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Moonmuang S, Maniratanachote R, Chetprayoon P, Sornsuwan K, Thongkum W, Chupradit K, Tayapiwatana C. Specific Interaction of DARPin with HIV-1 CA NTD Disturbs the Distribution of Gag, RNA Packaging, and Tetraspanin Remodelling in the Membrane. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040824. [PMID: 35458554 PMCID: PMC9025900 DOI: 10.3390/v14040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A designed repeat scaffold protein (AnkGAG1D4) recognizing the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) was formerly established with antiviral assembly. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of AnkGAG1D4 function during the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle. By applying stimulated emission-depletion (STED) microscopy, Gag polymerisation was interrupted at the plasma membrane. Disturbance of Gag polymerisation triggered Gag accumulation inside producer cells and trapping of the CD81 tetraspanin on the plasma membrane. Moreover, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments were performed to validate the packaging efficiency of RNAs. Our results advocated that AnkGAG1D4 interfered with the Gag precursor protein from selecting HIV-1 and cellular RNAs for encapsidation into viral particles. These findings convey additional information on the antiviral activity of AnkGAG1D4 at late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, which is potential for an alternative anti-HIV molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutpirat Moonmuang
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.S.); (W.T.); (K.C.)
- Department of Medical Technology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Maniratanachote
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center (TBES), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (R.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center (TBES), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (R.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Kanokporn Sornsuwan
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.S.); (W.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Weeraya Thongkum
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.S.); (W.T.); (K.C.)
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.S.); (W.T.); (K.C.)
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.S.); (W.T.); (K.C.)
- Department of Medical Technology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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4
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Vamva E, Lever AML, Vink CA, Kenyon JC. Development of a Novel Competitive qRT-PCR Assay to Measure Relative Lentiviral Packaging Efficiency. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:307-319. [PMID: 33145367 PMCID: PMC7581820 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Third-generation HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors are successfully used as therapeutic agents in various clinical applications. To further promote their use, we attempted to enhance vector infectivity by targeting the dimerization and packaging properties of the RNA transfer vector based on the premise that these two processes are tightly linked. We rationally designed mutant vectors to favor the dimeric conformation, potentially enhancing genome packaging. Initial assessments using standard assays generated outputs of variable reproducibility, sometimes with conflicting results. Therefore, we developed a novel competitive qRT-PCR assay in a co-transfection setting to measure the relative packaging efficiencies of wild-type and mutant transfer vectors. Here we report the effect of the dimerization-stabilizing mutations on infectious and physical titers of lentiviral vectors together with their packaging efficiency, measured using our novel assay. Enhancing dimerization did not automatically lead to better vector RNA packaging, suggesting that, for vector functionality, sufficient flexibility of the RNA to adopt different conformations is more important than the dimerization capacity. Our novel competitive qPCR assay enables a more stringent analysis of RNA packaging efficiency, allowing a much more precise understanding of the links between RNA structure, packaging, and infectious titers that will be invaluable for future vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Julia C Kenyon
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Homerton College, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PH, UK
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5
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Boutant E, Bonzi J, Anton H, Nasim MB, Cathagne R, Réal E, Dujardin D, Carl P, Didier P, Paillart JC, Marquet R, Mély Y, de Rocquigny H, Bernacchi S. Zinc Fingers in HIV-1 Gag Precursor Are Not Equivalent for gRNA Recruitment at the Plasma Membrane. Biophys J 2020; 119:419-433. [PMID: 32574557 PMCID: PMC7376094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor specifically selects the unspliced viral genomic RNA (gRNA) from the bulk of cellular and spliced viral RNAs via its nucleocapsid (NC) domain and drives gRNA encapsidation at the plasma membrane (PM). To further identify the determinants governing the intracellular trafficking of Gag-gRNA complexes and their accumulation at the PM, we compared, in living and fixed cells, the interactions between gRNA and wild-type Gag or Gag mutants carrying deletions in NC zinc fingers (ZFs) or a nonmyristoylated version of Gag. Our data showed that the deletion of both ZFs simultaneously or the complete NC domain completely abolished intracytoplasmic Gag-gRNA interactions. Deletion of either ZF delayed the delivery of gRNA to the PM but did not prevent Gag-gRNA interactions in the cytoplasm, indicating that the two ZFs display redundant roles in this respect. However, ZF2 played a more prominent role than ZF1 in the accumulation of the ribonucleoprotein complexes at the PM. Finally, the myristate group, which is mandatory for anchoring the complexes at the PM, was found to be dispensable for the association of Gag with the gRNA in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boutant
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Jeremy Bonzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maaz Bin Nasim
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Raphael Cathagne
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eléonore Réal
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Philippe Carl
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Marquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Tours, France.
| | - Serena Bernacchi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Mougel M, Akkawi C, Chamontin C, Feuillard J, Pessel-Vivares L, Socol M, Laine S. NXF1 and CRM1 nuclear export pathways orchestrate nuclear export, translation and packaging of murine leukaemia retrovirus unspliced RNA. RNA Biol 2020; 17:528-538. [PMID: 31918596 PMCID: PMC7237160 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1713539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mRNAs are exported from the nucleus as fully spliced RNAs. Proofreading mechanisms eliminate unprocessed and irregular pre-mRNAs to control the quality of gene expression. Retroviruses need to export partially spliced and unspliced full-length RNAs to the cytoplasm where they serve as templates for protein synthesis and/or as encapsidated RNA in progeny viruses. Genetically complex retroviruses such as HIV-1 use Rev-equivalent proteins to export intron-retaining RNA from the nucleus using the cellular CRM1-driven nuclear export machinery. By contrast, genetically simpler retroviruses such as murine leukaemia virus (MLV) recruit the NXF1 RNA export machinery. In this study, we reveal for the first time that MLV hijacks both NXF1 and CRM1-dependent pathways to achieve optimal replication capacity. The CRM1-pathway marks the MLV full-length RNA (FL RNA) for packaging, while NXF1-driven nuclear export is coupled to translation. Thus, the cytoplasmic function of the viral RNA is determined early in the nucleus. Depending on the nature of ribonucleoprotein complex formed on FL RNA cargo in the nucleus, the FL RNA will be addressed to the translation machinery sites or to the virus-assembly sites at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mougel
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - C. Akkawi
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - C. Chamontin
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - J. Feuillard
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - L. Pessel-Vivares
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - M. Socol
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
| | - S. Laine
- Team R2D2: Retroviral RNA Dynamics and Delivery, IRIM, UMR9004, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceG
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9
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Liao J, Wei Q, Fan J, Zou Y, Song D, Liu J, Liu F, Ma C, Hu X, Li L, Yu Y, Qu X, Chen L, Yu X, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Zeng Z, Zhang R, Yan S, Wu T, Wu X, Shu Y, Lei J, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Reid RR, Lee MJ, Huang W, Wolf JM, He TC, Wang J. Characterization of retroviral infectivity and superinfection resistance during retrovirus-mediated transduction of mammalian cells. Gene Ther 2017; 24:333-341. [PMID: 28387759 PMCID: PMC5506371 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors including lentiviral vectors are commonly used tools to stably express transgenes or RNA molecules in mammalian cells. Their utilities are roughly divided into two categories, stable overexpression of transgenes and RNA molecules, which requires maximal transduction efficiency, or functional selection with retrovirus (RV)-based libraries, which takes advantage of retroviral superinfection resistance. However, the dynamic features of RV-mediated transduction are not well characterized. Here, we engineered two murine stem cell virus-based retroviral vectors expressing dual fluorescence proteins and antibiotic markers, and analyzed virion production efficiency and virion stability, dynamic infectivity and superinfection resistance in different cell types, and strategies to improve transduction efficiency. We found that the highest virion production occurred between 60 and 72 h after transfection. The stability of the collected virion supernatant decreased by >60% after 3 days in storage. We found that RV infectivity varied drastically in the tested human cancer lines, while low transduction efficiency was partially overcome with increased virus titer, prolonged infection duration and/or repeated infections. Furthermore, we demonstrated that RV receptors PIT1 and PIT2 were lowly expressed in the analyzed cells, and that PIT1 and/or PIT2 overexpression significantly improved transduction efficiency in certain cell lines. Thus, our findings provide resourceful information for the optimal conditions of retroviral-mediated gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Q Wei
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Zou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - D Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - F Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Ma
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Yu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Hospital affiliated with Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - X Qu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Yu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Z Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - R Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of ENT, The Affiliated Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Shu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Lei
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Diagnostics, The Affiliated Yantai Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - J Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - R R Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J M Wolf
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T-C He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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