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Yamamoto T, Hirano M, Mitsunaga F, Wasaki K, Kotani A, Tajima K, Nakamura S. Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:643. [PMID: 38932372 PMCID: PMC11209156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sublingual vaccines offer the benefits of inducing mucosal immunity to protect against respiratory viruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, while also enabling needle-free self-administration. In a previous study, a sublingual SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was created by combining a recombinafigureCoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain antigen with a double strand RNA Poly(I:C) adjuvant. This vaccine was tested on nonhuman primates, Cynomolgus macaques. This study examined the immune and inflammatory responses elicited by the sublingual influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) antigen and Poly(I:C) adjuvants, and assessed the safety of this vaccine in nonhuman primates. The Poly(I:C)-adjuvanted sublingual vaccine induced both mucosal and systemic immunities. Specifically, the sublingual vaccine produced HA-specific secretory IgA antibodies in saliva and nasal washings, and HA-specific IgA and IgG were detected in the blood. This vaccine appeared to be safe, as judged from the results of blood tests and plasma C-reactive protein levels. Notably, sublingual vaccination neither increased the production of inflammation-associated cytokines-IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-17-in the blood, nor upregulated the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines-IL12A, IL12B, IFNA1, IFNB1, CD69, and granzyme B-in white blood cells. Moreover, DNA microarray analyses revealed that sublingual vaccination evoked both enhancing and suppressing expression changes in genes associated with immune-related responses in cynomolgus monkeys. Therefore, the sublingual vaccine with the Poly(I:C) adjuvant is safe, and creates a balanced state of enhancing and suppressing the immune-related response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yamamoto
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- EP Mediate Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirano
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Fusako Mitsunaga
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
- Biomedical Institute, NPO Primate Agora, 52-2 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Wasaki
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- EP Mediate Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kotani
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Innovation Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc., 2-1 Tsukudohachimancho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0815, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.W.); (A.K.); (K.T.)
- Research Center, EPS Innovative Medicine Co., Ltd., 1-8 Tsukudocho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0821, Japan
| | - Shin Nakamura
- Intelligence & Technology Lab, Inc., 52-1 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan; (M.H.); (F.M.)
- Biomedical Institute, NPO Primate Agora, 52-2 Fukue, Kaizu-cho, Kaizu 503-0628, Japan
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Lamothe PA, Capric V, Lee FEH. Viral infections causing asthma exacerbations in the age of biologics and the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30:287-293. [PMID: 38411178 PMCID: PMC10959678 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma exacerbations are associated with substantial symptom burden and healthcare costs. Viral infections are the most common identified cause of asthma exacerbations. The epidemiology of viral respiratory infections has undergone a significant evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationship between viruses and asthmatic hosts has long been recognized but it is still incompletely understood. The use of newly approved asthma biologics has helped us understand this interaction better. RECENT FINDINGS We review recent updates on the interaction between asthma and respiratory viruses, and we address how biologics and immunotherapies could affect this relationship by altering the respiratory mucosa cytokine milieu. By exploring the evolving epidemiological landscape of viral infections during the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, we emphasize the early post-pandemic stage, where a resurgence of pre-pandemic viruses with atypical seasonality patterns occurred. Finally, we discuss the newly developed RSV and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and how they reduce respiratory infections. SUMMARY Characterizing how respiratory viruses interact with asthmatic hosts will allow us to identify tailored therapies to reduce the burden of asthma exacerbations. New vaccination strategies are likely to shape the future viral asthma exacerbation landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Department of Medicine. Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Mahallawi WH, Khabour OF. Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus triggers a strong T helper cell response in human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissues. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103941. [PMID: 38327659 PMCID: PMC10847369 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The pH1N1 belongs to influenza A family that is sometimes transmitted to humans via contact with pigs. Human tonsillar immune cells are widely used as in vitro models to study responses to influenza viruses. In the current study, human memory (M) and naïve (N) T cells responses in mononuclear cells of tonsil (TMCs) and peripheral blood (PBMCs) were stimulated by pH1N1/sH1N1, and then stained for estimation of T cells proliferation index. Individuals with an anti-pH1N1 hemagglutination (HA) inhibition (HAI) titer of forty or greater exhibited stronger HA-specific M-CD4+ T cells responses to pH1N1 in TMCs/PBMCs than those with an HAI titer of less than forty (P < 0.01). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between proliferation indices of M-CD4+ T cells induced by exposure to sH1N1/pH1N1 (p < 0.01). Moreover, a strong correlation (p < 0.001) was detected between subjects' age and their HA-specific M-CD4+ T cells induced by pH1N1 exposure, indicating that this response was age-dependent. Finally, stimulation of TMCs with pH1N1-HA resulted in a significant M-CD8+ T cells response (p < 0.05). In conclusion, pH1N1 HA elicits a strong M-CD4+ T cells response in TMCs. Additionally, this response correlates with the response to sH1N1 suggesting cross-reactivity in T cells epitopes directed against HAs of both viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H. Mahallawi
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F. Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Montalbán-Hernández K, Cogollo-García A, Girón de Velasco-Sada P, Caballero R, Casanovas M, Subiza JL, Conejero L. MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:172. [PMID: 38400155 PMCID: PMC10893268 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. Their excessive and inappropriate use contributes to the rapid rise of antibiotic resistance and underscores the need for alternative strategies, especially when dealing with recurrent RTIs. Prevention is the ideal alternative, but specific vaccines targeting a wide range of respiratory pathogens are scarce. MV130 is a sublingual bacterial vaccine that induces trained immunity and provides non-specific protection against respiratory pathogens in various clinical settings according to the concept of TIbV (Trained Immunity-based Vaccine). A retrospective real-world study (RWS) was conducted to evaluate the annual incidence of RTIs and the consumption of antibiotics before and after the administration of MV130, using data sourced from the medical records of 599 patients (186 children and 413 adults) who suffered from recurrent RTIs. The median number of infectious episodes in children was significantly reduced by more than 70% from 5 episodes (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0-6.0) to 1 (IQR, 0.0-2.0) (p < 0.001) after MV130. Similarly, in adults, the median number of episodes before MV130 immunization was 5 (IQR, 4.0-6.0), which dropped by more than 80% to 1 (IQR, 0.0-1.0) during the year following MV130 immunization (p < 0.001). The median number of antibiotic courses also significantly decreased for both children and adults by over 80% (p < 0.001). This RWS showed that MV130 is an effective strategy for the prevention of respiratory infections and the reduction of associated antibiotic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Conejero
- Inmunotek S.L., 28805 Madrid, Spain; (K.M.-H.); (A.C.-G.); (P.G.d.V.-S.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
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