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Fatima GN, Fatma H, Saraf SK. Vaccines in Breast Cancer: Challenges and Breakthroughs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2175. [PMID: 37443570 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a problem for women's health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual's response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach. This current review briefly encompasses the diagnostics, the latest and most recent breakthrough strategies and challenges, and the limitations in fighting breast cancer, emphasising the development of breast cancer vaccines. It also includes the filed/granted patents referring to the same aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Naz Fatima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hera Fatma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Castrodeza-Sanz J, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM. Adjuvants for COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050902. [PMID: 37243006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the improvement of traditional vaccines has meant that we have moved from inactivated whole virus vaccines, which provoke a moderate immune response but notable adverse effects, to much more processed vaccines such as protein subunit vaccines, which despite being less immunogenic have better tolerability profiles. This reduction in immunogenicity is detrimental to the prevention of people at risk. For this reason, adjuvants are a good solution to improve the immunogenicity of this type of vaccine, with much better tolerability profiles and a low prevalence of side effects. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination focused on mRNA-type and viral vector vaccines. However, during the years 2022 and 2023, the first protein-based vaccines began to be approved. Adjuvanted vaccines are capable of inducing potent responses, not only humoral but also cellular, in populations whose immune systems are weak or do not respond properly, such as the elderly. Therefore, this type of vaccine should complete the portfolio of existing vaccines, and could help to complete vaccination against COVID-19 worldwide now and over the coming years. In this review we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of adjuvants, as well as their use in current and future vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castrodeza-Sanz
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Jose M Eiros
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, 47013 Valladolid, Spain
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3
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Wei F, Cheng XX, Xue JZ, Xue SA. Emerging Strategies in TCR-Engineered T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850358. [PMID: 35432319 PMCID: PMC9006933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer has made tremendous progress in recent years, as demonstrated by the remarkable clinical responses obtained from adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of patient-derived tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells (CAR-T) and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells (TCR-T). TCR-T uses specific TCRS optimized for tumor engagement and can recognize epitopes derived from both cell-surface and intracellular targets, including tumor-associated antigens, cancer germline antigens, viral oncoproteins, and tumor-specific neoantigens (neoAgs) that are largely sequestered in the cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells. Moreover, as TCRS are naturally developed for sensitive antigen detection, they are able to recognize epitopes at far lower concentrations than required for CAR-T activation. Therefore, TCR-T holds great promise for the treatment of human cancers. In this focused review, we summarize basic, translational, and clinical insights into the challenges and opportunities of TCR-T. We review emerging strategies used in current ACT, point out limitations, and propose possible solutions. We highlight the importance of targeting tumor-specific neoAgs and outline a strategy of combining neoAg vaccines, checkpoint blockade therapy, and adoptive transfer of neoAg-specific TCR-T to produce a truly tumor-specific therapy, which is able to penetrate into solid tumors and resist the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We believe such a combination approach should lead to a significant improvement in cancer immunotherapies, especially for solid tumors, and may provide a general strategy for the eradication of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Cheng
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - John Zhao Xue
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
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Märkl F, Huynh D, Endres S, Kobold S. Utilizing chemokines in cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:670-682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lim J, Hong S. Transcriptome Analysis in the Head Kidney of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Immunized with a Combined Vaccine of Formalin-Inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111234. [PMID: 34835165 PMCID: PMC8619301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms regulated by a combined vaccine against Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum (O1 serotype). These bacteria cause furunculosis and vibriosis, respectively, and are associated with a high mortality in rainbow trout in Korea. The vaccine upregulated gene expression of TCRα, T-bet, sIgM, and mIgM, markers of an activated adaptive immune response. On days 1, 3, and 5, transcriptome analysis revealed 862 (430 up- and 432 downregulated), 492 (204 up- and 288 downregulated), and 741 (270 up- and 471 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified 377 (108 MF, 132 CC, 137 BP), 302 (60 MF, 180 CC, 62 BP), and 314 (115 MF, 129 CC, 70 BP) GOs at days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genetic and Genomic enrichment analysis identified eight immune system-related pathways like cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappaB signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, cell adhesion molecule, complement and coagulation cascade, and antigen processing and presentation. In the analysis of the protein–protein interaction of immune-related DEGs, a total of 59, 21, and 21 interactional relationships were identified at days 1, 3, and 5, respectively, with TNF having the highest centrality at all three time points.
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Kardani K, Sadat SM, Kardani M, Bolhassani A. The next generation of HCV vaccines: a focus on novel adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:839-855. [PMID: 34114513 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1941895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considerable efforts have been made to treat and prevent acute and chronic infections caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Current treatments are unable to protect people from reinfection. Hence, there is a need for development of both preventive and therapeutic HCV vaccines. Many vaccine candidates are in development to fight against HCV, but their efficacy has so far proven limited partly due to low immunogenicity. AREAS COVERED We explore development of novel and powerful adjuvants to achieve an effective HCV vaccine. The basis for developing strong adjuvants is to understand the innate immunity pathway, which subsequently stimulates humoral and cellular immune responses. We have also investigated immunogenicity of developed adjuvants that have been used in recent studies available in online databases such as PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, etc. EXPERT OPINION Adjuvants are used as a part of vaccine formulation to boost vaccine immunogenicity and antigen delivery. Several FDA-approved adjuvants are used in licensed human vaccines. Unfortunately, no adjuvant has yet been proven to boost HCV immune responses to the extent needed for an effective vaccine. One of the promising approaches for developing an effective adjuvant is the combination of various adjuvants to trigger several innate immune responses, leading to activation of adaptive immunity.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Kardani
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Recent Progress in Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102495. [PMID: 34065346 PMCID: PMC8161242 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer immunotherapy has now attracted much attention because of the recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, they are only beneficial in a limited fraction of patients most probably due to lack of sufficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against tumor antigens in the host. In this regard, dendritic cells are useful tools to induce host immune responses against exogenous antigens. In particular, recently characterized cross-presenting dendritic cells are capable of inducing CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against exogenous antigens such as tumor antigens and uniquely express the chemokine receptor XCR1. Here we focus on the recent progress in DC-based cancer vaccines and especially the use of the XCR1 and its ligand XCL1 axis for the targeted delivery of cancer vaccines to cross-presenting dendritic cells. Abstract Cancer immunotherapy aims to treat cancer by enhancing cancer-specific host immune responses. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has been attracting much attention because of the successful clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. However, although highly effective in some patients, immune checkpoint inhibitors are beneficial only in a limited fraction of patients, possibly because of the lack of enough cancer-specific immune cells, especially CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), in the host. On the other hand, studies on cancer vaccines, especially DC-based ones, have made significant progress in recent years. In particular, the identification and characterization of cross-presenting DCs have greatly advanced the strategy for the development of effective DC-based vaccines. In this review, we first summarize the surface markers and functional properties of the five major DC subsets. We then describe new approaches to induce antigen-specific CTLs by targeted delivery of antigens to cross-presenting DCs. In this context, the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand XCL1, being selectively expressed by cross-presenting DCs and mainly produced by activated CD8+ T cells, respectively, provide highly promising molecular tools for this purpose. In the near future, CTL-inducing DC-based cancer vaccines may provide a new breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Conversion of AML-blasts to leukemia-derived dendritic cells (DCleu) in 'DC-culture-media' shifts correlations of released chemokines with antileukemic T-cell reactions. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152088. [PMID: 33838552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) and T-cells are mediators of CTL-responses. Autologous (from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (MDS)) or allogeneic (donor)-T-cells stimulated by DCleu, gain an efficient lysis of naive blasts, although not in every case. CXCL8, -9, -10, CCL2, -5 and Interleukin (IL-12) were quantified by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) in supernatants from 5 DC-generating methods and correlated with AML-/MDS-patients' serum-values, DC-/T-cell-interactions/antileukemic T-cell-reactions after mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and patients' clinical course. The blast-lytic activity of T-cells stimulated with DC or mononuclear cells (MNC) was quantified in a cytotoxicity assay. Despite great variations of chemokine-levels, correlations with post-stimulation (after stimulating T-cells with DC in MLC) improved antileukemic T-cell activity were seen: higher released chemokine-values correlated with improved T-cells' antileukemic activity (compared to stimulation with blast-containing MNC) - whereas with respect to the corresponding serum values higher CXCL8-, -9-, and -10- but lower CCL5- and -2-release correlated with improved antileukemic activity of DC-stimulated (vs. blast-stimulated) T-cells. In DC-culture supernatants higher chemokine-values correlated with post-stimulation improved antileukemic T-cell reactivity, whereas higher serum-values of CXCL8, -9, and -10 but lower serum-values of CCL5 and -2 correlated with post-stimulation improved antileukemic T-cell-reactivity. In a context of 'DC'-stimulation (vs serum) this might point to a change of (CCL5 and -2-associated) functionality from a more 'inflammatory' or 'tumor-promoting' to a more 'antitumor'-reactive functionality. This knowledge could contribute to develop immune-modifying strategies that promote antileukemic (adaptive) immune-responses.
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Miri SM, Tafsiri E, Cho WCS, Ghaemi A. CRISPR-Cas, a robust gene-editing technology in the era of modern cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:456. [PMID: 32973401 PMCID: PMC7493839 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of a broad spectrum of malignancies ranging from hematological to solid tumors. One of the principal approaches of cancer immunotherapy is transfer of natural or engineered tumor-specific T-cells into patients, a so called "adoptive cell transfer", or ACT, process. Construction of allogeneic T-cells is dependent on the employment of a gene-editing tool to modify donor-extracted T-cells and prepare them to specifically act against tumor cells with enhanced function and durability and least side-effects. In this context, CRISPR technology can be used to produce universal T-cells, equipped with recombinant T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), through multiplex genome engineering using Cas nucleases. The robust potential of CRISPR-Cas in preparing the building blocks of ACT immunotherapy has broaden the application of such therapies and some of them have gotten FDA approvals. Here, we have collected the last investigations in the field of immuno-oncology conducted in partnership with CRISPR technology. In addition, studies that have addressed the challenges in the path of CRISPR-mediated cancer immunotherapy, as well as pre-treatment applications of CRISPR-Cas have been mentioned in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Tafsiri
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Iran
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He P, Zhou W, Liu M, Chen Y. Recent Advances of Small Molecular Regulators Targeting G Protein- Coupled Receptors Family for Oncology Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1464-1483. [PMID: 31264549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190628115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitor therapies suggests the drawing of a cancer immunotherapy age. However, a considerable proportion of cancer patients currently receive little benefit from these treatment modalities, indicating that multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we mainly discuss recent advances in small molecular regulators targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with oncology immunomodulation, including chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, prostaglandin E receptor EP4 and opioid receptors. Moreover, we outline how they affect tumor immunity and neoplasia by regulating immune cell recruitment and modulating tumor stromal cell biology. We also summarize the data from recent clinical advances in small molecular regulators targeting these GPCRs, in combination with immune checkpoints blockers, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors, for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Wang E, Liu T, Wu J, Wang K, Chen D, Geng Y, Huang X, Ouyang P, Lai W, Ai X. Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis and adjuvant effect of channel catfish interleukin-1βs against Streptococcus iniae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:155-165. [PMID: 30630049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish is one of the most extensively cultured species worldwide, which is widely used as a classical model for comparative immunology. Interleukin-1β (IL1β) is an immunoregulatory cytokine with the potential to enhance the immune response induced by vaccines in many animals. To characterize the molecular characterization and identify the immunoadjuvant role of channel catfish IL1β, molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and expression of two IL1β genes were performed, the bioactivity of their recombinant proteins (rIL1β1 and rIL1β2) were detected in vitro and their adjuvant effects on a subunit vaccine encoding C5a peptidase (pSCPI) of Streptococcus iniae were evaluated. The results indicated that two IL1βs remained highly conserved possessing five conserved motifs compared with other fish IL1βs, although there were 28 nucleotide differences and 16 amino acid differences between channel catfish IL1β1 and IL1β2. Analysis of the ratios of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitutions revealed that fish IL1β genes were subjected to negative/purifying selection with global dN/dS ratios value 0.425. The results of adjuvant effect showed that compared with injection of pSCPI alone, co-injecting pSCPI with both rIL1β1 and rIL1β2 significantly enhanced antibody levels, serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, alternative complement hemolytic activity, and the expression of endogenous IL1β and TNF-α in head kidney and spleen. Although vaccination with rIL1β1 or rIL1β2 failed to offer immunoprotection against S. iniae infection, the RPS (relative percent survival) of pSCPI+rIL1β1 and pSCPI+rIL1β2 groups were both higher than pSCPI alone (RPS, 50%), with 64.26% and 60.71%, respectively. Moreover, pSCPI+rIL1β1+rIL1β2 offered significantly higher (P < 0.05) immunoprotection (RPS, 75%) against S. iniae infection than pSCPI alone. Our present results not only enrich the molecular structure study of fish IL1βs but also signify that two recombinant channel catfish IL1βs can be used as potential adjuvants in a subunit vaccine model against bacterial infection, which are of profound importance to prevent and control bacterial disease in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlong Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells: implications for tumor progression and intervention. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:711-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
In spite of current influenza vaccines being immunogenic, evolution of the influenza virus can reduce efficacy and so influenza remains a major threat to public health. One approach to improve influenza vaccines is to include adjuvants; substances that boost the immune response. Adjuvants are particularly beneficial for influenza vaccines administered during a pandemic when a rapid response is required or for use in patients with impaired immune responses, such as infants and the elderly. This review outlines the current use of adjuvants in human influenza vaccines, including what they are, why they are used and what is known of their mechanism of action. To date, six adjuvants have been used in licensed human vaccines: Alum, MF59, AS03, AF03, virosomes and heat labile enterotoxin (LT). In general these adjuvants are safe and well tolerated, but there have been some rare adverse events when adjuvanted vaccines are used at a population level that may discourage the inclusion of adjuvants in influenza vaccines, for example the association of LT with Bell's Palsy. Improved understanding about the mechanisms of the immune response to vaccination and infection has led to advances in adjuvant technology and we describe the experimental adjuvants that have been tested in clinical trials for influenza but have not yet progressed to licensure. Adjuvants alone are not sufficient to improve influenza vaccine efficacy because they do not address the underlying problem of mismatches between circulating virus and the vaccine. However, they may contribute to improved efficacy of next-generation influenza vaccines and will most likely play a role in the development of effective universal influenza vaccines, though what that role will be remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
| | - Ryan F Russell
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
| | - Ekaterina Kinnear
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
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Chauhan N, Tiwari S, Iype T, Jain U. An overview of adjuvants utilized in prophylactic vaccine formulation as immunomodulators. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:491-502. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1306440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Sukirti Tiwari
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Tessy Iype
- R & D Division, MagGenome Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Kochi, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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15
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Dorostkar R, Hashemzadeh MS, Jafari S, Tat M, Ghalavand M, Asghari MH, Moloudizargari M. Immunotherapeutic efficacy of a Lactobacillus casei lysate as an adjuvant combined with a heated-4T1 mammary carcinoma cell lysate in a murine model of breast cancer. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.1004.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immunotherapy, during which the immune system of the patient is manipulated to act against tumors has been among the most successful methods in the treatment of breast cancer, a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide.
Objectives
To investigate the immunotherapeutic efficacy of Lactobacillus casei lysate as an adjuvant in combination with a heated-4T1 mammary carcinoma cell lysate in a model of breast cancer.
Methods
After ethics committee approval of all animal procedures, a murine model of breast cancer was induced in BALB/c mice using 4T1 cells. These mice were immunized with a combination of lysates of heated 4T1 cells and L. casei. Subsequent changes in tumor size and weight, and the production of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, and IL13 were measured. Lung weights were measured as an indicator of metastasis to other organs.
Results
The tumor size and weight in mice immunized with the combined vaccine were significantly reduced compared with controls. The combined immunotherapy altered the pattern of cytokine production to the advantage of antitumor immunity, and was significantly more potent than immunization with heated-4T1-cell lysate or L. casei lysate alone.
Conclusions
Coadministration of L. casei lysate enhanced the immunotherapeutic efficacy of the heated-4T1-cell lysate as a source of tumor-associated antigens. L. casei can potentially be used as an adjuvant combined with sources of tumor antigens in the treatment of cancers, and as a safe alternative to the current adjuvants that cause greater irritation to hosts. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhollah Dorostkar
- Applied Virology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14351 , Iran
| | | | - Sajjad Jafari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Urmia University , Urmia 57153 , Iran
| | - Mahdi Tat
- Applied Virology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14351 , Iran
| | - Majdedin Ghalavand
- Applied Virology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14351 , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol 47176 , Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14155 , Iran
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 19839 , Iran
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Wang E, Wang J, Long B, Wang K, He Y, Yang Q, Chen D, Geng Y, Huang X, Ouyang P, Lai W. Molecular cloning, expression and the adjuvant effects of interleukin-8 of channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) against Streptococcus iniae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29310. [PMID: 27373470 PMCID: PMC4931690 DOI: 10.1038/srep29310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as an important cytokine involving in inflammatory and immune response, has been studied as effective adjuvants for vaccines in mammals. However, there are fewer reports about the characterization and adjuvant effects of IL-8 in fish. In this study, cloning and sequence analysis of IL-8 coding region of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were conducted, mature IL-8(rtIL-8) was expressed and evaluated for its adjuvant effects on the immunoprotection of subunit vaccine encoding α-enolase (rENO) of Streptococcus iniae from several aspects in channel catfish. The results showed co-vaccination of rENO with rtIL-8 enhanced immune responses including humoral and cellular immunity, with higher relative percent survival(RPS,71.4%) compared with the moderate RPS of rENO alone(50%) against S. iniae infection at 4 week post vaccination. While rtIL-8 failed to maintain long-lasting immune protection, only with RPS of 26.67% in rENO + rtIL-8-vaccinated fish compared with that of rENO alone(20%) at 8 week, signifying that IL-8 hold promise for use as potential immunopotentiator in vaccines against bacterial infections in fish, whereas it is insufficient to extend the immunoprotection for long time, and further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of IL-8 used as an adjuvant and seek for more effective way to strengthen the adjuvanticity of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlong Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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CCL4 as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:162-7. [PMID: 27056671 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, MIP-1β) is a CC chemokine that has a broad spectrum of target cells including immature dendritic cells, which express the cognate receptor CCR5. We asked whether a plasmid encoding CCL4 is able to improve tumor protection and immune responses in a Her2/neu+ mouse tumor model. Balb/c mice were immunized twice intramuscularly with plasmid DNA on days 1 and 15. On day 25, a tumor challenge was performed with 2 × 10(5) syngeneic Her2/neu+ D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Different groups of mice were vaccinated with pDNA(Her2/neu) plus pDNA(CCL4), pDNA(Her2/neu), pDNA(CCL4) or mock vector alone. Our results show that CCL4 is able to (i) improve tumor protection and (ii) augment a TH1-polarized immune response against Her2/neu. Although Her2/neu-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses were comparable with that induced in previous studies using CCL19 or CCL21 as adjuvants, tumor protection conferred by CCL4 was inferior. Whether this is due to a different spectrum of (innate) immune cells, remains to be clarified. However, combination of CCL19/21 with CCL4 might be a reasonable approach in the future, particularly for DNA vaccination in Her2/neu+ breast cancer in the situation of minimal residual disease.
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Seledtsov VI, Goncharov AG, Seledtsova GV. Clinically feasible approaches to potentiating cancer cell-based immunotherapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:851-69. [PMID: 25933181 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exerts both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Mature dendritic cells (DCs), classically activated macrophages (M1), granulocytes, B lymphocytes, aβ and ɣδ T lymphocytes, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells may be implicated in antitumor immunoprotection. Conversely, tolerogenic DCs, alternatively activated macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs) are capable of suppressing antitumor immune responses. Anti-cancer vaccination is a useful strategy to elicit antitumor immune responses, while overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms. Whole tumor cells or lysates derived thereof hold more promise as cancer vaccines than individual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because vaccinal cells can elicit immune responses to multiple TAAs. Cancer cell-based vaccines can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. Clinical use of xenogeneic vaccines is advantageous in that they can be most effective in breaking the preexisting immune tolerance to TAAs. To potentiate immunotherapy, vaccinations can be combined with other modalities that target different immune pathways. These modalities include 1) genetic or chemical modification of cell-based vaccines; 2) cross-priming TAAs to T cells by engaging dendritic cells; 3) T-cell adoptive therapy; 4) stimulation of cytotoxic inflammation by non-specific immunomodulators, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, chemokines or hormones; 5) reduction of immunosuppression and/or stimulation of antitumor effector cells using antibodies, small molecules; and 6) various cytoreductive modalities. The authors envisage that combined immunotherapeutic strategies will allow for substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in the near future.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ab, antibodies
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CTA, cancer/testis antigen
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- DC, dendritic cell
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound
- IDO, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAK, lymphokine-activated killer
- M, macrophage
- M1, classically activated macrophage
- M2, alternatively activated macrophage, MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NK, natural killer (cell)
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T-helper cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antitumor immunoprotection
- cancer cell-based vaccines
- combined immunotherapy
- immunosuppression
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Seledtsov
- a lmmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University ; Kaliningrad , Russia
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Dorgham K, Cerini F, Gaertner H, Melotti A, Rossitto-Borlat I, Gorochov G, Hartley O. Generating Chemokine Analogs with Enhanced Pharmacological Properties Using Phage Display. Methods Enzymol 2016; 570:47-72. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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21
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Kuczkowska K, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VGH, Øynebråten I. Lactobacillus plantarum displaying CCL3 chemokine in fusion with HIV-1 Gag derived antigen causes increased recruitment of T cells. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:169. [PMID: 26494531 PMCID: PMC4618854 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines are attractive candidates for vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to recruit the immune cells. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based delivery vehicles have potential to be used as a cheap and safe option for vaccination. Chemokine produced on the surface of LAB may potentially enhance the immune response to an antigen and this approach can be considered in development of future mucosal vaccines. Results We have constructed strains of Lactobacillusplantarum displaying a chemokine on their surface. L. plantarum was genetically engineered to express and anchor to the surface a protein called CCL3Gag. CCL3Gag is a fusion protein comprising of truncated HIV-1 Gag antigen and the murine chemokine CCL3, also known as MIP-1α. Various surface anchoring strategies were explored: (1) a lipobox-based covalent membrane anchor, (2) sortase-mediated covalent cell wall anchoring, (3) LysM-based non-covalent cell wall anchoring, and (4) an N-terminal signal peptide-based transmembrane anchor. Protein production and correct localization were confirmed using Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Using a chemotaxis assay, we demonstrated that CCL3Gag-producing L. plantarum strains are able to recruit immune cells in vitro. Conclusions The results show the ability of engineered L. plantarum to produce a functional chemotactic protein immobilized on the bacterial surface. We observed that the activity of surface-displayed CCL3Gag differed depending on the type of anchor used. The chemokine which is a part of the bacteria-based vaccine may increase the recruitment of immune cells and, thereby, enhance the reaction of the immune system to the vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0360-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Pizzurro GA, Barrio MM. Dendritic cell-based vaccine efficacy: aiming for hot spots. Front Immunol 2015; 6:91. [PMID: 25784913 PMCID: PMC4347494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches for cancer immunotherapy have targeted dendritic cells (DCs), directly or indirectly, for the induction of antitumor immune responses. DC-based vaccines have been developed using a wide variety of ex vivo DC culture conditions, antigen (Ag) source and loading strategies, maturation agents, and routes of vaccination. Adjuvants are used to activate innate immune cells at the vaccine injection site, to promote Ag transport to the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and to model adaptive immune responses. Despite years of effort, the effective induction of strong and durable antitumor T-cell responses in vaccinated patients remains a challenge. The study of vaccine interactions with other immune cells in the LNs and, more recently, in the injection site has opened new doors for understanding antitumor effector T-cell licensing and function. In this review, we will briefly discuss the relevant sites and up-to-date facts regarding possible targets for antitumor vaccine refinement. We will focus on the processes taking place at the injection site, adjuvant combinations and their role in DC-based vaccines, LN homing, and modeling vaccine-induced immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth and generating immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Andrea Pizzurro
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (CIO - FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (CIO - FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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23
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Sharma RK, Chheda ZS, Jala VR, Haribabu B. Regulation of cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte trafficking to tumors by chemoattractants: implications for immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:537-49. [PMID: 25482400 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.982101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as an important treatment modality. FDA approval of provenge, ipilimumab and pembrolizumab has started to deliver on the long awaited promise of cancer immunotherapy. Many new modalities of immunotherapies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responses, such as adoptive cell therapies and vaccines, are in advanced clinical trials. In all these immunotherapies, migration of CTLs to the tumor site is a critical step for achieving therapeutic efficacy. However, inefficient infiltration of activated CTLs into established tumors is increasingly being recognized as one of the major hurdles limiting efficacy. Mechanisms that control migration of CTLs to tumors are poorly defined. In this review, the authors discuss the chemoattractants and their receptors that have been implicated in endogenous- or immunotherapy-induced CTL recruitment to tumors and the potential for targeting these pathways for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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24
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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