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Sandford R, Yadav R, Noble E, Sumner K, Joshi D, Tartof S, Wernli K, Martin E, Gaglani M, Zimmerman R, Talbot H, Grijalva C, Belongia E, Carlson C, Coughlin M, Flannery B, Pearce B, Rogier E. Antibody Response to Symptomatic Infection With SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Viruses, December 2021-June 2022. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13339. [PMID: 39012045 PMCID: PMC11250392 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe humoral immune responses in 105 ambulatory patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection. In dried blood spot (DBS) collected within 5 days of illness onset and during convalescence, we measured binding antibody (bAb) against ancestral spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) protein using a commercial multiplex bead assay. Geometric mean bAb concentrations against RBD increased by a factor of 2.5 from 1258 to 3189 units/mL and by a factor of 47 against N protein from 5.5 to 259 units/mL between acute illness and convalescence; lower concentrations were associated with greater geometric mean ratios. Paired DBS specimens may be used to evaluate humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sandford
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
- Rollins School of Public HealthAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Emma K. Noble
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Kelsey Sumner
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Devyani Joshi
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sara Y. Tartof
- Department of Research & EvaluationKaiser Permanente Southern CaliforniaYorba LindaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Health Systems ScienceKaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of MedicinePasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karen J. Wernli
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Emily T. Martin
- University of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White HealthTempleTexasUSA
- Texas A&M University College of MedicineTempleTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brad Pearce
- Rollins School of Public HealthAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Altorki TA, Abdulal RH, Suliman BA, Aljeraisi TM, Alsharef A, Abdulaal WH, Alfaleh MA, Algaissi AA, Alhabbab RY, Ozbak H, Eid HM, Almutawif YA, Li X, Al-Rabia MW, Zhang Q, Mahmoud AB, Mahallawi WH, Hashem AM. Robust memory humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the tonsils of adults and children. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291534. [PMID: 38149243 PMCID: PMC10750384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has mainly been evaluated in peripheral blood. Human secondary lymphoid tissues (such as tonsils) contain large numbers of plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins at mucosal sites. Yet, the role of mucosal memory immunity induced by vaccines or natural infection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is not fully understood. Methods Tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMNCs) from adults (n=10) and children (n=11) were isolated and stimulated using positive SARS-CoV-2 nasal swabs. We used endpoint enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the measurement of anti-S1, -RBD, and -N IgG antibody levels and a pseudovirus microneutralization assay to assess neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in paired serum and supernatants from stimulated TMNCs. Results Strong systemic humoral response in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected and vaccinated adults and children was observed in accordance with the reported history of the participants. Interestingly, we found a significant increase in anti-RBD IgG (305 and 834 folds) and anti-S1 IgG (475 and 443 folds) in the stimulated TMNCs from adults and children, respectively, compared to unstimulated cells. Consistently, the stimulated TMNCs secreted higher levels of nAbs against the ancestral Wuhan strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant compared to unstimulated cells by several folds. This increase was seen in all participants including children with no known history of infection, suggesting that these participants might have been previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and that not all asymptomatic cases necessarily could be detected by serum antibodies. Furthermore, nAb levels against both strains were significantly correlated in adults (r=0.8788; p = 0.0008) and children (r = 0.7521; p = 0.0076), and they strongly correlated with S1 and RBD-specific IgG antibodies. Conclusion Our results provide evidence for persistent mucosal humoral memory in tonsils from previously infected and/or vaccinated adults and children against recent and old variants upon re-exposure. They also highlight the importance of targeting mucosal sites with vaccines to help control infection at the primary sites and prevent potential breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfa A. Altorki
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A. Suliman
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal M. Aljeraisi
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asem Alsharef
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Algaissi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Ozbak
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Mohammed Eid
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Ahmad Almutawif
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed W. Al-Rabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Academic and Research Departments, Section of Immunology, School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Bakur Mahmoud
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Life Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H. Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Batra G, Murugesan DR, Raghavan S, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Ayushi, Gosain M, Singh S, Das SJ, Deshpande S, Sonar S, Jakhar K, Bhattacharya J, Mani S, Pandey AK, Sankalp, Goswami S, Das A, Dwivedi T, Sharma N, Kumar S, Sharma P, Kapoor S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Thiruvengadam R, Kumar R, Gupta R, Garg PK, Bhatnagar S. Trends of humoral immune responses to heterologous antigenic exposure due to vaccination & omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection: Implications for boosting. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:509-518. [PMID: 37322634 PMCID: PMC10466496 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2521_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Vaccination and natural infection can both augment the immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but how omicron infection has affected the vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity is not well studied in Indian population. The present study was aimed to assess the durability and change in responses of humoral immunity with age, prior natural infection, vaccine type and duration with a minimum gap of six months post-two doses with either ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BBV152 prior- and post-emergence of the omicron variant. Methods A total of 1300 participants were included in this observational study between November 2021 and May 2022. Participants had completed at least six months after vaccination (2 doses) with either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or an inactivated whole virus vaccine BBV152. They were grouped according to their age (≤ or ≥60 yr) and prior exposure of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five hundred and sixteen of these participants were followed up after emergence of the Omicron variant. The main outcome was durability and augmentation of the humoral immune response as determined by anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies and anti-omicron RBD antibodies. Live virus neutralization assay was conducted for neutralizing antibodies against four variants - ancestral, delta and omicron and omicron sublineage BA.5. Results Before the omicron surge, serum anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 87 per cent participants after a median gap of eight months from the second vaccine dose, with a median titre of 114 [interquartile range (IQR) 32, 302] BAU/ml. The levels increased to 594 (252, 1230) BAU/ml post-omicron surge (P<0.001) with 97 per cent participants having detectable antibodies, although only 40 had symptomatic infection during the omicron surge irrespective of vaccine type and previous history of infection. Those with prior natural infection and vaccination had higher anti-RBD IgG titre at baseline, which increased further [352 (IQR 131, 869) to 816 (IQR 383, 2001) BAU/ml] (P<0.001). The antibody levels remained elevated after a mean time gap of 10 months, although there was a decline of 41 per cent. The geometric mean titre was 452.54, 172.80, 83.1 and 76.99 against the ancestral, delta, omicron and omicron BA.5 variants in the live virus neutralization assay. Interpretation & conclusions Anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 85 per cent of participants after a median gap of eight months following the second vaccine dose. Omicron infection probably resulted in a substantial proportion of asymptomatic infection in the first four months in our study population and boosted the vaccine-induced humoral immune response, which declined but still remained durable over 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Batra
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Rathna Murugesan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sreevatsan Raghavan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Souvick Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Farha Mehdi
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ayushi
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Soon Jyoti Das
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipta Sonar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kamini Jakhar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankalp
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shweta Goswami
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asim Das
- ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tanima Dwivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R.A Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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