their endolysins have not been reported until now. In this study, we cloned and expressed two lysis-related proteins (Spp64 and Spp62) encoded by phage Spp001, the first sequenced S. putrefaciens phage. Both recombinant proteins showed strong lytic capability toward chilled S. putrefaciens Sp225 and presented a wider activity spectrum compared with bacteriophage Spp001. The enzymatic activity of crude Spp64, Spp62ΔTD, and Spp62ΔTD-GST can cause decreases of 0.691, 0.674, and 0.685, respectively, as tested through the turbidity reduction assay. Furthermore, purified enzyme Spp64 at concentrations of 537.5 and 4.20 μg/mL was enough to decrease the optical density of chilled S. putrefaciens by 0.881 and 0.492, respectively, within 15 min. The recombinant Spp64 has a peptidase catalytic domain and exhibits high temperature resistance. Moreover, Spp64 displayed superior enzymatic activity in a range of pH values that matches environmental conditions (pH between 5.0 and 10.0), which demonstrates that its application in seafood is feasible. The present work is to our knowledge the first report on lysis-related enzymes encoded in the Shewanella phage. Both proteins presented extraordinary potential to control S. putrefaciens; we hope that these proteins can be developed as novel antibacterial agents in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lin
- Food Safety Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhe Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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Suresh G, Das RK, Kaur Brar S, Rouissi T, Avalos Ramirez A, Chorfi Y, Godbout S. Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry feed: molecular perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:318-335. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1373062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratul Kumar Das
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | | | | | - Antonio Avalos Ramirez
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologie Environnementales Inc, Shawinigan, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Stephane Godbout
- Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, Québec, Canada
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The antibacterial activity of E. coli bacteriophage lysin lysep3 is enhanced by fusing the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteriophage endolysin binding domain D8 to the C-terminal region. J Microbiol 2017; 55:403-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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From endolysins to Artilysin®s: novel enzyme-based approaches to kill drug-resistant bacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:123-8. [PMID: 26862197 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the last untapped reservoirs in nature for the identification of new anti-microbials is bacteriophages, the natural killers of bacteria. Lytic bacteriophages encode peptidoglycan (PG) lytic enzymes able to degrade the PG layer in different steps of their infection cycle. Endolysins degrade the bacterial cell wall at the end of the infection cycle, causing lysis of the host to release the viral progeny. Recombinant endolysins have been successfully applied as anti-bacterial agent against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. This has boosted the study of these enzymes as new anti-microbials in different fields (e.g. medical, food technology). A key example is the recent development of endolysin-based anti-bacterials against Gram-negative pathogens in which the exogenous application of endolysins is hindered by the outer membrane (OM). These novel anti-microbials, termed Artilysin®s, are able to pass through the OM and reach the PG where they exert their action. In addition, mycobacteria whose cell wall is structurally different from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have also been reported to be inhibited by mycobacteriophage-encoded endolysins. Endolysins and endolysin-based anti-microbials can be considered as ideal candidates for an alternative to antibiotics for several reasons: (1) their unique mode of action and activity against bacterial persisters (independent of an active host metabolism), (2) their selective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (including antibiotic resistant strains) and mycobacteria, (3) the limited resistance development reported so far. The present review summarizes and discusses the potential applications of endolysins as new anti-microbials.
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36
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Maciejewska B, Roszniowski B, Espaillat A, Kęsik-Szeloch A, Majkowska-Skrobek G, Kropinski AM, Briers Y, Cava F, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Klebsiella phages representing a novel clade of viruses with an unknown DNA modification and biotechnologically interesting enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:673-684. [PMID: 27766357 PMCID: PMC5219037 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages and phage-encoded endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) provide a source for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In the present study, we focus on the closely related (96 % DNA sequence identity) environmental myoviruses vB_KpnM_KP15 (KP15) and vB_KpnM_KP27 (KP27) infecting multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca strains. Their genome organisation and evolutionary relationship are compared to Enterobacter phage phiEap-3 and Klebsiella phages Matisse and Miro. Due to the shared and distinct evolutionary history of these phages, we propose to create a new phage genus “Kp15virus” within the Tevenvirinae subfamily. In silico genome analysis reveals two unique putative homing endonucleases of KP27 phage, probably involved in unrevealed mechanism of DNA modification and resistance to restriction digestion, resulting in a broader host spectrum. Additionally, we identified in KP15 and KP27 a complete set of lysis genes, containing holin, antiholin, spanin and endolysin. By turbidimetric assays on permeabilized Gram-negative strains, we verified the ability of the KP27 endolysin to destroy the bacterial peptidoglycan. We confirmed high stability, absence of toxicity on a human epithelial cell line and the enzymatic specificity of endolysin, which was found to possess endopeptidase activity, cleaving the peptide stem between l-alanine and d-glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maciejewska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Roszniowski
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Molecular Biology Department, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agata Kęsik-Szeloch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grazyna Majkowska-Skrobek
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yves Briers
- Department Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Molecular Biology Department, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KULeuven, Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 Box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
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37
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Abstract
The evolution of natural modular proteins and domain swapping by protein engineers have shown the disruptive potential of non-homologous recombination to create proteins with novel functions or traits. Bacteriophage endolysins, cellulosomes and polyketide synthases are 3 examples of natural modular proteins with each module having a dedicated function. These modular architectures have been created by extensive duplication, shuffling of domains and insertion/deletion of new domains. Protein engineers mimic these natural processes in vitro to create chimeras with altered properties or novel functions by swapping modules between different parental genes. Most domain swapping efforts are realized with traditional restriction and ligation techniques, which become particularly restrictive when either a large number of variants, or variants of proteins with multiple domains have to be constructed. Recent advances in homology-independent shuffling techniques increasingly address this need, but to realize the full potential of the synthetic biology of modular proteins a complete homology-independent method for both rational and random shuffling of modules from an unlimited number of parental genes is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle E T Maervoet
- a Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- a Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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38
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Swift SM, Rowley DT, Young C, Franks A, Hyman P, Donovan DM. The endolysin from the Enterococcus faecalis bacteriophage VD13 and conditions stimulating its lytic activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw216. [PMID: 27634307 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages produce endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) to lyse the host cell from within and release nascent bacteriophage particles. Recombinant endolysins can lyse Gram-positive bacteria when added exogenously. As a potential alternative antimicrobial, we cloned and expressed the enterococcal VD13 bacteriophage endolysin. VD13 endolysin has a CHAP catalytic domain with 92% identity with the bacteriophage IME-EF1 endolysin. The predicted size of VD13 endolysin is ∼27 kDa as verified by SDS-PAGE. The VD13 endolysin lyses Enterococcus faecalis strains, but not E. faecium or other non-enterococci. VD13 endolysin has activity from pH 4 to pH 8, with peak activity at pH 5, and exhibits greater activity in the presence of calcium. Optimum activity at pH 5 occurs in the absence of NaCl. VD13 endolysin, in ammonium acetate (C2H3O2NH4) calcium chloride (CaCl2) buffer pH 5, is stimulated to higher activity upon heating at temperatures up to 65°C for 30 min, whereas activity is lost upon heating to 42°C, in pH 7 buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Swift
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - D Treva Rowley
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Carly Young
- Biology and Toxicology Department, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805-3796, USA
| | - Ashley Franks
- Biology and Toxicology Department, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805-3796, USA
| | - Paul Hyman
- Biology and Toxicology Department, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805-3796, USA
| | - David M Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARS, NEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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39
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Ajuebor J, McAuliffe O, O'Mahony J, Ross RP, Hill C, Coffey A. Bacteriophage endolysins and their applications. Sci Prog 2016; 99:183-199. [PMID: 28742472 PMCID: PMC10365499 DOI: 10.3184/003685016x14627913637705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endolysins (lysins) are bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that have evolved to degrade specific bonds within the bacterial cell wall. These enzymes represent a novel class of antibacterial agents against infectious pathogens, especially in light of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which have made antibiotic therapy increasingly redundant. Lysins have been used successfully to eliminate/control bacterial pathogens in various anatomical locations in mouse and other animal models. Engineering tactics have also been successfully applied to improve lysin function. This review discusses the structure and function of lysins. It highlights protein-engineering tactics utilised to improve lysin activity. It also reviews the applications of lysins towards food biopreservation, therapeutics, biofilm elimination and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim O'Mahony
- Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) at the Department of Biological Sciences
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Dean of the College of Science Engineering and Food Science at University College Cork
| | - Colin Hill
- University College Cork and a Principal Investigator in the Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Cork Institute of Technology at the Department of Biological Sciences and Head of the BioExplore Research Centre
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40
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Van Tassell ML, Angela Daum M, Kim JS, Miller MJ. Creative lysins: Listeria and the engineering of antimicrobial enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:88-96. [PMID: 26710271 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall lytic enzymes have been of increasing interest as antimicrobials for targeting Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, largely due to the development of strains resistant to antibiotics and bacteriophage therapy. Such lysins show considerable promise against Listeria monocytogenes, a primary concern in food-processing environments, but there is room for improvement via protein engineering. Advances in antilisterial applications could benefit from recent developments in lysin biotechnology that have largely targeted other organisms. Herein we present various considerations for the future development of lysins, including environmental factors, cell physiology concerns, and dynamics of protein architecture. Our goal is to review key developments in lysin biotechnology to provide a contextual framework for the current models of lysin-cell interactions and highlight key considerations for the characterization and design of novel lytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell L Van Tassell
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - M Angela Daum
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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41
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Schmelcher M, Loessner MJ. Bacteriophage endolysins: applications for food safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:76-87. [PMID: 26707470 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) have emerged as a new class of antimicrobial agents useful for controlling bacterial infection or other unwanted contaminations in various fields, particularly in the light of the worldwide increasing frequency of drug-resistant pathogens. This review summarizes and discusses recent developments regarding the use of endolysins for food safety. Besides the use of native and engineered endolysins for controlling bacterial contamination at different points within the food production chain, this also includes the application of high-affinity endolysin-derived cell wall binding domains for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria. Novel approaches to extend the lytic action of endolysins towards Gram-negative cells will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Caly DL, D'Inca R, Auclair E, Drider D. Alternatives to Antibiotics to Prevent Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Microbiologist's Perspective. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1336. [PMID: 26648920 PMCID: PMC4664614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2006 European ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. A particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. Microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their host. Here we review recent developments in novel preventive treatments against C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens that employ yeasts, bacteria and bacteriophages or secondary metabolites and other microbial products in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine L. Caly
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
| | - Romain D'Inca
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Eric Auclair
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
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