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Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Chang HW, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of neutralizing epitopes on the D/A domain of the E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus. Virus Res 2023; 336:199209. [PMID: 37633596 PMCID: PMC10485151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high antigenic homology with other members of the genus Pestivirus. Because several pestivirus species can also infect swine, eliciting cross-reactive antibodies, it is important to define CSFV-specific epitopes for the differential diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF) by serology. For this purpose, epitope mapping of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recognizing sites on the D/A domain of glycoprotein E2, was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains and mutants of E2, as well as an overlapping peptide library. Three CSFV-specific epitopes, i.e., 780-IEEMGDDFGFGLCPF-794, 810-NGSAFYLVCPIGWTG-824, and 846-REKPF-850, were identified within the D/A domain of E2. Site-directed mutagenesis further confirmed that residues 783-MGD-785, 789-FGLCPF-794, 813-AFYLVCPIGWTG-824, and 846-REK-848 were critical residues in these regions. In addition, a F789S difference within the epitope 780-IEEMGDDFGFGLCPF-794 was responsible for the absence of binding of two mAbs to the E2 protein of the live attenuated CSFV vaccine strain Riems. Structural modeling revealed that, the three epitopes are located near each other, suggesting that they may form a more complex conformational epitope on the D/A domain in vivo. Six of the mAbs neutralized viruses of diverse genotypes, indicating that the target epitopes are involved in virus interaction with cells. The binding of CSFV to cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation with either truncated E2 proteins comprising the D/A domain or with the CSFV-specific mAbs targeting the domain D/A. These epitopes identified on the D/A domain are important targets for virus neutralization that might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection. These findings reveal potential candidates for improving the differential diagnosis of pestiviruses by serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Denise Meyer
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul Becher
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helen Crooke
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Wu Y, Zhang G, Jiang H, Xin T, Jia L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Qin T, Xu C, Cao J, Ameni G, Ahmad A, Ding J, Li L, Ma Y, Fan X. Molecular Characteristics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains Isolated from Persistently Infected Cattle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:413. [PMID: 37505819 PMCID: PMC10384089 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reported the isolation, identification, and molecular characteristics of nine BVDV strains that were isolated from the serum of persistently infected cattle. The new strains were designated as BVDV TJ2101, TJ2102, TJ2103, TJ2104, TJ2105, TJ2106, TJ2107, TJ2108 and TJ2109. The TJ2102 and TJ2104 strains were found to be cytopathic BVDV, and the other strains were non-cytopathic BVDV. An alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new isolates share 92.2-96.3% homology with the CP7 strain and, thus, were classified as the BVDV-1b subgenotype. A recombination analysis of the genome sequences showed that the new strains could be recombined by the major parent BVDV-1a NADL strain and the minor parent BVDV-1m SD-15 strain. Some genome variations or unique amino acid mutations were found in 5'-UTR, E0 and E2 of these new isolates. In addition, a potential linear B cell epitopes prediction showed that the potential linear B cell epitope at positions 56-61 is highly variable in BVDV-1b. In conclusion, the present study has identified nine strains of BVDV from persistently infected cattle in China. Further studies on the virulence and pathogenesis of these new strains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arfan Ahmad
- University Diagnostic Lab, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jiabo Ding
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Limin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuzhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xuezheng Fan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Na D, Zhang W, Liu X, Miao S, Tan WS, Zhao L. Development of stable HEK293T cell pools expressing CSFV E2 protein: A potential antigen expression platform. Vaccine 2023; 41:1573-1583. [PMID: 36725430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of antigens are required since protective antigens, such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein, are widely used in diagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines. Compared to clonal cell lines and transient gene expression, stable cell pools provide a potential alternative platform to rapidly produce large amounts of antigens. In this work, firstly, Human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cell pools expressing E2 protein were developed by transduction of lentiviral vectors. On the one hand, the SP7 was selected from 7 well-performing signal peptides to remarkably increase the production of E2 protein. On the other hand, it was found that high MOI could improve the expression of E2 protein by increasing gene copy numbers. Moreover, the HEK293T cell pools were evaluated for stability by passages and batch cultures, demonstrating that the cell pools were stable for at least 90 days. And then, the performance of the cell pools in batch, fed-batch, and semi-perfusion was studied. Among them, the titer of E2 protein was up to 2 g/L in semi-perfusion, which is currently the highest to the authors' knowledge. Finally, the aggregations and immunogenicity of the E2 protein were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunization of mice, respectively. There was no significant difference in aggregations and antibody titers of E2 protein in three culture methods. These results suggest that stable HEK293T cell pools are a promising and robust platform for rapid and efficient production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Daoyuan Na
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai Bioengine Sci-Tech Co Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiwei Miao
- Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech Co Ltd, Zhejiang 310056, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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4
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Chen WT, Liu HM, Chang CY, Deng MC, Huang YL, Chang YC, Chang HW. Cross-reactivities and cross-neutralization of different envelope glycoproteins E2 antibodies against different genotypes of classical swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1169766. [PMID: 37180072 PMCID: PMC10172653 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1169766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), wreaking havoc on global swine production. The virus is divided into three genotypes, each comprising 4-7 sub-genotypes. The major envelope glycoprotein E2 of CSFV plays an essential role in cell attachment, eliciting immune responses, and vaccine development. In this study, to study the cross-reaction and cross-neutralizing activities of antibodies against different genotypes (G) of E2 glycoproteins, ectodomains of G1.1, G2.1, G2.1d, and G3.4 CSFV E2 glycoproteins from a mammalian cell expression system were generated. The cross-reactivities of a panel of immunofluorescence assay-characterized serum derived from pigs with/without a commercial live attenuated G1.1 vaccination against different genotypes of E2 glycoproteins were detected by ELISA. Our result showed that serum against the LPCV cross-reacted with all genotypes of E2 glycoproteins. To evaluate cross-neutralizing activities, hyperimmune serum from different CSFV E2 glycoprotein-immunized mice was also generated. The result showed that mice anti-E2 hyperimmune serum exhibited better neutralizing abilities against homologous CSFV than heterogeneous viruses. In conclusion, the results provide information on the cross-reactivity of antibodies against different genogroups of CSFV E2 glycoproteins and suggest the importance of developing multi-covalent subunit vaccines for the complete protection of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hui-Wen Chang,
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5
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Zhu J, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhu T, Li H, Wang Y, Xue K, Qi M, Peng Q, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen X, Chen J, Chen H, Guo A. Isolation of BVDV-1a, 1m, and 1v strains from diarrheal calf in china and identification of its genome sequence and cattle virulence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1008107. [PMID: 36467650 PMCID: PMC9709263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important livestock viral pathogen responsible for causing significant economic losses. The emerging and novel BVDV isolates are clinically and biologically important, as there are highly antigenic diverse and pathogenic differences among BVDV genotypes. However, no study has yet compared the virulence of predominant genotype isolates (BVDV-1a, 1b, and 1m) in China and the emerging genotype isolate BVDV-1v. The serological relationship among these genotypes has not yet been described. In this study, we isolated three BVDV isolates from calves with severe diarrhea, characterized as BVDV-1a, 1m, and novel 1v, based on multiple genomic regions [including 5-untranslated region (5'-UTR), Npro, and E2] and the phylogenetic analysis of nearly complete genomes. For the novel genotype, genetic variation analysis of the E2 protein of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain indicates multiple amino acid mutation sites, including potential host cell-binding sites and neutralizing epitopes. Recombination analysis of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain hinted at the possible occurrence of cross-genotypes (among 1m, 1o, and 1q) and cross-geographical region transmission events. To compare the pathogenic characters and virulence among these BVDV-1 genotypes, newborn calves uninfected with common pathogens were infected intranasally with BVDV isolates. The calves infected with the three genotype isolates show different symptom severities (diarrhea, fever, slowing weight gain, virus shedding, leukopenia, viremia, and immune-related tissue damage). In addition, these infected calves also showed bovine respiratory disease complexes (BRDCs), such as nasal discharge, coughing, abnormal breathing, and lung damage. Based on assessing different parameters, BVDV-1m HB-01 is identified as a highly virulent strain, and BVDV-1a HN-03 and BVDV-1v HB-03 are both identified as moderately virulent strains. Furthermore, the cross-neutralization test demonstrated the antigenic diversity among these Chinese genotypes (1a, 1m, and 1v). Our findings illustrated the genetic evolution characteristics of the emerging genotype and the pathogenic mechanism and antigenic diversity of different genotype strains, These findings also provided an excellent vaccine candidate strain and a suitable BVDV challenge strain for the comprehensive prevention and control of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaili Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Mi S, Wang L, Li H, Bao F, Madera R, Shi X, Zhang L, Mao Y, Yan R, Xia X, Gong W, Shi J, Tu C. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies that specifically differentiate field isolates from vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930631. [PMID: 35958565 PMCID: PMC9361847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a major animal pathogen threatening the global pork industry. To date, numerous anti-CSFV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their recognizing epitopes have been reported. However, few mAbs were systematically characterized for the capacity to differentiate field CSFV isolates from CSF vaccine strains, and the molecular basis associated with antigenic differences between vaccines and field isolates is still largely unknown. In the present study, recombinant CSFV structural glycoproteins E2 of both virulent and vaccine strains and Erns of vaccine strain were expressed using eukaryotic cells and murine mAbs generated against E2 and Erns. After serial screening and cloning of the hybridomas, the viral spectra of mAbs were respectively determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) using 108 CSFVs, followed by Western blot analysis using expressed glycoproteins of all CSFV sub-genotypes including vaccine strains. The antigenic structures recognized by these mAbs were characterized by epitope mapping using truncated, chimeric, and site-directed mutated E2 and Erns proteins. We have identified two vaccine-specific, one field isolate-specific, and two universal CSFV-specific mAbs and five novel conformational epitopes with critical amino acid (aa) motifs that are associated with these five mAbs: 213EPD215, 271RXGP274, and 37LXLNDG42 on E2 and 38CKGVP42, W81, and D100/V107 on Erns. Particularly, E213 of E2 is field isolate-specific, while N40 of E2 and D100/V107 of Erns are vaccine strain-specific. Results from our study further indicate that N40D of E2 mutation in field strains was likely produced under positive selection associated with long-term mass vaccination, leading to CSFV evasion of host immune response. Taking together, this study provides new insights into the antigenic structure of CSFV E2 and Erns and the differentiating mAbs will contribute to the development of a diagnostic strategy to differentiate C-strain vaccination from natural infection (DIVA) of CSFV in terms of elimination of CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xiju Shi
- Institute of Animal Qurantine Reserach, Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renhe Yan
- Department of Research & Development, Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Changchun Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
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7
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Muasya D, Van Leeuwen J, Gitau G, McKenna S, Heider L, Muraya J. Evaluation of antibody and antigen cross-reaction in Kenyan dairy cattle naturally infected with two pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus. Vet World 2022; 15:1290-1296. [PMID: 35765487 PMCID: PMC9210842 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1290-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are important pathogens of cattle and pigs, respectively, and belong to the genus Pestivirus. As CSFV has been shown to infect cattle, it can create diagnostic challenges of BVDV results through possible cross-reactivity where cattle could be exposed to pigs and CSFV. This study aimed to determine the possible cross-reactivity of BVDV and CSFV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results for antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) among smallholder dairy cattle in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on a single visit to farms to collect serum samples and other descriptive farm-level and animal-level information. Testing for BVDV Ag and Ab was conducted on serum samples from 320 dairy cows and heifers, with CSFV Ag and Ab testing conducted on a subset of 133 and 74 serum samples, respectively. CSFV testing was based on BVDV test results and the availability of enough sample volume from farms that kept pigs. The Ag and Ab tests utilized IDEXX ELISA for both BVDV and CSFV. Results: For the 74 samples with Ab tests for both viruses, 40 (54.0%) were BVDV Ab positive, while 63 (85.1%) were CSFV Ab positive. Of the 40 BVDV Ab positive samples, 36 cattle (90.0%) tested positive for CSFV Ab. However, of the 34 BVDV Ab negative samples, 27 (79.4%) were CSFV Ab test-positive. For the 133 samples with Ag tests for both viruses, 125 (94.0%) were BVDV Ag positive, while 2 (1.5%) samples were CSFV Ag positive. None of the eight BVDV Ag negative samples was positive for CSFV Ag and only two (1.6%) of the 125 BVDV Ag positive samples were positive for CSFV Ag. Conclusion: The results indicate either substantial cross-reactivity of the two Ab ELISA tests, or reactivity with some other protein in the samples that led to the positive Ab test results. There was only limited evidence for cross-reactivity of the two Ag ELISA tests. We recommend that Pestivirus genus cross-reactivity be considered when interpreting BVDV ELISA results in cattle, more for Ab than Ag tests. Further research is needed to clarify the levels of cross-reactivity between BVDV and other Pestivirus Ag and Ab tests from animals on mixed-species farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Muasya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - George Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Joan Muraya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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8
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Production of Bivalent Subunit Vaccine for Porcine via 2A-Like Sequence in Baculovirus Expression Vector System. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have caused severe diseases in swine populations worldwide. Here, a polycistronic baculovirus vector was developed to express a bivalent vaccine, consisting of the CSFV-E2 and PCV2-Cap protein, and an immunomodulator protein derived from the Flammulina velutipes, FVE-FIP, as well as the selection marker, green fluorescent protein. The simultaneous expression of the CSFV-E2 and PCV2-Cap protein was mediated by the 2A-like sequence derived from the Perina nuda virus (PnV), while the expression of the FVE-FIP was driven by the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element derived from the Rhophalosipum padi virus (RhPV). The Western blot analysis result suggested that the CSFV-E2, PCV2-Cap, and FVE-FIP protein were successfully co-expressed by the infected Spodoptera frugiperda IPBL-Sf21 (Sf21) cell line. The extracted cell lysate containing all three recombinant proteins was administered to Balb/C mice with or without the supplementation of Freund’s adjuvant. The ELISA analysis of the serum collected from all the immunized groups showed detectable antibodies against CSFV-E2 and PCV2-Cap. Furthermore, the immunized group without the adjuvant supplementation demonstrated a similar level of antibodies to the group with adjuvant supplementation, suggesting the efficiency of the FVE-FIP in enhancing the immune response. These results demonstrated the polycistronic baculovirus vector could be employed to develop bivalent vaccines for pigs.
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9
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Ma Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Yao X, Huang X, Zhou K, Yang Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Guan X, Xu Y. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Provide a Deep Insight Into Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Host Interactions During BVDV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862828. [PMID: 35371109 PMCID: PMC8966686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), an important viral disease in cattle that is responsible for extensive economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, several underlying mechanisms involved in viral replication, pathogenesis, and evading host innate immunity of BVDV remain to be elucidated, particularly during the early stage of virus infection. To further explore the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions, the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells were sequenced using RNA-seq and iTRAQ techniques, respectively, and followed by an integrative analysis. Compared with mock-infected MDBK cells, a total of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (391 down-regulated, 274 up-regulated) and 725 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (461 down-regulated, 264 up-regulated) were identified. Among these, several DEGs and DEPs were further verified using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Following gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, we determined that these DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in multiple important cellular signaling pathways including NOD-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, TNF, NF-κB, MAPK, cAMP, lysosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis signaling pathways. Significantly, the down-regulated DEGs and DEPs were predominantly associated with apoptosis-regulated elements, inflammatory factors, and antiviral elements that were involved in innate immunity, thus, indicating that BVDV could inhibit apoptosis and the expression of host antiviral genes to facilitate viral replication. Meanwhile, up-regulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily involved in metabolism and autophagy signaling pathways, indicating that BVDV could utilize the host metabolic resources and cell autophagy to promote replication. However, the potential mechanisms BVDV-host interactions required further experimental validation. Our data provide an overview of changes in transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells, thus, providing an important basis for further exploring the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinning Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics and Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Koethe S, König P, Wernike K, Schulz J, Reimann I, Beer M. Bungowannah Pestivirus Chimeras as Novel Double Marker Vaccine Strategy against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010088. [PMID: 35062749 PMCID: PMC8778585 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker or DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines are beneficial tools for the eradication of animal diseases in regions with a high prevalence of the designated disease. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 (syn. Pestivirus A) is a flavivirus that infects predominantly cattle resulting in major economic losses. An increasing number of countries have implemented BVDV eradication programs that focus on the detection and removal of persistently infected cattle. No efficient marker or DIVA vaccine is yet commercially available to drive the eradication success, to prevent fetal infection and to allow serological monitoring of the BVDV status in vaccinated farms. Bungowannah virus (BuPV, species Pestivirus F), a related member of the genus Pestivirus with a restricted prevalence to a single pig farm complex in Australia, was chosen as the genetic backbone for a marker vaccine candidate. The glycoproteins E1 and E2 of BuPV were substituted by the heterologous E1 and E2, which are major immunogens, of the BVDV-1 strain CP7. In addition, the candidate vaccine was further attenuated by the introduction of a deletion within the Npro protein coding sequence, a major type I interferon inhibitor. Immunization of cattle with the chimeric vaccine virus BuPV_ΔNpro_E1E2 CP7 (modified live or inactivated) followed by a subsequent experimental challenge infection confirmed the safety of the prototype strain and provided a high level of clinical protection against BVDV-1. The serological discrimination of vaccinated cattle could be enabled by the combined detection of BVDV-1 E2- in the absence of both BVDV NS3- and BVDV Erns-specific antibodies. The study demonstrates for the first time the generation and application of an efficient BVDV-1 modified double marker vaccine candidate that is based on the genetic background of BuPV accompanied by commercially available serological marker ELISA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jana Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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11
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Li Y, Liu T, Chen G, Wang L, Guo A, Li Z, Pan L, Mao L, Luo X. Th17 cell differentiation induced by cytopathogenic biotype BVDV-2 in bovine PBLCs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:884. [PMID: 34872498 PMCID: PMC8650399 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen that causes bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD-MD), which has become a global infectious disease due to its wide spread and the lack of effective treatment. The process of BVDV infection is complex. Once infected, host immune cells are activated and modulated. As a major immune cell, peripheral blood lymphocyte cells (PBLCs) are the primary target of BVDV. In order to further understand the mechanism of BVDV- host interaction, the expression profiles of host lymphocytes mRNAs associated with BVDV infection were investigated by transcriptomic sequencing analysis. Results The transcriptomic sequencing analysis was performed on bovine PBLCs infected with CP BVDV-2 GS2018 after 12 h of infection. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that 1052 genes were differentially expressed in GS2018 infected PBLCs compared with the control group. Of these genes, 485 genes were up-regulated and 567 were down-regulated. The 19 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for validation using quantitative real-time PCR and the results were consistent with the results of RNA-Seq. Gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that 1052 DEGs were significantly enriched in 16 pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, IL17, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and TNF signaling pathway. PPI network analysis showed that IL17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α interacted with various proteins and may play crucial roles in BVDV-2 infection. Of note, we confirmed that GS2018 induced Th17 cell differentiation in PBLCs and persistently increased the expression levels of IL17A. In turn, the replication of GS2018 was inhibited by IL17A. Conclusion In this study, the transcription changes of DEGs related to host immune responses in bovine PBLCs were caused by CP BVDV-2 infection. In particular, the effector molecules IL17A of Th17 cells were significantly up-regulated, which inhibited viral replication. These results will contribute to exploration and further understanding of the host immune response mechanism and interaction between host and BVDV-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08194-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Aimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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12
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Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Berkley N, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of a Common Conformational Epitope on the Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Border Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081655. [PMID: 34452520 PMCID: PMC8402670 DOI: 10.3390/v13081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high structural and antigenic homology with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV). Because all three viruses can infect swine and elicit cross-reactive antibodies, it is necessary to differentiate among them with regard to serological diagnosis of classical swine fever. To understand the mechanism of cross-reactivity, it is important to define common or specific epitopes of these viruses. For this purpose, epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains of CSFV and BDV E2 proteins. One CSFV-specific conformational epitope and one CSFV and BDV common epitope within domain B/C of E2 were identified. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues G725 and V738/I738 of the CSFV-specific epitope and P709/L709 and E713 of the second epitope are important for mAbs binding. Infection of CSFV in porcine cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation of the cells with the domain B/C of E2 or after pre-incubation of CSFV with the mAbs detecting domain B/C. 3D structural modeling suggested that both epitopes are exposed on the surface of E2. Based on this, the identified epitopes represent a potential target for virus neutralization and might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Nicholas Berkley
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Helen Crooke
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
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13
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Yuan F, Wang L. Genotyping atypical porcine pestivirus using NS5a. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 92:104866. [PMID: 33872785 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2014 and it can cause congenital tremors in pigs. Molecular epidemiology serves as an essential tool in monitoring and controlling the disease. Virus epidemiology mainly relies on genome sequencing and phylogenetic characterization. Previous molecular epidemiology studies have been using different genes/regions for phylogeny, namely whole genome, Npro, and E2 coding sequences. However, with increasing number of APPV sequences available in GenBank, no systemic studies have been performed for detailed classification of APPV strains around the globe. The goal of this study is to propose a classification strategy or taxonomy of APPV strains at genotype, subgenotype, and isolate levels. A total of 76 whole genomes and 16 partial polyprotein coding sequences were analyzed for genetic variability and suitability of all individual genes for viral phylogenies. Our results revealed that, among all the viral genes, NS5a coding sequences were proved to be the most suitable alternative for tracing APPV strains supported by its capability of reproducing the same phylogenetic and evolutionary information as the whole viral genome did. Also, a reliable cutoff to accurately classify APPV at different levels is established. We propose a genotyping scheme with three well-defined genotypes (1-3) and 7 subgenotypes for genotype 1 (1.1-1.7). For whole genome analysis, a threshold value of 84%-91% pairwise identity allows separation of all APPV subgenotypes, whereas 80% identity clearly segregate the three major APPV genotypes. For NS5a gene analysis, 82%-91% identity allows subgenotype separation and 76% identity segregate APPV genotypes. Additionally, genetic distance of whole genome exhibits ≤8% in isolate level, 9%-14% in subgenotype level, and 17%-22% in genotype level, while for NS5a encoding sequences the genetic distance displays ≤9% in isolate level, 9.9%-19.1% in subgenotype level, and 21.6%-29.7% in genotype level. These allow a clear segregation among APPV genotypes, subgenotypes, and isolates. Therefore, the proposed strategy in this study provides a solid and improved basis for molecular phylogenetics to understand APPV genetic diversity, trace the origins and control the spread of new disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Yuan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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14
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Chen X, Ding X, Zhu L, Zhang G. The identification of a B-cell epitope in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) core protein based on a mimotope obtained from a phage-displayed peptide library. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2376-2386. [PMID: 34111485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine pestivirus A and B, previously known as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, which causes significant economic losses. B-cell epitopes in BVDV glycoprotein E2 and nonstructural protein NS2/3 have been extensively identified. In this study, we screened a 12-mer phage display peptide library using commercial goat anti-BVDV serum, and identified a mimotope "LTPHKHHKHLHA" referred to as P3. With sequence alignment, a putative B-cell epitope "77ESRKKLEKALLA88" termed as P3-BVDV1/2 residing in BVDV core protein was identified. The synthesized peptides of both P3 and P3-BVDV1/2 show strong reactivity with BVDV serum in immune blot assay. Immunization of mice with these individual peptides leads to the production of antibody that cannot neutralize virus infectivity. Thus for the first time we identified a B-cell epitope, "77ESRKKLEKALLA88", in BVDV core protein. Interestingly, the epitope was highly conserved in Pestivirus A, B, C, D, as well as emerging Pestivirus E and I, but highly variable in Pestiviruses H, G, F, and J, as well as unclassified Pestivirus originated from non-ruminant animals. Whether this putative B-cell epitope is implicated in pestivirus pathogenesis or evolution needs further investigations once large numbers of isolates are available in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cattle
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Dogs
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Peptide Library
- Viral Core Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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15
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Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Su W, Liu G, Dong W. The Importance of Glycans of Viral and Host Proteins in Enveloped Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638573. [PMID: 33995356 PMCID: PMC8116741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal viruses are parasites of animal cells that have characteristics such as heredity and replication. Viruses can be divided into non-enveloped and enveloped viruses if a lipid bilayer membrane surrounds them or not. All the membrane proteins of enveloped viruses that function in attachment to target cells or membrane fusion are modified by glycosylation. Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins and plays an important role in many biological behaviors, such as protein folding and stabilization, virus attachment to target cell receptors and inhibition of antibody neutralization. Glycans of the host receptors can also regulate the attachment of the viruses and then influence the virus entry. With the development of glycosylation research technology, the research and development of novel virus vaccines and antiviral drugs based on glycan have received increasing attention. Here, we review the effects of host glycans and viral proteins on biological behaviors of viruses, and the opportunities for prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenquan Su
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weijie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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16
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Genotyping and Molecular Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolated in China during 2016-2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040664. [PMID: 33921513 PMCID: PMC8069065 DOI: 10.3390/v13040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). For decades the disease has been controlled in China by a modified live vaccine (C-strain) of genotype 1. The emergent genotype 2 strains have become predominant in China in the past years that are genetically distant from the vaccine strain. Here, we aimed to evaluate the current infectious status of CSF, and for this purpose 24 isolates of CSFV were identified from different areas of China during 2016–2018. Phylogenetic analysis of NS5B, E2 and full genome revealed that the new isolates were clustered into subgenotype 2.1d and 2.1b, while subgenotype 2.1d was predominant. Moreover, E2 and Erns displayed multiple variations in neutralizing epitope regions. Furthermore, the new isolates exhibited capacity to escape C-strain-derived antibody neutralization compared with the Shimen strain (genotype 1). Potential positive selection sites were identified in antigenic regions of E2 and Erns, which are related with antibody binding affinity. Recombination events were predicted in the new isolates with vaccine strains in the E2 gene region. In conclusion, the new isolates showed molecular variations and antigenic alterations, which provide evidence for the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants and emphasize the need of updated strategies for CSF control.
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17
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Wang K, Thomas C, Zhang S, Wathes DC, Cheng Z. Comparison of the Ability of High and Low Virulence Strains of Non-cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1 to Modulate Expression of Interferon Tau Stimulated Genes in Bovine Endometrium. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659330. [PMID: 33898551 PMCID: PMC8062762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. It is endemic in many cattle populations, causing major economic losses in part due to reduced fertility. BVDV exhibits great genetic diversity and is classified as type 1 or 2 (BVDV-1, BVDV-2) with either non-cytopathogenic (ncp) or cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. Differing strains of ncpBVDV differ in virulence, affecting clinical outcome. BVDV replicates in the reproductive tract, affecting host immunity and embryo survival. This study used an in vitro model of primary bovine endometrial cell cultures to compare the effects of two BVDV ncp type 1a strains of differing virulence (termed HO and KY) on endometrial transcription of candidate interferon stimulated genes (ISG) using qPCR. Half the cultures were stimulated with interferon tau (IFNT, the conceptus produced pregnancy recognition factor) in the presence or absence of viral infection. Cultures were replicated on cells from 10 BVDV-free cows. IFNT treatment stimulated transcription of 10 candidate ISGs, whereas both ncpBVDV-1 strains alone inhibited transcription of 8/10 ISGs. In combined BVDV-1+IFNT cultures, the stimulatory effect of IFNT on expression of GBP4, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, IFIH1, IFIT3, and MX1 was significantly inhibited by HO, but only ISG15, RSAD2, IFI27, and IFIT3 were decreased by KY. Inhibition by HO was generally greater. The IFNT-induced expression of TRIM56 was, however, increased by HO. These data show that HO, the more virulent ncpBVDV-1 strain, has a greater capacity to inhibit key antiviral pathways. These differences need confirmation at the protein level but may influence immune tolerance of the host. They could also reduce fertility by increasing uterine susceptibility to bacterial infection and disrupting IFNT-mediated pregnancy recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Carole Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Claire Wathes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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18
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Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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P108 and T109 on E2 Glycoprotein Domain I Are Critical for the Adaptation of Classical Swine Fever Virus to Rabbits but Not for Virulence in Pigs. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01104-20. [PMID: 32581110 PMCID: PMC7431803 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01104-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) live attenuated vaccine C-strain is adaptive to rabbits and attenuated in pigs, in contrast with the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain. Previously, we demonstrated that P108 and T109 on the E2 glycoprotein (E2P108-T109) in domain I (E2DomainI) rather than R132, S133, and D191 in domain II (E2DomainII) determine C-strain's adaptation to rabbits (ATR) (Y. Li, L. Xie, L. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Li, et al., Virology 519:197-206, 2018). However, it remains elusive whether these critical amino acids affect the ATR of the Shimen strain and virulence in pigs. In this study, three chimeric viruses harboring E2P108-T109, E2DomainI, or E2DomainII of C-strain based on the non-rabbit-adaptive Shimen mutant vSM-HCLVErns carrying the Erns glycoprotein of C-strain were generated and evaluated. We found that E2P108-T109 or E2DomainI but not E2DomainII of C-strain renders vSM-HCLVErns adaptive to rabbits, suggesting that E2P108-T109 in combination with the Erns glycoprotein (E2P108-T109-Erns) confers ATR on the Shimen strain, creating new rabbit-adaptive CSFVs. Mechanistically, E2P108-T109-Erns of C-strain mediates viral entry during infection in rabbit spleen lymphocytes, which are target cells of C-strain. Notably, pig experiments showed that E2P108-T109-Erns of C-strain does not affect virulence compared with the Shimen strain. Conversely, the substitution of E2DomainII and Erns of C-strain attenuates the Shimen strain in pigs, indicating that the molecular basis of the CSFV ATR and that of virulence in pigs do not overlap. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of adaptation of CSFV to rabbits and the molecular basis of CSFV adaptation and attenuation.IMPORTANCE Historically, live attenuated vaccines produced by blind passage usually undergo adaptation in cell cultures or nonsusceptible hosts and attenuation in natural hosts, with a classical example being the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) lapinized vaccine C-strain, which was developed by hundreds of passages in rabbits. However, the mechanism of viral adaptation to nonsusceptible hosts and the molecular basis for viral adaptation and attenuation remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that P108 and T109 on the E2 glycoprotein together with the Erns glycoprotein of the rabbit-adaptive C-strain confer adaptation to rabbits on the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain by affecting viral entry during infection but do not attenuate the Shimen strain in pigs. Our results provide vital information on the different molecular bases of CSFV adaptation to rabbits and attenuation in pigs.
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20
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Russell GC, Zadoks RN, Willoughby K, Bachofen C. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000343. [PMID: 32160141 PMCID: PMC7276709 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle, with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in persistently infected (PI) animals is, therefore, essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from the serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250 bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this pestivirus A genotype 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 SNPs and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies. Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response Induced after Infection with Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV). Viruses 2019; 11:v11100880. [PMID: 31546571 PMCID: PMC6832543 DOI: 10.3390/v11100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a widely distributed pathogen causing congenital tremor (CT) in piglets. So far, no data are available regarding the humoral immune response against APPV. In this study, piglets and their sows from an affected herd were tested longitudinally for viral genome and antibodies. APPV genome was detected in the majority of the piglets (14/15) from CT affected litters. Transient infection of gilts was observed. Kinetics of Erns- and E2-specific antibodies and their neutralizing capacity were determined by recently (Erns) and newly (E2) developed antibody ELISAs and virus neutralization assays. Putative maternally derived antibodies (MDA) were detected in most piglets, but displayed only low to moderate neutralizing capacity (ND50 ≤ 112). Horizontal APPV transmission occurred when uninfected and infected piglets were mingled on the flat deck. Horizontally infected piglets were clinically inapparent and showed only transient viremia with subsequently consistently high E2 antibody levels. For piglets from CT affected litters, significantly lower neutralizing antibody titers were observed. Results indicate that E2 represents the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Characterization of the humoral immune response against APPV will help to provide valuable serological diagnosis, to understand the epidemiology of this novel pathogen, and to implement tailored prevention strategies.
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22
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Colom-Cadena A, Marco I, Fernández Aguilar X, Velarde R, Espunyes J, Rosell R, Lavín S, Cabezón O. Experimental infection with high- and low-virulence strains of border disease virus (BDV) in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) sheds light on the epidemiological diversity of the disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1619-1630. [PMID: 30963719 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since 2001, Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) populations have been affected by border disease virus (BDV) causing mortalities of more than 80% in some areas. Field studies carried out in France, Andorra, and Spain have shown different epidemiological scenarios in chamois populations. This study was designed to confirm the presence of BDV strains of a high and low virulence in free-ranging chamois populations from Pyrenees and to understand the implications of these findings to the diverse epidemiological scenarios. An experimental infection of Pyrenean chamois with a high-virulence (Cadí-6) and low-virulence (Freser-5) BDV strains was performed. Pregnant and non-pregnant animals with and without antibodies against BDV were included in each group. Cadí-6 BDV strain was confirmed to be of high virulence for seronegative adults and their foetuses. The antibody negative chamois infected with Freser-5 BDV strain did not show symptoms, presented less viral distribution and RNA load in tissues than Cadí-6 group, and cleared the virus from the serum. However, foetuses died before the end of the experiment and RNA virus was detected in sera and tissues although with lower RNA load than the Cadí-6 group. Chamois from both groups presented lesions in brain but the ones infected with the low-virulence Freser-5 BDV strain were mild and most likely transient. In both groups, seropositive pregnant females and all but one of their foetuses did not present viraemia or viral RNA in tissues. The existence of a low-virulence strain has been confirmed experimentally and related to chamois population infection dynamics in the area where it was isolated. Such strain may persist in the chamois population through PI animals and may induce cross-protection in chamois against high-virulence strains. This study demonstrates that viral strain diversity is a significant factor in the heterogeneity of epidemiological scenarios in Pyrenean chamois populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Colom-Cadena
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignasi Marco
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernández Aguilar
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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E2 and Erns of classical swine fever virus C-strain play central roles in its adaptation to rabbits. Virus Genes 2019; 55:238-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-01631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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24
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Pan S, Mou C, Chen Z. An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2018. [PMID: 30411827 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging porcine pestivirus diseases frequently challenge prevention and control strategies in the swine industry. Over the past decade, a few novel pestiviruses have been identified in pigs. This article focuses on the recently emerging atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) that potentially threatens global swine herd health security. The virus was first identified in 2016, in the United States and thereafter, accumulated evidence shows that it is currently distributed in three continents. The clinical presentation of APPV-infected pigs is characterized by congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets, while adult pigs may become persistent carriers and shedders. Here, a literature review is conducted to summarize the published findings in the virus genomic biology, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, which would shed light on acceleration of development of anti-APPV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuonan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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25
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The Occurrence of a Commercial N pro and E rns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050274. [PMID: 29783722 PMCID: PMC5977267 DOI: 10.3390/v10050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major source for the spread of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are in-utero infected, immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) animals since they shed enormous amounts of viruses throughout their lives. During the sequence-based virus typing of diagnostic ear notch samples performed in the context of the obligatory German BVDV eradication program, the commercial Npro and Erns double mutant BVDV-1 live-vaccine strain KE-9 was detected in seven newborn calves; their mothers were immunized in the first trimester of gestation. Six calves either succumbed or were culled immediately, but the one remaining animal was closely monitored for six months. The viral RNA was detected in the skin sample taken in its first and fifth week of life, but the virus could not be isolated. Further skin biopsies that were taken at monthly intervals as well as every serum and urine sample, nasal, oral, and rectal swabs taken weekly tested BVDV negative. However, neutralizing titers against BVDV-1 remained at a consistently high level. To further control for virus shedding, a BVDV antibody and antigen negative calf was co-housed which remained negative throughout the study. The missing viremia, a lack of excretion of infectious virus and negative follow-up skin samples combined with consistently high antibody titers speak against the induction of the classical persistent infection by vaccination with recombinant KE-9 during gestation. We, therefore, suggest that the epidemiological impact of the RNA/antigen positivity for an extended period in the skin is very low. The detection of live-vaccine viruses in skin biopsies mainly represents a diagnostic issue in countries that implemented ear notch-based control programs; and KE9-specific RT-PCRs or sequence analysis can be used to identify these animals and avoid culling measures.
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26
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Li Y, Xie L, Zhang L, Wang X, Li C, Han Y, Hu S, Sun Y, Li S, Luo Y, Liu L, Munir M, Qiu HJ. The E2 glycoprotein is necessary but not sufficient for the adaptation of classical swine fever virus lapinized vaccine C-strain to the rabbit. Virology 2018; 519:197-206. [PMID: 29734043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) C-strain was developed through hundreds of passages of a highly virulent CSFV in rabbits. To investigate the molecular basis for the adaptation of C-strain to the rabbit (ACR), a panel of chimeric viruses with the exchange of glycoproteins Erns, E1, and/or E2 between C-strain and the highly virulent Shimen strain and a number of mutant viruses with different amino acid substitutions in E2 protein were generated and evaluated in rabbits. Our results demonstrate that Shimen-based chimeras expressing Erns-E1-E2, Erns-E2 or E1-E2 but not Erns-E1, Erns, E1, or E2 of C-strain can replicate in rabbits, indicating that E2 in combination with either Erns or E1 confers the ACR. Notably, E2 and the amino acids P108 and T109 in Domain I of E2 are critical in ACR. Collectively, our data indicate that E2 is crucial in mediating the ACR, which requires synergistic contribution of Erns or E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Libao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lingkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shouping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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27
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Cheng W, Chen G, Jia H, He X, Jing Z. DDX5 RNA Helicases: Emerging Roles in Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041122. [PMID: 29642538 PMCID: PMC5979547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD)-box polypeptide 5 (DDX5), also called p68, is a prototypical member of the large ATP-dependent RNA helicases family and is known to participate in all aspects of RNA metabolism ranging from transcription to translation, RNA decay, and miRNA processing. The roles of DDX5 in cell cycle regulation, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, cancer development, adipogenesis, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, and viral infection have been established. Several RNA viruses have been reported to hijack DDX5 to facilitate various steps of their replication cycles. Furthermore, DDX5 can be bounded by the viral proteins of some viruses with unknown functions. Interestingly, an antiviral function of DDX5 has been reported during hepatitis B virus and myxoma virus infection. Thus, the precise roles of this apparently multifaceted protein remain largely obscure. Here, we provide a rapid and critical overview of the structure and functions of DDX5 with a particular emphasis on its role during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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28
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Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Kang K, Kim H, Kang SC, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Genetic evolution of classical swine fever virus under immune environments conditioned by genotype 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:735-745. [PMID: 29319233 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) based on genotype 1 strains, particularly C-strain, have been used to prevent and control classical swine fever virus (CSFV) worldwide. Nevertheless, a shift in the predominant CSFV strains circulating in the field from genotype 1 or 3 to genotype 2 is seen. Genotype 2 is genetically distant from the vaccine strains and was recently reported during outbreaks after vaccine failure; this has raised concerns that vaccination has influenced viral evolution. In Korea in 2016, there was an unexpected CSF outbreak in a MLV-vaccinated commercial pig herd. The causative CSFV strain was genetically distinct from previously isolated Korean strains but similar to recent Chinese strains exhibiting enhanced capacity to escape neutralization; this suggests the need for global cooperative research on the evolution of CSFV. We analysed global E2 sequences, using bioinformatics tools, revealing the evolutionary pathways of CSFV. Classical swine fever virus genotypes 1 and 2 experienced different degrees and patterns of evolutionary growth. Whereas genotype 1 stayed relatively conserved over time, the genetic diversity of genotype 2 has progressively expanded, with few fluctuations. It was determined that genotype 2 evolved under lower immune pressures and at a higher evolutionary rate than genotype 1. Further, several selected codons, under diversifying selection in genotype 1 but under purifying selection in genotype 2, correspond to antigenic determinants, which could lead to evasion of vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings provide evidence that evolutionary changes in CSFV are the result of the disproportionate usage of the CSF MLVs in endemic areas; this underscores the need to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the substantial risk associated with the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Kang
- Sooje Animal Hospital, Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H Kim
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - S C Kang
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - J A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Y S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Rios L, Coronado L, Naranjo-Feliciano D, Martínez-Pérez O, Perera CL, Hernandez-Alvarez L, Díaz de Arce H, Núñez JI, Ganges L, Pérez LJ. Deciphering the emergence, genetic diversity and evolution of classical swine fever virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17887. [PMID: 29263428 PMCID: PMC5738429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important infectious diseases causing significant economic losses. Its causal agent, CSF virus (CSFV), is a member of the Pestivirus genus included into the Flaviviridae family. Previous molecular epidemiology studies have revealed the CSFV diversity is divided into three main genotypes and different subgenotypes. However, the classification system for CSFV has not yet been harmonized internationally. Similarly, the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of CSFV remain unclear. The current study provides novel and significant insights into the origin, diversification and evolutionary process of CSFV. In addition, the best phylogenetic marker for CSFV capable of reproducing the same phylogenetic and evolutionary information as the complete viral genome is characterized. Also, a reliable cut-off to accurately classify CSFV at genotype and subgenotype levels is established. Based on the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) reconstruction and cophylogenetic analysis, it was determined that CSFV emerged around 225 years ago when the Tunisian Sheep Virus jumped from its natural host to swine. CSFV emergence was followed by a genetic expansion in three main lineages, driven by the action of positive selection pressure and functional divergence, as main natural forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliam Rios
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L4L5, Canada
| | - Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, 32700, Cuba
| | | | | | - Carmen L Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, 32700, Cuba
| | | | - Heidy Díaz de Arce
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Juan D. Perón 4190, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José I Núñez
- IRTA-CReSA. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA-CReSA. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever and OIE Collaborative Centre for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lester J Pérez
- Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L4L5, Canada.
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30
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Barrera M, Garrido-Haro A, Vaca MS, Granda D, Acosta-Batallas A, Pérez LJ. Tracking the Origin and Deciphering the Phylogenetic Relationship of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Ecuador. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2978718. [PMID: 29379796 PMCID: PMC5742880 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2978718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, new Chinese strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), clinically more severe than the classical strains, emerged. These strains were spread to United States in 2013 through an intercontinental transmission from China with further spreading across the world, evidencing the emergent nature of these strains. In the present study, an analysis of PEDV field sequences from Ecuador was conducted by comparing all the PEDV S gene sequences available in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic comparisons and Bayesian phylogeographic inference based on complete S gene sequences were also conducted to track the origin and putative route of PEDV. The sequence from the PED-outbreak in Ecuador was grouped into the clade II of PEDV genogroup 2a together with other sequences of isolates from Mexico, Canada, and United States. The phylogeographic study revealed the emergence of the Chinese PEDV strains, followed by spreading to US in 2013, from US to Korea, and later the introduction of PEDV to Canada, Mexico, and Ecuador directly from the US. The sources of imports of live swine in Ecuador in 2014 were mainly from Chile and US. Thus, this movement of pigs is suggested as the main way for introducing PEDV to Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Barrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Tëcnica de Manabí, Ave Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Ana Garrido-Haro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de Calidad del Agro (Agrocalidad), Av. Interoceánica, Km. 14.5, La Granja MAGAP, Tumbaco, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - María S. Vaca
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de Calidad del Agro (Agrocalidad), Av. Interoceánica, Km. 14.5, La Granja MAGAP, Tumbaco, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Danilo Granda
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de Calidad del Agro (Agrocalidad), Av. Interoceánica, Km. 14.5, La Granja MAGAP, Tumbaco, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Alfredo Acosta-Batallas
- Laboratorio de Epidemiologia y Bioestadistica Veterinária, Universidad de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick (DMNB), Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5
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31
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Zhu L, Lu H, Cao Y, Gai X, Guo C, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang X. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolate SD-15. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165044. [PMID: 27764206 PMCID: PMC5072660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus caused a significant economic loss to the livestock industry worldwide. Although BVDV infections have increasingly been reported in China in recent years, the molecular aspects of those BVDV strains were barely characterized. In this study, we reported the identification and characterization of a novel BVDV isolate designated as SD-15 from cattle, which is associated with an outbreak characterized by severe hemorrhagic and mucous diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality in Shandong, China. SD-15 was revealed to be a noncytopathic BVDV, and has a complete genomic sequence of 12,285 nucleotides that contains a large open reading frame encoding 3900 amino acids. Alignment analysis showed that SD-15 has 93.8% nucleotide sequence identity with BVDV ZM-95 isolate, a previous BVDV strain isolated from pigs manifesting clinical signs and lesions resembling to classical swine fever. Phylogenetic analysis clustered SD-15 to a BVDV-1m subgenotype. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of glycoproteins revealed that E2 has several highly conserved and variable regions within BVDV-1 genotypes. An additional N-glycosylation site (240NTT) was revealed exclusively in SD-15-encoded E2 in addition to four potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) shared by all BVDV-1 genotypes. Furthermore, unique amino acid and linear epitope mutations were revealed in SD-15-encoded Erns glycoprotein compared with known BVDV-1 genotype. In conclusion, we have isolated a noncytopathic BVDV-1m strain that is associated with a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality, revealed the complete genome sequence of the first BVDV-1m virus originated from cattle, and found a unique glycosylation site in E2 and a linear epitope mutation in Erns encoded by SD-15 strain. Those results will broaden the current understanding of BVDV infection and lay a basis for future investigation on SD-15-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisai Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062
| | - Haibing Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062
| | - Yufeng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun, China 130062
| | - Xiaochun Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062
| | - Changming Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
| | - Yajing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062
| | - Jiaxu Liu
- Guangdong Haid Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Guangzhou, China 511400
| | - Xinping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062
- Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062
- * E-mail: ,
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32
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RNA interference screening of interferon-stimulated genes with antiviral activities against classical swine fever virus using a reporter virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 128:49-56. [PMID: 26868874 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs, which leads to significant economic losses in many countries. Viral infection can induce the production of interferons (IFNs), giving rise to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to exert antiviral effects. Although numerous ISGs have been identified to possess antiviral activities against different viruses, rare anti-CSFV ISGs have been reported to date. In this study, to screen anti-CSFV ISGs, twenty-one ISGs reported previously were individually knocked down using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) followed by infection with a reporter CSFV expressing Renilla luciferase (Rluc). As a result, four novel anti-CSFV ISGs were identified, including natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase III A (NT5C3A), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), which were further verified to exhibit antiviral activities against wild-type CSFV. We conclude that the reporter virus is a useful tool for efficient screening anti-CSFV ISGs.
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