1
|
Li XQ, Cai MP, Wang MY, Shi BW, Yang GY, Wang J, Chu BB, Ming SL. Pseudorabies virus manipulates mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 for viral replication. Virol Sin 2024; 39:403-413. [PMID: 38636706 PMCID: PMC11279775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is identified as a double-helical DNA virus responsible for causing Aujeszky's disease, which results in considerable economic impacts globally. The enzyme tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 (WARS2), a mitochondrial protein involved in protein synthesis, is recognized for its broad expression and vital role in the translation process. The findings of our study showed an increase in both mRNA and protein levels of WARS2 following PRV infection in both cell cultures and animal models. Suppressing WARS2 expression via RNA interference in PK-15 cells led to a reduction in PRV infection rates, whereas enhancing WARS2 expression resulted in increased infection rates. Furthermore, the activation of WARS2 in response to PRV was found to be reliant on the cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 signaling pathway and the interferon-alpha receptor-1, highlighting its regulation via the type I interferon signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that reducing WARS2 levels hindered PRV's ability to promote protein and lipid synthesis. Our research provides novel evidence that WARS2 facilitates PRV infection through its management of protein and lipid levels, presenting new avenues for developing preventative and therapeutic measures against PRV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meng-Pan Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Bo-Wen Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Y, Fan W, Yao C, Wang H, Lu X, Wang Y, Liu P, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chu B, Shi L, Yang G, Wang M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline and pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine derivatives as TLR7 agonists for antiviral agents. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2764-2773. [PMID: 38497199 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a critical role in the innate immune response, and toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an important member of PRRs. Although several TLR7 agonists are available, most of them are being tested clinically, with only one available on the market. Thus, it is imperative to develop new TLR7 agonists. In this study, we designed and synthesized three kinds of quinazoline derivatives and five kinds of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives targeting TLR7. The antiviral efficacy of these compounds was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicated that four kinds of compounds showed exceptional antiviral activity. Furthermore, molecular docking studies confirmed that compound 11 successfully positioned itself in the pocket of the TLR7 guanosine loading site with a binding energy of -4.45 kcal mol-1. These results suggested that these compounds might be potential antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Molecule Biology Laboratory of Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450044, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Wenjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Chen Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Xiuxiang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Pengxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Yanjie Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Molecule Biology Laboratory of Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450044, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - BeiBei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratories of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450046, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li XQ, Zeng L, Liang DG, Qi YL, Yang GY, Zhong K, Chu BB, Wang J. TMEM41B Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Promotes Pseudorabies Virus Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041223. [PMID: 37255475 PMCID: PMC10308899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00412-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes Aujeszky's disease and is responsible for economic loss worldwide. Transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized regulator of autophagosome biogenesis and lipid mobilization; however, the role of TMEM41B in regulating PRV replication remains undocumented. In this study, PRV infection was found to upregulate TMEM41B mRNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, we found that TMEM41B could be induced by interferon (IFN), suggesting that TMEM41B is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG). While TMEM41B knockdown suppressed PRV proliferation, TMEM41B overexpression promoted PRV proliferation. We next studied the specific stages of the virus life cycle and found that TMEM41B knockdown affected PRV entry. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the knockdown of TMEM41B blocked PRV-stimulated expression of the key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Additionally, TMEM41B knockdown played a role in the dynamics of lipid-regulated PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). Lipid replenishment restored the CCP dynamic and PRV entry in TMEM41B knockdown cells. Together, our results indicate that TMEM41B plays a role in PRV infection via regulating lipid homeostasis. IMPORTANCE PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and can establish and maintain a lifelong latent infection in pigs. As such, an intermittent active cycle presents great challenges to the prevention and control of PRV disease and is responsible for serious economic losses to the pig breeding industry. Studies have shown that lipids play a crucial role in PRV proliferation. Thus, the manipulation of lipid metabolism may represent a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of PRV. In this study, we report that the ER transmembrane protein TMEM41B is a novel ISG involved in PRV infection by regulating lipid synthesis. Therefore, our findings indicate that targeting TMEM41B may be a promising approach for the development of PRV vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong-Ge Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hao X, Chen H, Li Y, Chen B, Liang W, Xiao X, Zhou P, Li S. Molecular characterization and antiviral effects of canine interferon regulatory factor 1 (CaIRF1). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:440. [PMID: 36522721 PMCID: PMC9756622 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is an important transcription factor that activates the type I interferon (IFN-I) response and plays a vital role in the antiviral immune response. Although IRF1 has been identified in several mammals, little information related to its function in canines has been described. RESULTS In this study, canine IRF1 (CaIRF1) was cloned. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, we found that the CaIRF1 protein structure was similar to that of other animal IRF1 proteins, including a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF-association domain 2 (IAD2) domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLSs). An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that CaIRF1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus. Overexpression of CaIRF1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) induced high levels of interferon β (IFNβ) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and induced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Subsequently, we assayed the antiviral activity of CaIRF1 against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) in MDCK cells. Overexpression of CaIRF1 effectively inhibited the viral yields of VSV and CPV-2, while knocking down of CaIRF1 expression mildly increased viral gene copies. CONCLUSIONS CaIRF1 is involved in the cellular IFN-I signaling pathway and plays an important role in the antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Hao
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhou
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Li GL, Qi YL, Li LY, Wang LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, Liu TX, Wang J, Yang GY, Zeng L, Chu BB. Pseudorabies Virus Inhibits Expression of Liver X Receptors to Assist Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030514. [PMID: 35336921 PMCID: PMC8954865 DOI: 10.3390/v14030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a contagious herpesvirus that causes Aujeszky’s disease and economic losses worldwide. Liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and are critical for the control of lipid homeostasis. However, the role of LXR in PRV infection has not been fully established. In this study, we found that PRV infection downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of LXRα and LXRβ in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discovered that LXR activation suppressed PRV proliferation, while LXR inhibition promoted PRV proliferation. We demonstrated that LXR activation-mediated reduction of cellular cholesterol was critical for the dynamics of PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits. Replenishment of cholesterol restored the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits and PRV entry under LXR activation conditions. Interestingly, T0901317, an LXR agonist, prevented PRV infection in mice. Our results support a model that PRV modulates LXR-regulated cholesterol metabolism to facilitate viral proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu-Fang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Cong-Rong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xin-Rui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tao-Xue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450047, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
TNF-Mediated Inhibition of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication Is IRF1-, NF-κB- and JAK/STAT Signaling-Dependent. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102017. [PMID: 34696447 PMCID: PMC8540133 DOI: 10.3390/v13102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sera from pigs infected with virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) contain substantial amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a prototype proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic activities. TNF limits the replication of CSFV in cell culture. In order to investigate the signaling involved in the antiviral activity of TNF, we employed small-molecule inhibitors to interfere specifically with JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways in near-to-primary endothelial PEDSV.15 cells. In addition, we knocked out selected factors of the interferon (IFN) induction and signaling pathways using CRISPR/Cas9. We found that the anti-CSFV effect of TNF was sensitive to JAK/STAT inhibitors, suggesting that TNF induces IFN signaling. Accordingly, we observed that the antiviral effect of TNF was dependent on intact type I IFN signaling as PEDSV.15 cells with the disrupted type I IFN receptor lost their capacity to limit the replication of CSFV after TNF treatment. Consequently, we examined whether TNF activates the type I IFN induction pathway. With genetically modified PEDSV.15 cells deficient in functional interferon regulatory factor 1 or 3 (IRF1 or IRF3), we observed that the anti-CSFV activity exhibited by TNF was dependent on IRF1, whereas IRF3 was dispensable. This was distinct from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven antiviral effect that relied on both IRF1 and IRF3. In agreement with the requirement of IRF1 to induce TNF- and LPS-mediated antiviral effects, intact IRF1 was also essential for TNF- and LPS-mediated induction of IFN-β mRNA, while the activation of NF-κB was not dependent on IRF1. Nevertheless, NF-κB activation was essential for the TNF-mediated antiviral effect. Finally, we observed that CSFV failed to counteract the TNF-mediated induction of the IFN-β mRNA in PEDSV.15 cells, suggesting that CSFV does not interfere with IRF1-dependent signaling. In summary, we report that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF limits the replication of CSFV in PEDSV.15 cells by specific induction of an IRF1-dependent antiviral type I IFN response.
Collapse
|
7
|
He W, Li C, Dong L, Yang G, Liu H. Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of ISG15 Knockout PK15 Cells in Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101557. [PMID: 34680952 PMCID: PMC8535405 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is recognized as one of the most important pathogens of swine and poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Available commercial vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of new PRV strains. Therefore, the new protein targets against PRV highlight the urgent need for uncovering the molecular determinants of host cellular proteins following PRV infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) demonstrates an outstanding antiviral response. However, the molecular mechanism of ISG15 that affects PRV replication is incompletely known. Here, we performed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based approach to quantitatively identify protein expression changes in PRV-infected ISG15 knockout PK15 (ISG15−/−-PK15) cells. In total, 4958 proteins were identified by using TMT coupled with LC-MS/MS in this study. In the PRV- and mock-infected groups, 241 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, 162 upregulated and 79 downregulated proteins at 24 h post-infection (hpi), among which AFP, Vtn, Hsp40, Herc5, and Mccc1 may play important roles in PRV propagation. To ensure the validity and reliability of the proteomics data, the randomly selected DEPs were verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis, and the results were consistent with the TMT results. Bioinformatics analyses further demonstrated that the DEPs are mainly involved in various biological processes and signaling pathways, such as signal transduction, the digestive system, and the PI3K-AKT pathway. These findings may provide new insight into molecular mechanisms for PRV infection, which is helpful for identifying potential protein targets for antiviral agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng L, Wang MD, Ming SL, Li GL, Yu PW, Qi YL, Jiang DW, Yang GY, Wang J, Chu BB. An effective inactivant based on singlet oxygen-mediated lipid oxidation implicates a new paradigm for broad-spectrum antivirals. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101601. [PMID: 32535542 PMCID: PMC7278711 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral pathogens cause substantial morbidity and pose a severe threat to health worldwide. However, a universal antiviral strategy for producing safe and immunogenic inactivated vaccines is lacking. Here, we report an antiviral strategy using the novel singlet oxygen (1O2)-generating agent LJ002 to inactivate enveloped viruses and provide effective protection against viral infection. Our results demonstrated that LJ002 efficiently generated 1O2 in solution and living cells. Nevertheless, LJ002 exhibited no signs of acute toxicity in vitro or in vivo. The 1O2 produced by LJ002 oxidized lipids in the viral envelope and consequently destroyed the viral membrane structure, thus inhibiting the viral and cell membrane fusion necessary for infection. Moreover, the 1O2-based inactivated pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine had no effect on the content of the viral surface proteins. Immunization of mice with LJ002-inactiviated PRV vaccine harboring comparable antigen induced more neutralizing antibody responses and efficient protection against PRV infection than conventional formalin-inactivated vaccine. Additionally, LJ002 inactivated a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. Together, our results may provide a new paradigm of using broad-spectrum, highly effective inactivants functioning through 1O2-mediated lipid oxidation for developing antivirals that target the viral membrane fusion process. LJ002 efficiently generates 1O2 in solution and living cells. LJ002 oxidizes lipids in the viral envelope, thus inhibiting fusion between the virus and cell membrane. LJ002-inactivated PRV vaccine has no effect on the content of antigens on the viral surface. LJ002-inactivated PRV vaccine elicits a strong neutralizing antibody response. LJ002 can inactivate a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Meng-Di Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Peng-Wei Yu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Da-Wei Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; National Center for International Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development Regulation, The Education Department of Henan Provence, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; National Center for International Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu H, Yang L, Shi Z, Lv R, Yang X, Wang C, Chen L, Chang H. Functional analysis of prv-miR-LLT11a encoded by pseudorabies virus. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e68. [PMID: 31775195 PMCID: PMC6883196 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have vital roles in the regulation of virus replications and host immune responses. The results of previous studies have indicated that miRNA clusters are involved in the replication and virulence of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), which may potentially lead to immune escape or facilitation of PRV replication. This study's previous research revealed that prv-miR-LLT11a was differentially expressed during PRV infection. The present study's results have demonstrated that prv-miR-LLT11a could significantly inhibit PRV replication. It was further determined that SLA-1 was the target gene of prv-miR-LLT11a, and simultaneously, that overexpression of prv-miR-LLT11a could downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of SLA-1 in a dose-independent manner. Furthermore, the present study also observed that prv-miR-LLT11a can downregulate TAP1 expression. Our findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the effects of prv-miR-LLT11a on SLA-1 and TAP1 as well as its involvement in immune system evasion of PRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhibin Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiqi Lv
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Hongtao Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Npro of Classical Swine Fever Virus Suppresses Type III Interferon Production by Inhibiting IRF1 Expression and Its Nuclear Translocation. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110998. [PMID: 31683525 PMCID: PMC6893713 DOI: 10.3390/v11110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a contagious disease of pigs. The virus can break the mucosal barrier to establish its infection. Type III interferons (IFN-λs) play a crucial role in maintaining the antiviral state in epithelial cells. Limited information is available on whether or how CSFV modulates IFN-λs production. We found that IFN-λ3 showed dose-dependent suppression of CSFV replication in IPEC-J2 cells. Npro-deleted CSFV mutant (∆Npro) induced significantly higher IFN-λs transcription from 24 h post-infection (hpi) than its parental strain (wtCSFV). The strain wtCSFV strongly inhibited IFN-λs transcription and IFN-λ3 promoter activity in poly(I:C)-stimulated IPEC-J2 cells, whereas ∆Npro did not show such inhibition. Npro overexpression caused significant reduction of IFN-λs transcription and IFN-λ3 promoter activity. Both wtCSFV and ∆Npro infection induced time-dependent IRF1 expression in IPEC-J2 cells, with ΔNpro showing more significant induction, particularly at 24 hpi. However, infection with wtCSFV or Npro overexpression led not only to significant reduction of IRF1 expression and its promoter activity in poly(I:C)-treated IPEC-J2 cells but also to blockage of IRF1 nuclear translocation. This study provides clear evidence that CSFV Npro suppresses IRF1-mediated type III IFNs production by inhibiting IRF1 expression and its nuclear translocation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Interferon gamma inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection mediated by an IRF1 signaling pathway. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2659-2669. [PMID: 31385116 PMCID: PMC7086799 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is best known for its ability to regulate host immune responses; however, its direct antiviral activity is less well studied. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an economically important swine enteric coronavirus and causes acute diarrhea in piglets. At present, little is known about the function of IFN-γ in the control of TGEV infection. In this study, we demonstrated that IFN-γ inhibited TGEV infection directly in ST cells and intestine epithelial IPEC-J2 cells and that the anti-TGEV activity of IFN-γ was independent of IFN-α/β. Moreover, IFN-γ suppressed TGEV infection in ST cells more efficiently than did IFN-α, and the combination of IFN-γ and IFN-α displayed a synergistic effect against TGEV. Mechanistically, using overexpression and functional knockdown experiments, we demonstrated that porcine interferon regulatory factor 1 (poIRF1) elicited by IFN-γ primarily mediated IFN-γ signaling cascades and the inhibition of TGEV infection by IFN-γ. Importantly, we found that TGEV elevated the expression of poIRF1 and IFN-γ in infected small intestines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, IFN-γ plays a crucial role in curtailing enteric coronavirus infection and may serve as an effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent against TGEV infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu H, Li S, Yang X, Wang X, Li Y, Wang C, Chen L, Chang H. Porcine ISG15 modulates the antiviral response during pseudorabies virus replication. Gene 2018; 679:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Identification of Feline Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 as an Efficient Antiviral Factor against the Replication of Feline Calicivirus and Other Feline Viruses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2739830. [PMID: 30009167 PMCID: PMC6020669 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2739830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) can inhibit most, if not all, viral infections by eliciting the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious pathogen of cats and a surrogate for Norwalk virus. Interferon efficiently inhibits the replication of FCV, but the mechanism of the antiviral activity is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the anti-FCV activity of ten ISGs, whose antiviral activities were previously reported. The results showed that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) can significantly inhibit the replication of FCV, whereas the other ISGs tested in this study failed. Further, we found that IRF1 was localized in the nucleus and efficiently activated IFN-β and the ISRE promoter. IRF1 can trigger the production of endogenous interferon and the expression of ISGs, suggesting that IRF1 can positively regulate IFN signalling. Importantly, the mRNA and protein levels of IRF1 were reduced upon FCV infection, which may be a new strategy for FCV to evade the innate immune system. Finally, the antiviral activity of IRF1 against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, and feline infectious peritonitis virus was demonstrated. These data indicate that feline IRF1 plays an important role in regulating the host type I IFN response and inhibiting feline viral infections.
Collapse
|
14
|
Type III Interferon Restriction by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Role of Viral Protein nsp1 in IRF1 Signaling. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01677-17. [PMID: 29187542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01677-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) play a vital role in maintaining the antiviral state of the mucosal epithelial surface in the gut, and in turn, enteric viruses may have evolved to evade the type III IFN responses during infection. To study the possible immune evasion of the type III IFN response by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells was developed as a cell model for PEDV replication. IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 inhibited PEDV replication, indicating the anti-PEDV activity of type III IFNs. Of the 21 PEDV proteins, nsp1, nsp3, nsp5, nsp8, nsp14, nsp15, nsp16, open reading frame 3 (ORF3), E, M, and N were found to suppress type III IFN activities, and IRF1 (interferon regulatory factor 1) signaling mediated the suppression. PEDV specifically inhibited IRF1 nuclear translocation. The peroxisome is the innate antiviral signaling platform for the activation of IRF1-mediated IFN-λ production, and the numbers of peroxisomes were found to be decreased in PEDV-infected cells. PEDV nsp1 blocked the nuclear translocation of IRF1 and reduced the number of peroxisomes to suppress IRF1-mediated type III IFNs. Mutational studies showed that the conserved residues of nsp1 were crucial for IRF1-mediated IFN-λ suppression. Our study for the first time provides evidence that the porcine enteric virus PEDV downregulates and evades IRF1-mediated type III IFN responses by reducing the number of peroxisomes.IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric coronavirus that emerged in swine in the United States and has caused severe economic losses. PEDV targets intestinal epithelial cells in the gut, and intestinal epithelial cells selectively induce and respond to the production of type III interferons (IFNs). However, little is known about the modulation of the type III IFN response by PEDV in intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell model for PEDV replication. We found that PEDV inhibited IRF1-mediated type III IFN production by decreasing the number of peroxisomes in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that the conserved residues in the PEDV nsp1 protein were crucial for IFN suppression. This study for the first time shows PEDV evasion of the type III IFN response in intestinal epithelial cells, and it provides valuable information on host cell-virus interactions not only for PEDV but also for other enteric viral infections in swine.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li XQ, Li XN, Liang JJ, Cai XB, Tao Q, Li YX, Qin Q, Xu SP, Luo TR. IRF1 up-regulates isg15 gene expression in dsRNA stimulation or CSFV infection by targeting nucleotides -487 to -325 in the 5' flanking region. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:153-165. [PMID: 29324236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that is heavily involved in immune response elicitation. As an important member of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF1 can activate the expression of multiple genes, including the human optineurin gene (Sudhakar et al., 2013). In this study, a sequence in the promoter region of the optineurin gene was compared to the 5' flanking region of the porcine isg15 gene. Porcine IRF1 also possesses antiviral activity against several swine viruses (Li et al., 2015), but the mechanism is not well understood. Herein, we report that porcine IRF1 and ISG15 were up-regulated in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells following stimulation with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. We also found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of IRF1 expression resulted in lower ISG15 expression in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or CSFV infection. The overexpression of IRF1 resulted in ISG15 up-regulation. IRF1 was shown to translocate to the nucleus in response to dsRNA stimulation. To further identify the functional domain of the isg15 gene that promotes IRF1 transcriptional activity, firefly luciferase and ISG15 reporter systems were constructed. The results of the firefly luciferase and ISG15 reporter assay suggested that IRF1 mediates the up-regulation of ISG15. Nucleotides -487 to -325, located in the 5' flanking region of the isg15 gene, constituted the promoter region of IRF1. ChIP assay indicated that IRF1 protein was able to interact with the DNA in the 5'fr of isg15 gene in cells. As an innate immune response protein with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, the up-regulation of ISG15 mediated by IRF1 in porcine cells is reported for the first time. These results warrant further investigation into the antiviral activity of porcine IRF1 against reported swine viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Bin Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Li
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Su-Ping Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Guo ZZ, Lu SF, Ming SL, Li GL, Wan B, Tian KG, Yang GY, Chu BB. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase acts as a host restriction factor on pseudorabies virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhen-Zhen Guo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shao-Fang Lu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Gong Tian
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Zheng G, Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu H, Chang H, Wang X, Zhao J, Wang C, Chen L. MicroRNA analysis in mouse neuro-2a cells after pseudorabies virus infection. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:430-440. [PMID: 28130759 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alpha herpesvirus can enter the mammalian nervous system, causing Aujezsky's disease. Previous studies have reported an alteration of microRNA (miRNA) expression levels during PRV infections. However, knowledge regarding miRNA response in nervous cells to PRV infection is still unknown. To address this issue, small RNA libraries from infected and uninfected mouse neuroblastoma cells were assessed after Illumina deep sequencing. A total of eight viral miRNA were identified, and ten host miRNAs showed significantly different expression upon PRV infection. Among these, five were analyzed by stem-loop RT-qPCR, which confirmed the above data. Interestingly, these viral miRNAs were mainly found in the large latency transcript region of PRV, and predicted to target a variety of genes, forming a complicated regulatory network. Moreover, ten cellular miRNAs were expressed differently upon PRV infection, including nine upregulated and one downregulated miRNAs. Host targets of these miRNAs obtained by bioinformatics analysis belonged to large signaling networks, mainly encompassing calcium signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and other nervous-associated pathways. These findings further highlighted miRNA features in nervous cells after PRV infection and contributed to unveil the underlying mechanisms of neurotropism as well as the neuropathogenesis of PRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guanmin Zheng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongying Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongtao Chang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|