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Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
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Li B, Dong X, Zhang W, Chen T, Yu B, Zhao W, Yang Y, Wang X, Hu Q, Wang X. High-Throughput NanoBiT-Based Screening for Inhibitors of HIV-1 Vpu and Host BST-2 Protein Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179308. [PMID: 34502213 PMCID: PMC8431494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2), also known as CD317 or tetherin, has been identified as a host restriction factor that suppresses the release of enveloped viruses from host cells by physically tethering viral particles to the cell surface; however, this host defense can be subverted by multiple viruses. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 encodes a specific accessory protein, viral protein U (Vpu), to counteract BST-2 by binding to it and directing its lysosomal degradation. Thus, blocking the interaction between Vpu and BST-2 will provide a promising strategy for anti-HIV therapy. Here, we report a NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT)-based high-throughput screening assay to detect inhibitors that disrupt the Vpu-BST-2 interaction. Out of more than 1000 compounds screened, four inhibitors were identified with strong activity at nontoxic concentrations. In subsequent cell-based BST-2 degradation assays, inhibitor Y-39983 HCl restored the cell-surface and total cellular level of BST-2 in the presence of Vpu. Furthermore, the Vpu-mediated enhancement of pesudotyped viral particle production was inhibited by Y-39983 HCl. Our findings indicate that our newly developed assay can be used for the discovery of potential antiviral molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boye Li
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenmei Zhang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tian Chen
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenyue Zhao
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yishu Yang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qin Hu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiayan Wang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.W.)
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Abstract
Pandemic HIV-1, a human lentivirus, is the result of zoonotic transmission of SIV from chimpanzees (SIVcpz). How SIVcpz established spread in humans after spillover is an outstanding question. Lentiviral cross-species transmissions are exceptionally rare events. Nevertheless, the chimpanzee and the gorilla were part of the transmission chains that resulted in sustained infections that evolved into HIV-1. Although many restriction factors can repress the early stages of lentiviral replication, others target replication during the late phases. In some cases, viruses incorporate host proteins that interfere with subsequent rounds of replication. Though limited and small, HIVs and SIVs, including SIVcpz can use their genome products to modulate and escape some of these barriers and thus establish a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Penda Twizerimana
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rachel Scheck
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Genes for Membrane Transport Proteins: Not So Rare in Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090456. [PMID: 30149667 PMCID: PMC6163359 DOI: 10.3390/v10090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viruses have genes encoding proteins with membrane transport functions. It is unknown if these types of proteins are rare or are common in viruses. In particular, the evolutionary origin of some of the viral genes is obscure, where other viral proteins have homologs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We searched virus genomes in databases looking for transmembrane proteins with possible transport function. This effort led to the detection of 18 different types of putative membrane transport proteins indicating that they are not a rarity in viral genomes. The most abundant proteins are K+ channels. Their predicted structures vary between different viruses. With a few exceptions, the viral proteins differed significantly from homologs in their current hosts. In some cases the data provide evidence for a recent gene transfer between host and virus, but in other cases the evidence indicates a more complex evolutionary history.
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FRET Analysis of the Promiscuous yet Specific Interactions of the HIV-1 Vpu Transmembrane Domain. Biophys J 2017; 113:1992-2003. [PMID: 29117523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vpu protein of HIV-1 functions to downregulate cell surface localization of host proteins involved in the innate immune response to viral infection. For several target proteins, including the NTB-A and PVR receptors and the host restriction factor tetherin, this antagonism is carried out via direct interactions between the transmembrane domains (TMDs) of Vpu and the target. The Vpu TMD also modulates homooligomerization of this protein, and the tetherin TMD forms homodimers. The mechanism through which a single transmembrane helix is able to recognize and interact with a wide range of select targets that do not share known interaction motifs is poorly understood. Here we use Förster resonance energy transfer to characterize the energetics of homo- and heterooligomer interactions between the Vpu TMD and several target proteins. Our data show that target TMDs compete for interaction with Vpu, and that formation of each heterooligomer has a similar dissociation constant (Kd) and free energy of association to the Vpu homooligomer. This leads to a model in which Vpu monomers, Vpu homooligomers, and Vpu-target heterooligomers coexist, and suggests that the conserved binding surface of Vpu TMD has been selected for weak binding to multiple targets.
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Soper A, Juarez-Fernandez G, Aso H, Moriwaki M, Yamada E, Nakano Y, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Various plus unique: Viral protein U as a plurifunctional protein for HIV-1 replication. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:850-858. [PMID: 28346011 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, encodes four accessory genes, one of which is viral protein U (Vpu). Recently, the study of Vpu has been of great interest. For instance, various cellular proteins are degraded (e.g. CD4) and down-modulated (e.g. tetherin) by Vpu. Vpu also antagonizes the function of tetherin and inhibits NF-κB. Moreover, Vpu is a viroporin forming ion channels and may represent a promising target for anti-HIV-1 drugs. In this review, we summarize the domains/residues that are responsible for Vpu's functions, describe the current understanding of the role of Vpu in HIV-1-infected cells, and review the effect of Vpu on HIV-1 in replication and pathogenesis. Future investigations that simultaneously assess a combination of Vpu functions are required to clearly delineate the most important functions for viral replication. Impact statement Viral protein U (Vpu) is a unique protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and related lentiviruses, playing multiple roles in viral replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the most up-to-date knowledge of HIV-1 Vpu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Soper
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Guillermo Juarez-Fernandez
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aso
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Miyu Moriwaki
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.,3 Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068315, Japan
| | - Eri Yamada
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- 1 Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.,4 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan
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