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Lan NGT, Dong HT, Shinn AP, Vinh NT, Senapin S, Salin KR, Rodkhum C. Review of current perspectives and future outlook on bacterial disease prevention through vaccination in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13964. [PMID: 38798108 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, is an important aquatic species in mariculture. Intensive farming of this species has faced episodes of bacterial diseases, including those due to vibriosis, scale drop, and muscle necrosis disease, big belly disease, photobacteriosis, columnaris, streptococcosis, aeromoniasis, and tenacibaculosis. Vaccination is one of the most efficient, non-antibiotic, and eco-friendly strategies for protecting fish against bacterial diseases, contributing to aquaculture expansion and ensuring food security. As of now, although numerous vaccines have undergone laboratory research, only one commercially available inactivated vaccine, suitable for both immersion and injection administration, is accessible for preventing Streptococcus iniae. Several key challenges in developing vaccines for Asian seabass must be addressed, such as the current limited understanding of immunological responses to vaccines, the costs associated with vaccine production, forms, and routes of vaccine application, and how to increase the adoption of vaccines by farmers. The future of vaccine development for the Asian seabass industry, therefore, is discussed with these key critical issues in mind. The focus is on improving our understanding of Asian seabass immunity, including maternal immunity, immunocompetence, and immune responses post-vaccination, as well as developing tools to assess vaccine effectiveness. The need for an alignment of fish vaccines with state-of-the-art vaccine technologies employed in human and terrestrial animal healthcare is also discussed. This review also discusses the necessity of providing locally-produced autogenous vaccines, especially for immersion and oral vaccines, to benefit small-scale fish farmers, and the potential benefits that might be extended through changes to current husbandry practices such as the vaccination of broodstock and earlier life stages of their off-spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Giang Thu Lan
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Nguyen Tien Vinh
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Fish Heath Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishna R Salin
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chew XZ, Carrai M, Shen X, Gibson-Kueh S. Impact of transport conditions and underlying disease on post-stocking survival of juvenile Lates calcarifer. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13963. [PMID: 38785265 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens commonly occurring in the aquatic environment or those that are non-host specific are prevalent and threaten the rapid growth of tropical aquaculture. This study investigates causes of mortality in 12 batches of newly stocked juvenile Lates calcarifer from three different hatcheries. Cytology based on Diff-Quik™-stained tissue and blood smears provides rapid diagnosis of possible causes of mortality, while histopathology and haematology provide a better understanding of how prolonged transport and fish with existing chronic disease are more likely to experience elevated mortality post-stocking. Our findings showed that accumulation of ammonia during prolonged transport causes extensive damage to epithelial barriers in gastrointestinal tracts and depressed immunity due to marked hypoglycaemia, predisposing fish to acute Streptococcosis. Lates calcarifer with chronic bacterial enteritis developed severe hypoglycaemia, had low circulating total plasma protein, and suffered high mortality within 24 hours post-stocking. Hypoglycaemia and low circulating blood proteins disrupt osmoregulation and exacerbate dehydration, which is fatal in fish in sea water. Dying L. calcarifer tested PCR positive for scale drop disease virus (SDDV) at 28 days post-stocking showed a 10-fold elevation of white blood cell counts, severe vasculitis, and obstruction of blood supply to major organs. Destruction of important immune organs such as spleen is a hallmark of SDDV infection that explains high incidences of opportunistic Vibrio harveyi infections in 61% of fish with SDDV. Overall, this study reiterates the importance of stocking disease-free fish and reducing transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhe Chew
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Maura Carrai
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Xueyan Shen
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Susan Gibson-Kueh
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Juárez-Cortés MZ, Vázquez LEC, Díaz SFM, Cardona Félix CS. Streptococcus iniae in aquaculture: a review of pathogenesis, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Int J Vet Sci Med 2024; 12:25-38. [PMID: 38751408 PMCID: PMC11095286 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2024.2348408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in aquaculture is pathogenic bacterial control. Streptococcus iniae stands out for its ability to cause high mortality rates in populations of commercially important fish populations and its recent recognition as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. The rise in identifying over 80 strains some displaying antibiotic resistance coupled with the emerging occurrence of infections in marine mammal species and wild fish underscores the urgent need of understanding pathogenesis, virulence and drug resistance mechanisms of this bacterium. This understanding is crucial to ensure effective control strategies. In this context, the present review conducts a bibliometric analysis to examine research trends related to S. iniae, extending into the mechanisms of infection, virulence, drug resistance and control strategies, whose relevance is highlighted on vaccines and probiotics to strengthen the host immune system. Despite the advances in this field, the need for developing more efficient identification methods is evident, since they constitute the basis for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz Edith Casados Vázquez
- CONAHCYT- Universidad de Guanajuato. Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Rossi F, Santonicola S, Amadoro C, Marino L, Colavita G. Recent Records on Bacterial Opportunistic Infections via the Dietary Route. Microorganisms 2023; 12:69. [PMID: 38257896 PMCID: PMC10819555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review was aimed at identifying the opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted by contaminated food and represent a current threat for patients particularly susceptible to infections because of underlying conditions or predisposing factors. The analysis was focused on recent case or outbreak reports and systematic reviews published in the years 2019 to 2023 and resulted in sorting 24 bacterial groups comprising the genera or species able to cause a variety of systemic or invasive infections if ingested with food or drinking water. These included both bacteria known to cause mild infections in immunocompetent persons and bacteria considered to be innocuous, which are used in food fermentation or as probiotics. No recent cases of infections transmitted through dietary routes were reported for the critical nosocomial pathogens widely found in food products, primarily Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the very first sources of their introduction into the clinical environment still need to be established. In many instances, risky dietary habits, such as eating raw fish, seafood, raw meat, unpasteurized milk, and their derived products or the lack of control in fermentation processes, has led to the reported illnesses, pointing out the necessity to improve the hygiene of production and consumer awareness of the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Diagnostic Laboratory, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Serena Santonicola
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.S.); (C.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Carmela Amadoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.S.); (C.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Lucio Marino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Diagnostic Laboratory, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Giampaolo Colavita
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.S.); (C.A.); (G.C.)
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