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Nour D, Ismail MB, Osman M, Rafei R, Kasir D, Dabboussi F, Colson P, Hamze M. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike antibody levels and breakthrough infection risk among vaccinated adults in North Lebanon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302579. [PMID: 38722969 PMCID: PMC11081361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has swiftly propagated, triggering a competitive race among medical firms to forge vaccines that thwart the infection. Lebanon initiated its vaccination campaign on February 14, 2021. Despite numerous studies conducted to elucidate the characteristics of immune responses elicited by vaccination, the topic remains unclear. Here, we aimed to track the progression of anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers at two-time points (T1: shortly after the second vaccination dose, T2: six months later) within a cohort of 201 adults who received Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), AstraZeneca, or Sputnik V vaccines in North Lebanon. Blood specimens were obtained from participants, and antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 were quantified through the Elecsys-Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). We used univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models to predict determinants influencing the decline in immune response and the occurrence of breakthrough infections among vaccinated patients. Among the 201 participants, 141 exhibited unchanging levels of antibody titers between the two sample collections, 55 displayed waning antibody titers, and only five participants demonstrated heightened antibody levels. Notably, age emerged as the sole variable significantly linked to the waning immune response. Moreover, the BNT162b2 vaccine exhibited significantly higher efficacy concerning the occurrence of breakthrough infections when compared with the AstraZeneca vaccine. Overall, our study reflected the immune status of a sample of vaccinated adults in North Lebanon. Further studies on a larger scale are needed at the national level to follow the immune response after vaccination, especially after the addition of the third vaccination dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Nour
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Osman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Dalal Kasir
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Liu J, Cao F, Luo C, Guo Y, Yan J. Stroke Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination: Evidence Based on Different Designs of Real-World Studies. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1336-1346. [PMID: 37536364 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination was associated with stroke. METHODS We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of studies using cohort, self-controlled case series (SCCS), and case-crossover study (CCOS) designs to evaluate incidence risk ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS), and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) following COVID-19 vaccination. Risks of stroke were pooled among subpopulations categorized by vaccine type, dose, age, and sex. Sensitivity analysis was performed by different defined risk periods. RESULTS Fourteen studies involving 79 918 904 individuals were included. Cohort studies showed decreased risks of IS (IRR, 0.82 [95% CI, .75-.90]) and HS (IRR, 0.75 [95% CI, .67-.85]) postvaccination, but not CVST (IRR, 1.18 [95% CI, .70-1.98]). SCCS identified increased risks 1-21 days postvaccination (IRRIS, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00-1.10]; IRRHS, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.06-1.26]) or 1-28 days postvaccination (IRRIS, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.00-1.08]; IRRHS, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.15-1.64]), similar to CVST (IRR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.08-2.32]). CCOS reported an increased risk of CVST after ChAdOx1 vaccination (IRR, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.1-7.2]). CONCLUSIONS Although different study designs yielded inconsistent findings, considering the relatively low background incidence of stroke and benefits of vaccination, even a potentially increased risk of stroke postvaccination should not justify vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Shi J, Du T, Wang J, Tang C, Lei M, Yu W, Yang Y, Ma Y, Huang P, Chen H, Wang X, Sun J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Luo F, Huang Q, Li B, Lu S, Hu Y, Peng X. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a proviral host factor and a candidate pan-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic target. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0211. [PMID: 37256962 PMCID: PMC10413656 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a series of SARS-CoV-2 variants has necessitated the search for broad-spectrum antiviral targets. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) senses tryptophan metabolites and is an immune regulator. However, the role of AhR in SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether AhR can be used as the target of antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants are yet unclear. Here, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 activates AhR signaling and facilitates viral replication by interfering with IFN-I-driven antiviral immunity and up-regulating ACE2 receptor expression. The pharmacological AhR blockade or AhR knockout reduces SARS-CoV-2 and its variants' replication in vitro. Drug targeting of AhR with AhR antagonists markedly reduced SARS-CoV-2 and its variants' replication in vivo and ameliorated lung inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Overall, AhR was a SARS-CoV-2 proviral host factor and a candidate host-directed broad-spectrum target for antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including Delta and Omicron, and potentially other variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Shi
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tingfu Du
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyue Lei
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixuan Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Luo
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
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Chan KR, Koh CWT, Ng DHL, Qin S, Ooi JSG, Ong EZ, Zhang SLX, Sam H, Kalimuddin S, Low JGH, Ooi EE. Early peripheral blood MCEMP1 and HLA-DRA expression predicts COVID-19 prognosis. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104472. [PMID: 36801619 PMCID: PMC9934388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass vaccination has dramatically reduced the incidence of severe COVID-19, with most cases now presenting as self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. However, those with co-morbidities, the elderly and immunocompromised, as well as the unvaccinated, remain disproportionately vulnerable to severe COVID-19 and its sequelae. Furthermore, as the effectiveness of vaccination wanes with time, immune escape SARS-CoV-2 variants could emerge to cause severe COVID-19. Reliable prognostic biomarkers for severe disease could be used as early indicator of re-emergence of severe COVID-19 as well as for triaging of patients for antiviral therapy. METHODS We performed a systematic review and re-analysis of 7 publicly available datasets, analysing a total of 140 severe and 181 mild COVID-19 patients, to determine the most consistent differentially regulated genes in peripheral blood of severe COVID-19 patients. In addition, we included an independent cohort where blood transcriptomics of COVID-19 patients were prospectively and longitudinally monitored previously, to track the time in which these gene expression changes occur before nadir of respiratory function. Single cell RNA-sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from publicly available datasets was then used to determine the immune cell subsets involved. FINDINGS The most consistent differentially regulated genes in peripheral blood of severe COVID-19 patients were MCEMP1, HLA-DRA and ETS1 across the 7 transcriptomics datasets. Moreover, we found significantly heightened MCEMP1 and reduced HLA-DRA expression as early as four days before the nadir of respiratory function, and the differential expression of MCEMP1 and HLA-DRA occurred predominantly in CD14+ cells. The online platform which we developed is publicly available at https://kuanrongchan-covid19-severity-app-t7l38g.streamlitapp.com/, for users to query gene expression differences between severe and mild COVID-19 patients in these datasets. INTERPRETATION Elevated MCEMP1 and reduced HLA-DRA gene expression in CD14+ cells during the early phase of disease are prognostic of severe COVID-19. FUNDING K.R.C is funded by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) of Singapore under the Open Fund Individual Research Grant (MOH-000610). E.E.O. is funded by the NMRC Senior Clinician-Scientist Award (MOH-000135-00). J.G.H.L. is funded by the NMRC under the Clinician-Scientist Award (NMRC/CSAINV/013/2016-01). S.K. is funded by the NMRC under the Transition Award. This study was sponsored in part by a generous gift from The Hour Glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Clara W T Koh
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dorothy H L Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shijie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Justin S G Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Summer L X Zhang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Huizhen Sam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jenny G H Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Antibody response to third and fourth BNT162b2 mRNA booster vaccinations in healthcare workers in Tokyo, Japan. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:339-346. [PMID: 36584813 PMCID: PMC9793957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Booster vaccinations against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being promoted worldwide to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this study, we analyzed the longitudinal effect of the third BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination on antibody responses in healthcare workers. Additionally, antibody responses induced by the fourth vaccination were analyzed. METHODS The levels of anti-spike (S) IgG and neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 were measured at 7 months after the second vaccination (n = 1138), and at 4 (n = 701) and 7 (n = 417) months after the third vaccination using an iFlash 3000 chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. Among the 417 participants surveyed at 7 months after the third vaccination, 40 had received the fourth vaccination. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to clarify which factors were associated with the anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody. Variables assessed included sex, age, number of days after the second or third vaccination, diagnostic history of COVID-19, and anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG level. RESULTS At 7 months after the third vaccination, antibody responses were significantly higher than those at the same time after the second vaccination. Unlike the second vaccination, age had no effect on the antibody responses induced by the third vaccination. Furthermore, the fourth vaccination resulted in a further increase in antibody responses. The multiple linear regression analysis identified anti-N IgG level, presumably associated with infection, as a factor associated with antibody responses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that BNT162b2 booster vaccinations increased and sustained the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Mohapatra A, Park IK. Recent Advances in ROS-Scavenging Metallic Nanozymes for Anti-Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. Chonnam Med J 2023; 59:13-23. [PMID: 36794252 PMCID: PMC9900225 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2023.59.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and dysregulated inflammatory responses are the hallmarks of inflammatory disorders, which are key contributors to high mortality rates and impose a substantial economic burden on society. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital signaling molecules that promote the development of inflammatory disorders. The existing mainstream therapeutic approaches, including steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors with anti-leucocyte inhibitors, are not efficient at curing the adverse effects of severe inflammation. Moreover, they have serious side effects. Metallic nanozymes (MNZs) mimic the endogenous enzymatic process and are promising candidates for the treatment of ROS-associated inflammatory disorders. Owing to the existing level of development of these metallic nanozymes, they are efficient at scavenging excess ROS and can resolve the drawbacks of traditional therapies. This review summarizes the context of ROS during inflammation and provides an overview of recent advances in metallic nanozymes as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the challenges associated with MNZs and an outline for future to promote the clinical translation of MNZs are discussed. Our review of this expanding multidisciplinary field will benefit the current research and clinical application of metallic-nanozyme-based ROS scavenging in inflammatory disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adityanarayan Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Pucchio A, Akiva MH, Evangeliou H, Papenburg J, Salvadori MI. Severe rhabdomyolysis secondary to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in a teenager. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1979-1983. [PMID: 36409362 PMCID: PMC9676900 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis, the breakdown of skeletal muscles following an insult or injury, has been established as a possible complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite being highly effective in preventing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality, several cases of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination-induced rhabdomyolysis have been identified. We provide the second description of a pediatric case of severe rhabdomyolysis presenting after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. CASE DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT: A 16-year-old male reported to the emergency department with a 2-day history of bilateral upper extremity myalgias and dark urine 2 days after his first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNtech). The initial blood work showed an elevated creatinine kinase (CK) of 141,300 units/L and a normal creatinine of 69 umol/L. The urinalysis was suggestive of myoglobinuria, with the microscopy revealing blood but no red blood cells. Rhabdomyolysis was diagnosed, and the patient was admitted for intravenous hydration, alkalinization of urine, and monitoring of kidney function. CK levels declined with supportive care, while his kidney function remained normal, and no electrolyte abnormalities developed. The patient was discharged 5 days after admission as his symptoms resolved. CONCLUSION While vaccination is the safest and most effective way to prevent morbidity from COVID-19, clinicians should be aware that rhabdomyolysis could be a rare but treatable adverse event of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. With early recognition and diagnosis and supportive management, rhabdomyolysis has an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Pucchio
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada
| | - Maya Heled Akiva
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Helena Evangeliou
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Marina I. Salvadori
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada ,Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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Efficacy of mucosal vaccination using a protozoan parasite as a vehicle for antigen delivery: IgG and neutralizing response after rectal administration of LeCoVax-2, a candidate vaccine against COVID-19. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106546. [PMCID: PMC9633108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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