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Jones EM, Cain KD. An Introduction to Relevant Immunology Principles with Respect to Oral Vaccines in Aquaculture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2917. [PMID: 38138061 PMCID: PMC10745647 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines continue to play an enormous role in the progression of aquaculture industries worldwide. Though preventable diseases cause massive economic losses, injection-based vaccine delivery is cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical for many producers. Most oral vaccines, which are much cheaper to administer, do not provide adequate protection relative to traditional injection or even immersion formulas. Research has focused on determining why there appears to be a lack of protection afforded by oral vaccines. Here, we review the basic immunological principles associated with oral vaccination before discussing the recent progress and current status of oral vaccine research. This knowledge is critical for the development and advancement of efficacious oral vaccines for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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Mamun M, Nasren S, Abhiman P, Rathore S, Rakesh K, Sowndarya N, Ramesh K, Shankar K. Evaluation of feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878) fed with a novel Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm vaccine. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100070. [PMID: 36419597 PMCID: PMC9680056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was immunized with Biofilm (BF) and Free cell (FC) of Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine at 1010 CFU g-1 for 20 days and monitored for growth parameters, immune responses and disease resistance up to 60 day post vaccination (dpv). Pangasius catfish in the BF vaccinated group had considerably higher growth and feed utilization than the FC vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (p < 0.05). Biofilm vaccinated group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean weight gain (46.91 ± 0.59) than the FC (35.94 ± 0.21) and unvaccinated group (34.92 ± 0.35). The vaccinated fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila at 107 CFU/ml. Significant higher relative percentage survival (RPS) was recorded with BF (84.21 ± 1.49%) compared to that with FC (33.33 ± 1.21%). Polyclonal antibody-based ELISA was used to quantify the antibody titre. BF vaccinated group showed significantly higher antibody titer compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher haematological parameters recorded in the present study were differentially stimulated by the oral administration of A. hydrophila biofilm vaccine. The mean total protein, albumin, and globulin levels of the BF vaccine groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the mean total protein, albumin, and globulin contents of the unvaccinated group. Furthermore, biochemical stress parameters (SGPT, SGOT) in the vaccinated groups showed an incremental trend in the early days of the experimental period. However, the values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the biofilm group on 20 dpv onwards indicating improved health condition. Vaccinated BF fishes showed gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) within the laminar propria of mid gut. But in FC group fishes showed less aggregation of lymphoid cells. The unvaccinated control fish had no lymphoid cell aggregation in their intestines. The findings of the current research suggested that biofilm vaccine has the capability to be one of the potential oral vaccines in striped catfish against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.A. Mamun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
- Department of Fish Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - S. Nasren
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
- Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - P.B. Abhiman
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - S.S. Rathore
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K. Rakesh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - N.S. Sowndarya
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K.S. Ramesh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
| | - K.M. Shankar
- Veterinary College, Shimoga, Ex-Dean, College of Fisheries (KVAFSU), Mangalore 575002, India
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Editorial of Special Issue “The 2nd Edition: Vaccines for Aquaculture”. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081242. [PMID: 36016130 PMCID: PMC9413199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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