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Ruiz-Gómez X, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Flores-Herrera O, Esparza-Perusquía M, Santiago-Olivares C, Gaona-Bernal J, Gómez B, Mejía-Nepomuceno F, Méndez C, Rivera-Toledo E. Steady-state persistence of respiratory syncytial virus in a macrophage-like cell line and sequence analysis of the persistent viral genome. Virus Res 2021; 297:198367. [PMID: 33684421 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term infection by human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) has been reported in immunocompromised patients. Cell lines are valuable in vitro model systems to study mechanisms associated with viral persistence. Persistent infections in cell cultures have been categorized at least as in "carrier-state", where there exist a low proportion of cells infected by a lytic virus, and as in "steady-state", where most of cells are infected, but in absence of cytophatic effect. Here, we showed that hRSV maintained a steady-state persistence in a macrophage-like cell line after 120 passages, since the viral genome was detected in all of the cells analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, whereas only defective viruses were identified by sucrose gradients and titration assay. Interestingly, eight percent of cells harboring the hRSV genome revealed undetectable expression of the viral nucleoprotein N; however, when this cell population was sorted by flow cytometry and independently cultured, viral protein expression was induced at detectable levels since the first post-sorting passage, supporting that sorted cells harbored the viral genome. Sequencing of the persistent hRSV genome obtained from virus collected from cell-culture supernatants, allowed assembling of a complete genome that displayed 24 synonymous and 38 nonsynonymous substitutions in coding regions, whereas extragenic and intergenic regions displayed 12 substitutions, two insertions and one deletion. Previous reports characterizing mutations in extragenic regulatory sequences of hRSV, suggested that some mutations localized at the 3' leader region of our persistent virus might alter viral transcription and replication, as well as assembly of viral nucleocapsids. Besides, substitutions in P, F and G proteins might contribute to altered viral assembly, budding and membrane fusion, reducing the cytopathic effect and in consequence, contributing to host-cell survival. Full-length mutant genomes might be part of the repertoire of defective viral genomes formed during hRSV infections, contributing to the establishment and maintenance of virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Ruiz-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Oscar Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mercedes Esparza-Perusquía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Santiago-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Gaona-Bernal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Sebastian R, Sravanthi M, Umapathi V, Krishnaswamy N, Priyanka M, Dechamma HJ, Ganesh K, Basagoudanavar SH, Sanyal A, Reddy GR. Foot and mouth disease virus undergoes non-progressive replication in mice peritoneal macrophages and induces M1 polarization. Virus Res 2020; 281:197906. [PMID: 32109526 PMCID: PMC7114663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-progressive replication of foot and mouth disease virus was observed in mice peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages turns to M1 type polarization in response to FMDV infection. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was peak by 8 h FMDV infection. Type I IFN and viperin showed marked upregulation following FMDV infection in the macrophages.
Despite the fact that macrophages link the innate and adaptive arms of immunity, it’s role in the early infection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is largely unknown. Recently, depletion of macrophages in vivo after vaccination has shown to drastically diminish the protection against FMDV challenge in mouse model. Even the ability of macrophages to reduce or resist FMDV infection is not known hitherto. Therefore, we examined the replication ability of FMDV in mice peritoneal macrophages and the responsiveness in terms of macrophage polarization and cytokine production. Negative strand specific RT-PCR indicated replication of FMDV RNA in macrophages. Absolute quantitation of FMDV transcripts, immunofluorescence studies and titre of the infectious progeny virus revealed that replication peaked at 12 hpi and significantly declined by 18 hpi indicating non-progressive replication in the infected macrophages. Further, significant up regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by 8 –12 hpi and increase of M1 specific CD11c + cells by 42.6 % after infection showed that FMDV induce M1 polarization. A significant up regulation of TNFα and IL12 transcripts at 8 hpi supported that M1 macrophages were functional. Further, we studied the expression of Type I to III interferons (IFN) and other antiviral molecules. The results indicate a marked up regulation of Type I IFNα and β by 9.2 and 11.2 fold, respectively at 8 hpi. Of the four IFN stimulated genes (ISG), viperin showed a significant up regulation by 286-fold at 12 hpi in the mice macrophages. In conclusion, the results suggest that replication of FMDV in mice peritoneal macrophages is non-progressive with up regulation of Type I IFN and ISGs. Further, FMDV induces M1 polarization in murine peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith Sebastian
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - M Sravanthi
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - V Umapathi
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - M Priyanka
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - H J Dechamma
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - K Ganesh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | | | - A Sanyal
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - G R Reddy
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India.
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Nikitina E, Larionova I, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Monocytes and Macrophages as Viral Targets and Reservoirs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2821. [PMID: 30231586 PMCID: PMC6163364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate cell biology to utilize monocytes/macrophages as vessels for dissemination, long-term persistence within tissues and virus replication. Viruses enter cells through endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis or membrane fusion. These processes play important roles in the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these agents and in establishing viral genome persistence and latency. Upon viral infection, monocytes respond with an elevated expression of proinflammatory signalling molecules and antiviral responses, as is shown in the case of the influenza, Chikungunya, human herpes and Zika viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus initiates acute inflammation on site during the early stages of infection but there is a shift of M1 to M2 at the later stages of infection. Cytomegalovirus creates a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes by inducing a specific phenotype within the M1/M2 continuum. Despite facilitating inflammation, infected macrophages generally display abolished apoptosis and restricted cytopathic effect, which sustains the virus production. The majority of viruses discussed in this review employ monocytes/macrophages as a repository but certain viruses use these cells for productive replication. This review focuses on viral adaptations to enter monocytes/macrophages, immune escape, reprogramming of infected cells and the response of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Irina Larionova
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Head and Neck Department, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Heidelberg, Germany.
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