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Sánchez-Morales L, Porras N, García-Seco T, Pérez-Sancho M, Cruz F, Chinchilla B, Barroso-Arévalo S, Diaz-Frutos M, Buendía A, Moreno I, Briones V, Risalde MDLÁ, de la Fuente J, Juste R, Garrido J, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Domínguez M, Domínguez L. Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Vet Res 2024; 55:71. [PMID: 38822398 PMCID: PMC11143641 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about the potential effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads in tissues determined by RT-qPCR, histopathology in brain and lungs, immunohistochemical study in brain (IHC) as well as mortality rates, clinical signs and plasma inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice presented higher viral loads in the brain and an increased frequency of neuroinvasion, with the greatest differences observed between groups at 3-4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination showed a higher severity of brain lesions in BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice, mainly consisting of neuroinflammation, increased glial cell population and neuronal degeneration, from 5 dpi onwards. This group also presented higher interstitial pneumonia and vascular thrombosis in lungs (3-4 dpi), BCG-SARS-CoV-2 mice showed higher values for TNF-α and D-dimer values, while iNOS values were higher in SARS-CoV-2 mice at 3-4 dpi. Results presented in this study indicate that BCG stimulation could have intensified the inflammatory and neurodegenerative lesions promoting virus neuroinvasion and dissemination in this experimental model. Although k18-hACE2 mice show higher hACE2 expression and neurodissemination, this study suggests that, although the benefits of BCG on enhancing heterologous protection against pathogens and tumour cells have been broadly demonstrated, potential adverse outcomes due to the non-specific effects of BCG should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sánchez-Morales
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fátima Cruz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Chinchilla
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Diaz-Frutos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Buendía
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Briones
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Real Academia de Doctores de España, C. de San Bernardo, 49, 28015, Madrid, Spain
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MacDonald A, Bao L, Mehrnoush V, Ismail A, Di Matteo L, Zakaria A, Elmansy H, Black P, Kotb A. Does intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for bladder cancer protect from COVID-19? Arch Ital Urol Androl 2024; 96:12449. [PMID: 38722143 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2024.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed to correlate the history of intravesical BCG as well as infantile BCG immunization with the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection. METHODS Retrospective data collection of patients with high-risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from two Canadian centers. Data collection included a history of BCG instillation, infantile immunization, and the development of COVID-19 infection. Admission and/ or mortality because of COVID-19 was reported. RESULTS We could include data from 348 patients: including 188 and 160 patients from Ontario and British Columbia respectively. COVID-19 affected 15% of these patients. Intravesical BCG was used in 44% of these patients. Intravesical BCG and/or infantile BCG immunization did not correlate with the incidence of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS Previous intravesical BCG and/ or a history of infantile BCG vaccination were not more/ less frequent in patients who had COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia MacDonald
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Lexia Bao
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, BC.
| | - Vahid Mehrnoush
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Asmaa Ismail
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Livio Di Matteo
- Department of Economics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Ahmed Zakaria
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Hazem Elmansy
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
| | - Peter Black
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, BC.
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON.
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Peng X, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Liang X, Feng J, Huang Y, Weng S, Xu Y, Su H. Mucosal recombinant BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and enhances trained immunity via mTORC2/HK1-mediated metabolic rewiring. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105518. [PMID: 38042489 PMCID: PMC10788536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces a type of immune memory known as "trained immunity", characterized by the immunometabolic and epigenetic changes in innate immune cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the strategies for inducing and/or boosting trained immunity in alveolar macrophages remains unknown. Here, we found that mucosal vaccination with the recombinant strain rBCGPPE27 significantly augmented the trained immune response in mice, facilitating a superior protective response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-related bacterial reinfection in mice when compared to BCG. Mucosal immunization with rBCGPPE27 enhanced innate cytokine production by alveolar macrophages associated with promoted glycolytic metabolism, typical of trained immunity. Deficiency of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 and hexokinase 1 abolished the immunometabolic and epigenetic rewiring in mouse alveolar macrophages after mucosal rBCGPPE27 vaccination. Most noteworthy, utilizing rBCGPPE27's higher-up trained effects: The single mucosal immunization with rBCGPPE27-adjuvanted coronavirus disease (CoV-2) vaccine raised the rapid development of virus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies, boosted pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies, and augmented T helper type 1-biased cytokine release by vaccine-specific T cells, compared to BCG/CoV-2 vaccine. These findings revealed that mucosal recombinant BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and enhances trained immunity via reprogramming mTORC2- and HK-1-mediated aerobic glycolysis, providing new vaccine strategies for improving tuberculosis (TB) or coronavirus variant vaccinations, and targeting innate immunity via mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoying Zhang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Liang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuejun Huang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haibo Su
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, The Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Malik JA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. Revolutionizing medicine with toll-like receptors: A path to strengthening cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127252. [PMID: 37802429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play a vital role in cell-mediated immunity, which is crucial for the immune system's defense against pathogens and maintenance of homeostasis. The interaction between toll-like-receptor response and cell-mediated immunity is complex and essential for effectively eliminating pathogens and maintaining immune surveillance. In addition to pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors serve as adjuvants in vaccines, as molecular sensors, and recognize specific patterns associated with pathogens and danger signals. Incorporating toll-like receptor ligands into vaccines can enhance the immune response to antigens, making them potent adjuvants. Furthermore, they bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and improve antigen-presenting cells' capacity to process and present antigens to T cells. The intricate signaling pathways and cross-talk between toll-like-receptor and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling emphasize their pivotal role in orchestrating effective immune responses against pathogens, thus facilitating the development of innovative vaccine strategies. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of toll-like receptor response and explores their potential clinical applications. By unraveling the complex mechanisms of toll-like-receptor signaling, we can gain novel insights into immune responses and potentially develop innovative therapeutic approaches. Ongoing investigations into the toll-like-receptor response hold promise in the future in enhancing our ability to combat infections, design effective vaccines, and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India.
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5
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Kaur G, Chawla S, Kumar P, Singh R. Advancing Vaccine Strategies against Candida Infections: Exploring New Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1658. [PMID: 38005990 PMCID: PMC10674196 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with several non-albicans Candida species, comprise a prominent fungal pathogen in humans, leading to candidiasis in various organs. The global impact of candidiasis in terms of disease burden, suffering, and fatalities is alarmingly high, making it a pressing global healthcare concern. Current treatment options rely on antifungal drugs such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins but are delimited due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and associated adverse effects. The current review highlights the striking absence of a licensed antifungal vaccine for human use and the urgent need to shift our focus toward developing an anti-Candida vaccine. A number of factors affect the development of vaccines against fungal infections, including the host, intraspecies and interspecies antigenic variations, and hence, a lack of commercial interest. In addition, individuals with a high risk of fungal infection tend to be immunocompromised, so they are less likely to respond to inactivated or subunit whole organisms. Therefore, it is pertinent to discover newer and novel alternative strategies to develop safe and effective vaccines against fungal infections. This review article provides an overview of current vaccination strategies (live attenuated, whole-cell killed, subunit, conjugate, and oral vaccine), including their preclinical and clinical data on efficacy and safety. We also discuss the mechanisms of immune protection against candidiasis, including the role of innate and adaptive immunity and potential biomarkers of protection. Challenges, solutions, and future directions in vaccine development, namely, exploring novel adjuvants, harnessing the trained immunity, and utilizing immunoinformatics approaches for vaccine design and development, are also discussed. This review concludes with a summary of key findings, their implications for clinical practice and public health, and a call to action for continued investment in candidiasis vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology (CCT), Chandigarh Group of Colleges (CGC), Landran, Mohali 140307, India
| | - Sonam Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
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Zhang Q, Lu C, Chen H, Li M, Bai X, Chen J, Li D, Zhang Y, Lei N, He W, Wang Y, Zhao J, Nie L. Effectiveness of vaccination in reducing hospitalization and mortality rates in dialysis patients with Omicron infection in China: A single-center study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2252257. [PMID: 37665207 PMCID: PMC10478735 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2252257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of vaccination on the outcomes of dialysis patients with Omicron infections in China remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the relationship between vaccination and hospitalization as well as all-cause mortality. We included patients who had undergone maintenance hemodialysis (HD) for at least three months at our center. The follow-up period spanned from December 2022 to February 2023. We assessed the connections between vaccination and hospitalization as well as all-cause mortality using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic accuracy for hospitalization and all-cause mortality. Ultimately, a total of 427 HD patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections were included. The patients had a mean age of 54 years, and 59.4% of them were male. Prior to the investigation, 108 patients had received vaccinations, with 81 of them having completed or received booster vaccinations. Throughout the follow-up period, 81 patients were admitted to the hospital, and 39 patients died. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that vaccination significantly decreased all-cause mortality (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-1.94, P = .04). Moreover, completed or booster vaccinations were effective in reducing the hospitalization rate (OR 0.41, 95%CI 0.17-0.99, P = .047). It is noteworthy that both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals experienced mild symptoms, and the hospitalization rates were relatively low in both groups. Despite the reduced pathogenicity of Omicron compared to previous strains in dialysis patients, both vaccinated and unvaccinated, vaccination still provides benefits for improving the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Caibao Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Moqi Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Bai
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuesha Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Na Lei
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenchang He
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
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Malik JA, Agrewala JN. Future perspectives of emerging novel drug targets and immunotherapies to control drug addiction. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110210. [PMID: 37099943 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is one of the major mental illnesses that is terrifically intensifying worldwide. It is becoming overwhelming due to limited options for treatment. The complexity of addiction disorders is the main impediment to understanding the pathophysiology of the illness. Hence, unveiling the complexity of the brain through basic research, identification of novel signaling pathways, the discovery of new drug targets, and advancement in cutting-edge technologies will help control this disorder. Additionally, there is a great hope of controlling the SUDs through immunotherapeutic measures like therapeutic antibodies and vaccines. Vaccines have played a cardinal role in eliminating many diseases like polio, measles, and smallpox. Further, vaccines have controlled many diseases like cholera, dengue, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), human papillomavirus, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, etc. Recently, COVID-19 was controlled in many countries by vaccination. Currently, continuous effort is done to develop vaccines against nicotine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, and heroin. Antibody therapy against SUDs is another important area where serious attention is required. Antibodies have contributed substantially against many serious diseases like diphtheria, rabies, Crohn's disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and bladder cancer. Antibody therapy is gaining immense momentum due to its success rate in cancer treatment. Furthermore, enormous advancement has been made in antibody therapy due to the generation of high-efficiency humanized antibodies with a long half-life. The advantage of antibody therapy is its instant outcome. This article's main highlight is discussing the drug targets of SUDs and their associated mechanisms. Importantly, we have also discussed the scope of prophylactic measures to eliminate drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India.
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Zapolnik P, Kmiecik W, Mazur A, Czajka H. Trained Immunity, BCG and SARS-CoV-2 General Outline and Possible Management in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043218. [PMID: 36834629 PMCID: PMC9961109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use for over 100 years. It protects against severe, blood-borne forms of tuberculosis. Observations indicate that it also increases immunity against other diseases. The mechanism responsible for this is trained immunity, an increased response of non-specific immune cells in repeated contact with a pathogen, not necessarily of the same species. In the following review, we present the current state of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms responsible for this process. We also seek to identify the challenges facing science in this area and consider the application of this phenomenon in managing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Zapolnik
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Kmiecik
- St. Louis Provincial Specialist Children’s Hospital, 31-503 Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Hanna Czajka
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
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9
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Trained Immunity as a Prospective Tool against Emerging Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111932. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although parental vaccines offer long-term protection against homologous strains, they rely exclusively on adaptive immune memory to produce neutralizing antibodies that are ineffective against emerging viral variants. Growing evidence highlights the multifaceted functions of trained immunity to elicit a rapid and enhanced innate response against unrelated stimuli or pathogens to subsequent triggers. This review discusses the protective role of trained immunity against respiratory pathogens and the experimental models essential for evaluating novel inducers of trained immunity. The review further elaborates on the potential of trained immunity to leverage protection against pathogens via the molecular patterns of antigens by pathogen recognition receptors (PPRs) on innate immune cells. The review also focuses on integrating trained innate memory with adaptive memory to shape next-generation vaccines by coupling each one’s unique characteristics.
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