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Abstract
With the recognition of oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapy, the distinct interactions between oncolytic agents and the immune system have come into focus. The role of the immune system in oncolytic virotherapy is somewhat ambiguous: While preexisting or arising immunity directed against viral antigens may preclude efficient viral replication and spread, immunity directed against tumor antigens is considered essential for long-term treatment success. Aside from the antiviral and antitumor immune status of the patient, the specific immunological microenvironment in a given tumor adds an additional layer of complexity.In this review we focus on the case of measles virus, which has long been known for its multifaceted interplay with the immune system. The high prevalence of measles-neutralizing antibodies in the general population may pose additional challenges. The oncolytic measles virus vector platform offers manifold opportunities for tumor-targeted immunomodulation. This review provides a survey of immunomodulation in the context of measles virotherapy including strategies to suppress or circumvent antiviral immunity as well as enhance antitumor immunity that have been pursued in preclinical and clinical studies. Understanding and selective manipulation of the intricate balance between antiviral and antitumor immunity will be crucial to develop the full potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Russell SJ, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Bexon A, Cattaneo R, Dingli D, Dispenzieri A, Deyle DR, Federspiel MJ, Fielding A, Galanis E, Lacy MQ, Leibovich BC, Liu MC, Muñoz-Alía M, Miest TC, Molina JR, Mueller S, Okuno SH, Packiriswamy N, Peikert T, Raffel C, Van Rhee F, Ungerechts G, Young PR, Zhou Y, Peng KW. Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy and Opposition to Measles Vaccination. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1834-1839. [PMID: 31235278 PMCID: PMC6800178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent measles epidemics in US and European cities where vaccination coverage has declined are providing a harsh reminder for the need to maintain protective levels of immunity across the entire population. Vaccine uptake rates have been declining in large part because of public misinformation regarding a possible association between measles vaccination and autism for which there is no scientific basis. The purpose of this article is to address a new misinformed antivaccination argument-that measles immunity is undesirable because measles virus is protective against cancer. Having worked for many years to develop engineered measles viruses as anticancer therapies, we have concluded (1) that measles is not protective against cancer and (2) that its potential utility as a cancer therapy will be enhanced, not diminished, by prior vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | | | | | | | - David Dingli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - David R Deyle
- Division of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Adele Fielding
- Department of Hematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Minetta C Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Scott H Okuno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Tobias Peikert
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Corey Raffel
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Frits Van Rhee
- UAMS Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul R Young
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yumei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Julik E, Reyes-del Valle J. Beyond vaccine dosage, genetic modifications to the current measles vaccine to overcome maternal passive immunity. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric measles infections still cause an unacceptable rate of childhood mortality. Despite the availability of an efficient preventative vaccine, measles virus can spread among the population of even developed countries. The availability of a reverse genetic system for measles, based on recombinant virus recovery from cDNA, allows application of the principles of intelligent vaccine design. Using this system, we recently demonstrated that a version of the current attenuated measles virus strain genetically modified to express higher levels of the viral hemagglutinin protein, the major target of neutralizing antibodies, is more immunogenic and resists passive immunity with a better immunogenicity profile in a mouse model than the current measles vaccine. The significance and practicality of this development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Julik
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jorge Reyes-del Valle
- Process Development Group, Virus & Gene Therapy, Merck KGaA, Carlsbad, CA 92009, USA
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