1
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de Abreu Góes Pereira VM, Gularte JS, Demoliner M, da Silva MS, Girardi V, Filippi M, Frohlich J, Fink P, Hansen AW, Ferreira HL, Afrough B, Kritz-Wilson A, Spilki FR. Influenza outbreak during the surge of SARS-CoV-2 omicron in a metropolitan area from southern Brazil: genomic surveillance. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29944. [PMID: 39360646 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Influenza circulation was significantly affected in 2020-21 by the COVID-19 pandemic. During this time, few influenza cases were recorded. However, in the summer of 2021-22, an increase in atypical influenza cases was observed, leading to the resurgence of influenza in the southernmost state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The present study aimed to identify the circulation of FLUAV, FLUBV and SARS-CoV-2 and characterize the influenza genomes in respiratory samples using high-throughput sequencing technology (HTS). Respiratory samples (n = 694) from patients in RS were selected between July 2021 and August 2022. The samples were typed using reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and showed 32% (223/694) of the samples to be positive for SARS-CoV-2, 7% for FLUAV (H3) (49/694). FLUBV was not detected. RT-qPCR data also resulted in FLUAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections in 1.7% (4/223) of samples tested. Whole genome sequencing of FLUAV produced 15 complete genomes of the H3N2 subtype, phylogenetically classified in the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3 subclade and revealing the dominance of viruses in the southern region of Brazil. Mutation analysis identified 72 amino acid substitutions in all genes, highlighting ongoing genetic evolution with potential implications for vaccine effectiveness, viral fitness, and pathogenicity. This study underscores limitations in current surveillance systems, advocating for comprehensive data inclusion to enhance understanding of influenza epidemiology in southern Brazil. These findings contribute valuable insights to inform more effective public health responses and underscore the critical need for continuous genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Schons Gularte
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julia Frohlich
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pietra Fink
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alana Witt Hansen
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA- USP, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Babak Afrough
- Health Security Agency, New Variant Assessment Platform (NVAP), UK
| | | | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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2
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Kim YH, Park C, Nguyen HD, V Ngo H, Lee BJ. Self-assembled nanonization of fatty acid-conjugated vaccine antigen for enhanced thermal stability. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124176. [PMID: 38688427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the enhanced thermal stability and physicochemical properties of fattigated vaccine antigens. High molecular weight influenza hemagglutinin (Heg) was used as a model antigen because of low heat stability requiring cold chamber. Heg was conjugated with long-chain oleic acid (C18) and short-chain 3-decenoic acid (C10) to prepare fattigated Heg. Circular dichroism analysis revealed no significant changes in the three-dimensional structure post-conjugation. In the liquid state, the fattigated Heg was self-assembled into nanoparticles (NPs) due to its amphiphilic nature, with sizes of 136.27 ± 12.78 nm for oleic acid-conjugated Heg (HOC) and 88.73 ± 3.27 nm for 3-decenoic acid-conjugated Heg (HDC). Accelerated thermal stability studies at 60 °C for 7 days demonstrated that fattigated Heg exhibited higher thermal stability than Heg in various liquid or solid states. The longer-chained HOC showed better thermal stability than HDC in the liquid state, attributed to increased hydrophobic interactions during self-assembly. In bio-mimicking liquid states at 37 °C, HOC exhibited higher thermal stability than Heg. Furthermore, solid-state HOC with cryoprotectants (trehalose, mannitol, and Tween® 80) had significantly increased thermal stability due to reduced exposure of protein surface area via nanonization behavior. The current fattigation platform could be a promising strategy for developing thermostable nano vaccines of heat-labile vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hy D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai V Ngo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kosik I, Da Silva Santos J, Angel M, Hu Z, Holly J, Gibbs JS, Gill T, Kosikova M, Li T, Bakhache W, Dolan PT, Xie H, Andrews SF, Gillespie RA, Kanekiyo M, McDermott AB, Pierson TC, Yewdell JW. C1q enables influenza hemagglutinin stem binding antibodies to block viral attachment and broadens the antibody escape repertoire. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj9534. [PMID: 38517951 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj9534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Antigenic drift, the gradual accumulation of amino acid substitutions in the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) receptor protein, enables viral immune evasion. Antibodies (Abs) specific for the drift-resistant HA stem region are a promising universal influenza vaccine target. Although anti-stem Abs are not believed to block viral attachment, here we show that complement component 1q (C1q), a 460-kilodalton protein with six Ab Fc-binding domains, confers attachment inhibition to anti-stem Abs and enhances their fusion and neuraminidase inhibition. As a result, virus neutralization activity in vitro is boosted up to 30-fold, and in vivo protection from influenza PR8 infection in mice is enhanced. These effects reflect increased steric hindrance and not increased Ab avidity. C1q greatly expands the anti-stem Ab viral escape repertoire to include residues throughout the HA, some of which cause antigenic alterations in the globular region or modulate HA receptor avidity. We also show that C1q enhances the neutralization activity of non-receptor binding domain anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike Abs, an effect dependent on spike density on the virion surface. These findings demonstrate that C1q can greatly expand Ab function and thereby contribute to viral evolution and immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jefferson Da Silva Santos
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mathew Angel
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhe Hu
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James S Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tanner Gill
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina Kosikova
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Bakhache
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick T Dolan
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Molecular Immunoengineering Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Molecular Immunoengineering Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Hsieh CL, Leist SR, Miller EH, Zhou L, Powers JM, Tse AL, Wang A, West A, Zweigart MR, Schisler JC, Jangra RK, Chandran K, Baric RS, McLellan JS. Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 S2-only antigen provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1553. [PMID: 38378768 PMCID: PMC10879192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever-evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have diminished the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines. Developing a coronavirus vaccine that offers a greater breadth of protection against current and future VOCs would eliminate the need to reformulate COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we rationally engineer the sequence-conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and characterize the resulting S2-only antigens. Structural studies demonstrate that the introduction of interprotomer disulfide bonds can lock S2 in prefusion trimers, although the apex samples a continuum of conformations between open and closed states. Immunization with prefusion-stabilized S2 constructs elicits broadly neutralizing responses against several sarbecoviruses and protects female BALB/c mice from mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 lethal challenge and partially protects female BALB/c mice from mouse-adapted SARS-CoV lethal challenge. These engineering and immunogenicity results should inform the development of next-generation pan-coronavirus therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Emily Happy Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra L Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ande West
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark R Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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5
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Park J, Champion JA. Development of Self-Assembled Protein Nanocage Spatially Functionalized with HA Stalk as a Broadly Cross-Reactive Influenza Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25045-25060. [PMID: 38084728 PMCID: PMC10753887 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
There remains a need for the development of a universal influenza vaccine, as current seasonal influenza vaccines exhibit limited protection against mismatched, mutated, or pandemic influenza viruses. A desirable approach to developing an effective universal influenza vaccine is the incorporation of highly conserved antigens in a multivalent scaffold that enhances their immunogenicity. Here, we develop a broadly cross-reactive influenza vaccine by functionalizing self-assembled protein nanocages (SAPNs) with multiple copies of the hemagglutinin stalk on the outer surface and matrix protein 2 ectodomain on the inner surface. SAPNs were generated by engineering short coiled coils, and the design was simulated by MD GROMACS. Due to the short sequences, off-target immune responses against empty SAPN scaffolds were not seen in immunized mice. Vaccination with the multivalent SAPNs induces high levels of broadly cross-reactive antibodies of only external antigens, demonstrating tight spatial control over the designed antigen placement. This work demonstrates the use of SAPNs as a potential influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
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6
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Swart M, Kuipers H, Milder F, Jongeneelen M, Ritschel T, Tolboom J, Muchene L, van der Lubbe J, Izquierdo Gil A, Veldman D, Huizingh J, Verspuij J, Schmit-Tillemans S, Blokland S, de Man M, Roozendaal R, Fox CB, Schuitemaker H, Capelle M, Langedijk JPM, Zahn R, Brandenburg B. Enhancing breadth and durability of humoral immune responses in non-human primates with an adjuvanted group 1 influenza hemagglutinin stem antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:176. [PMID: 37952003 PMCID: PMC10640631 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated annually and suboptimally protect against strains mismatched to the selected vaccine strains. We previously developed a subunit vaccine antigen consisting of a stabilized trimeric influenza A group 1 hemagglutinin (H1) stem protein that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we further optimized the stability and manufacturability of the H1 stem antigen (H1 stem v2, also known as INFLUENZA G1 mHA) and characterized its formulation and potency with different adjuvants in vitro and in animal models. The recombinant H1 stem antigen (50 µg) was administered to influenza-naïve non-human primates either with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] + NaCl, AS01B, or SLA-LSQ formulations at week 0, 8 and 34. These SLA-LSQ formulations comprised of varying ratios of the synthetic TLR4 agonist 'second generation synthetic lipid adjuvant' (SLA) with liposomal QS-21 (LSQ). A vaccine formulation with aluminum hydroxide or SLA-LSQ (starting at a 10:25 µg ratio) induced HA-specific antibodies and breadth of neutralization against a panel of influenza A group 1 pseudoviruses, comparable with vaccine formulated with AS01B, four weeks after the second immunization. A formulation with SLA-LSQ in a 5:2 μg ratio contained larger fused or aggregated liposomes and induced significantly lower humoral responses. Broadly HA stem-binding antibodies were detectable for the entire period after the second vaccine dose up to week 34, after which they were boosted by a third vaccine dose. These findings inform about potential adjuvant formulations in clinical trials with an H1 stem-based vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fin Milder
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tina Ritschel
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Garcia NK, Kephart SM, Benhaim MA, Matsui T, Mileant A, Guttman M, Lee KK. Structural dynamics reveal subtype-specific activation and inhibition of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104765. [PMID: 37121546 PMCID: PMC10220487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a prototypical class 1 viral entry glycoprotein, responsible for mediating receptor binding and membrane fusion. Structures of its prefusion and postfusion forms, embodying the beginning and endpoints of the fusion pathway, have been extensively characterized. Studies probing HA dynamics during fusion have begun to identify intermediate states along the pathway, enhancing our understanding of how HA becomes activated and traverses its conformational pathway to complete fusion. HA is also the most variable, rapidly evolving part of influenza virus, and it is not known whether mechanisms of its activation and fusion are conserved across divergent viral subtypes. Here, we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to compare fusion activation in two subtypes of HA, H1 and H3. Our data reveal subtype-specific behavior in the regions of HA that undergo structural rearrangement during fusion, including the fusion peptide and HA1/HA2 interface. In the presence of an antibody that inhibits the conformational change (FI6v3), we observe that acid-induced dynamic changes near the epitope are dampened, but the degree of protection at the fusion peptide is different for the two subtypes investigated. These results thus provide new insights into variation in the mechanisms of influenza HA's dynamic activation and its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sally M Kephart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark A Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Alexander Mileant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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8
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Lee CY, Raghunathan V, Caceres C, Geiger G, Seibert B, Cargnin Faccin F, Gay L, Ferreri L, Kaul D, Wrammert J, Tan G, Perez D, Lowen A. Epistasis reduces fitness costs of influenza A virus escape from stem-binding antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208718120. [PMID: 37068231 PMCID: PMC10151473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208718120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) stem region is a major target of universal influenza vaccine efforts owing to the presence of highly conserved epitopes across multiple influenza A virus (IAV) strains and subtypes. To explore the potential impact of vaccine-induced immunity targeting the HA stem, we examined the fitness effects of viral escape from stem-binding broadly neutralizing antibodies (stem-bnAbs). Recombinant viruses containing each individual antibody escape substitution showed diminished replication compared to wild-type virus, indicating that stem-bnAb escape incurred fitness costs. A second-site mutation in the HA head domain (N129D; H1 numbering) reduced the fitness effects observed in primary cell cultures and likely enabled the selection of escape mutations. Functionally, this putative permissive mutation increased HA avidity for its receptor. These results suggest a mechanism of epistasis in IAV, wherein modulating the efficiency of attachment eases evolutionary constraints imposed by the requirement for membrane fusion. Taken together, the data indicate that viral escape from stem-bnAbs is costly but highlights the potential for epistatic interactions to enable evolution within the functionally constrained HA stem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, The Republic of Korea
| | - Vedhika Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Emory-University of Georgia Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, GA 30322
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9
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L. Influenza and Universal Vaccine Research in China. Viruses 2022; 15:116. [PMID: 36680158 PMCID: PMC9861666 DOI: 10.3390/v15010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses usually cause seasonal influenza epidemics and influenza pandemics, resulting in acute respiratory illness and, in severe cases, multiple organ complications and even death, posing a serious global and human health burden. Compared with other countries, China has a large population base and a large number of influenza cases and deaths. Currently, influenza vaccination remains the most cost-effective and efficient way to prevent and control influenza, which can significantly reduce the risk of influenza virus infection and serious complications. The antigenicity of the influenza vaccine exhibits good protective efficacy when matched to the seasonal epidemic strain. However, when influenza viruses undergo rapid and sustained antigenic drift resulting in a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the epidemic strain, the protective effect is greatly reduced. As a result, the flu vaccine must be reformulated and readministered annually, causing a significant drain on human and financial resources. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is necessary for the complete fight against the influenza virus. By statistically analyzing cases related to influenza virus infection and death in China in recent years, this paper describes the existing marketed vaccines, vaccine distribution and vaccination in China and summarizes the candidate immunogens designed based on the structure of influenza virus, hoping to provide ideas for the design and development of new influenza vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
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10
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Pascha M, Thijssen V, Egido JE, Linthorst MW, van Lanen JH, van Dongen DAA, Hopstaken AJP, van Kuppeveld FJM, Snijder J, de Haan CAM, Jongkees SAK. Inhibition of H1 and H5 Influenza A Virus Entry by Diverse Macrocyclic Peptides Targeting the Hemagglutinin Stem Region. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2425-2436. [PMID: 35926224 PMCID: PMC9486808 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a serious pandemic risk, while generation of efficient vaccines against seasonal variants remains challenging. There is thus a pressing need for new treatment options. We report here a set of macrocyclic peptides that inhibit influenza A virus infection at low nanomolar concentrations by binding to hemagglutinin, selected using ultrahigh-throughput screening of a diverse peptide library. The peptides are active against both H1 and H5 variants, with no detectable cytotoxicity. Despite the high sequence diversity across hits, all tested peptides were found to bind to the same region in the hemagglutinin stem by HDX-MS epitope mapping. A mutation in this region identified in an escape variant confirmed the binding site. This stands in contrast to the immunodominance of the head region for antibody binding and suggests that macrocyclic peptides from in vitro display may be well suited for finding new druggable sites not revealed by antibodies. Functional analysis indicates that these peptides stabilize the prefusion conformation of the protein and thereby prevent virus-cell fusion. High-throughput screening of macrocyclic peptides is thus shown here to be a powerful method for the discovery of novel broadly acting viral fusion inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte
N. Pascha
- Section
Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department
of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584
CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vito Thijssen
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia E. Egido
- Section
Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department
of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584
CL Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirte W. Linthorst
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jipke H. van Lanen
- Section
Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department
of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584
CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A. A. van Dongen
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J. P. Hopstaken
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for
Molecular and Life Sciences, VU Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section
Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department
of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584
CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section
Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department
of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584
CL Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Seino A. K. Jongkees
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for
Molecular and Life Sciences, VU Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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11
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Bhatnagar N, Kim KH, Subbiah J, Park BR, Wang P, Gill HS, Wang BZ, Kang SM. Adjuvant Effects of a New Saponin Analog VSA-1 on Enhancing Homologous and Heterosubtypic Protection by Influenza Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091383. [PMID: 36146461 PMCID: PMC9501088 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can increase the magnitude and durability of the immune response generated by the vaccine antigen. Aluminum salts (Alum) remain the main adjuvant licensed for human use. A few new adjuvants have been licensed for use in human vaccines since the 1990s. QS-21, a mixture of saponin compounds, was included in the AS01-adjuvanted Shingrix vaccine. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effects of VSA-1, a newly developed semisynthetic analog of QS-21, on promoting protection in mice after vaccination with the inactivated split virus vaccine. The adjuvant effects of VSA-1 on improving vaccine efficacy after prime immunization were evident as shown by significantly higher levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers and enhanced homologous protection compared to those by QS-21 and Alum adjuvants. The adjuvant effects of VSA-1 on enhancing heterosubtypic protection after two doses of adjuvanted vaccination were comparable to those of QS-21. T cell immunity played an important role in conferring cross-protection by VSA-1-adjuvanted vaccination. Overall, the findings in this study suggest that VSA-1 exhibits desirable adjuvant properties and a unique pattern of innate and adaptive immune responses, contributing to improved homologous and heterosubtypic protection by inactivated split influenza vaccination in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Subbiah J, Oh J, Kim KH, Shin CH, Park BR, Bhatnagar N, Seong BL, Wang BZ, Kang SM. A chimeric thermostable M2e and H3 stalk-based universal influenza A virus vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:68. [PMID: 35768475 PMCID: PMC9243060 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a new chimeric M2e and H3 hemagglutinin (HA) stalk protein vaccine (M2e-H3 stalk) by genetic engineering of modified H3 stalk domain conjugated with conserved M2e epitopes to overcome the drawbacks of low efficacy by monomeric domain-based universal vaccines. M2e-H3 stalk protein expressed and purified from Escherichia coli was thermostable, displaying native-like antigenic epitopes recognized by antisera of different HA subtype proteins and influenza A virus infections. Adjuvanted M2e-H3 stalk vaccination induced M2e and stalk-specific IgG antibodies recognizing viral antigens on virus particles and on the infected cell surface, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, and antibody-dependent cytotoxic cell surrogate activity in mice. M2e-H3 stalk was found to confer protection against heterologous and heterosubtypic cross-group subtype viruses (H1N1, H5N1, H9N2, H3N2, H7N9) at similar levels in adult and aged mice. These results provide evidence that M2e-H3 stalk chimeric proteins can be developed as a universal influenza A virus vaccine candidate for young and aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chong-Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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13
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Carascal MB, Pavon RDN, Rivera WL. Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development Toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878943. [PMID: 35663997 PMCID: PMC9162156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flu, a viral infection caused by the influenza virus, is still a global public health concern with potential to cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Vaccination is considered the most effective protective strategy against the infection. However, given the high plasticity of the virus and the suboptimal immunogenicity of existing influenza vaccines, scientists are moving toward the development of universal vaccines. An important property of universal vaccines is their ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, i.e., a wide immune response coverage toward different influenza subtypes. With the increasing number of studies and mounting evidence on the safety and efficacy of recombinant influenza vaccines (RIVs), they have been proposed as promising platforms for the development of universal vaccines. This review highlights the current progress and advances in the development of RIVs in the context of heterosubtypic immunity induction toward universal vaccine production. In particular, this review discussed existing knowledge on influenza and vaccine development, current hemagglutinin-based RIVs in the market and in the pipeline, other potential vaccine targets for RIVs (neuraminidase, matrix 1 and 2, nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, and basic 1 and 2 antigens), and deantigenization process. This review also provided discussion points and future perspectives in looking at RIVs as potential universal vaccine candidates for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Carascal
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Rance Derrick N Pavon
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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14
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Flynn JA, Weber T, Cejas PJ, Cox KS, Touch S, Austin LA, Ou Y, Citron MP, Luo B, Gindy ME, Bahl K, Ciaramella G, Espeseth AS, Zhang L. Characterization of humoral and cell-mediated immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing influenza hemagglutinin stem and nucleoprotein in mice and nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2022; 40:4412-4423. [PMID: 35680500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to immune pressure, influenza viruses evolve, producing drifted variants capable of escaping immune recognition. One strategy for inducing a broad-spectrum immune response capable of recognizing multiple antigenically diverse strains is to target conserved proteins or protein domains. To that end, we assessed the efficacy and immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines encoding either the conserved stem domain of a group 1 hemagglutinin (HA), a group 2 nucleoprotein (NP), or a combination of the two antigens in mice, as well as evaluated immunogenicity in naïve and influenza seropositive nonhuman primates (NHPs). HA stem-immunized animals developed a robust anti-stem antibody binding titer, and serum antibodies recognized antigenically distinct group 1 HA proteins. These antibodies showed little to no neutralizing activity in vitro but were active in an assay measuring induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. HA-directed cell-mediated immunity was weak following HA stem mRNA vaccination; however, robust CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were detected in both mice and NHPs after immunization with mRNA vaccines encoding NP. Both HA stem and NP mRNA vaccines partially protected mice from morbidity following lethal influenza virus challenge, and superior efficacy against two different H1N1 strains was observed when the antigens were combined. In vivo T cell depletion suggested that anti-NP cell-mediated immunity contributed to protection in the mouse model. Taken together, these data show that mRNA vaccines encoding conserved influenza antigens, like HA stem and NP in combination, induce broadly reactive humoral responses as well as cell-mediated immunity in mice and NHPs, providing protection against homologous and heterologous influenza infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yangsi Ou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
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15
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Subbbiah J, Oh J, Kim KH, Shin CH, Park BR, Bhatnagar N, Jung YJ, Lee Y, Wang BZ, Seong BL, Kang SM. Thermostable H1 hemagglutinin stem with M2e epitopes provides broad cross-protection against group1 and 2 influenza A viruses. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:38-51. [PMID: 35755946 PMCID: PMC9198381 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) stem-based vaccines have limitations in providing broad and effective protection against cross-group influenza viruses, despite being a promising universal vaccine target. To overcome the limited cross-protection and low efficacy by HA stem vaccination, we genetically engineered a chimeric conjugate of thermostable H1 HA stem and highly conserved M2e repeat (M2e-H1stem), which was expressed at high yields in Escherichia coli. M2e-H1stem protein presented native-like epitopes reactive to antisera of live virus infection. M2e-H1stem protein vaccination of mice induced strong M2e- and HA stem-specific immune responses, conferring broadly effective cross-protection against both antigenically distinct group 1 (H1N1, H5N1, and H9N2 subtypes) and group 2 (H3N2 and H7N9 subtypes) seasonal and pandemic potential influenza viruses. M2e-H1stem vaccination generated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and antibody-dependent cytotoxic cellular and humoral immunity, which contributed to enhancing cross-protection. Furthermore, comparable broad cross-group protection was observed in older aged mice after M2e-H1stem vaccination. This study provides evidence warranting further development of chimeric M2e-stem proteins as a promising universal influenza vaccine candidate in adult and aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Subbbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance (VITAL), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Corresponding author Sang-Moo Kang, PhD, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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16
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Zhu X, Han J, Sun W, Puente-Massaguer E, Yu W, Palese P, Krammer F, Ward AB, Wilson IA. Influenza chimeric hemagglutinin structures in complex with broadly protective antibodies to the stem and trimer interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200821119. [PMID: 35594401 PMCID: PMC9173763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200821119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) has been the primary target for influenza vaccine development. Broadly protective antibodies targeting conserved regions of the HA unlock the possibility of generating universal influenza immunity. Two group 2 influenza A chimeric HAs, cH4/3 and cH15/3, were previously designed to elicit antibodies to the conserved HA stem. Here, we show by X-ray crystallography and negative-stain electron microscopy that a broadly protective antistem antibody can stably bind to cH4/3 and cH15/3 HAs, thereby validating their potential as universal vaccine immunogens. Furthermore, flexibility was observed in the head domain of the chimeric HA structures, suggesting that antibodies could also potentially interact with the head interface epitope. Our structural and binding studies demonstrated that a broadly protective antihead trimeric interface antibody could indeed target the more open head domain of the cH15/3 HA trimer. Thus, in addition to inducing broadly protective antibodies against the conserved HA stem, chimeric HAs may also be able to elicit antibodies against the conserved trimer interface in the HA head domain, thereby increasing the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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17
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Tharmalingam T, Han X, Wozniak A, Saward L. Polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin: A proven treatment and prophylaxis platform for passive immunization to address existing and emerging diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1886560. [PMID: 34010089 PMCID: PMC9090292 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1886560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin (HIG) therapy represents a proven strategy by transferring immunoglobulins to patients to confer immediate protection against a range of pathogens including infectious agents and toxins. Distinct from active immunization, the protection is passive and the immunoglobulins will clear from the system; therefore, administration of an effective dose must be maintained for prophylaxis or treatment until a natural adaptive immune response is mounted or the pathogen/agent is cleared. The current review provides an overview of this technology, key considerations to address different pathogens, and suggested improvements. The review will reflect on key learnings from development of HIGs in the response to public health threats due to Zika, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ashley Wozniak
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Dong C, Wang BZ. Engineered Nanoparticulate Vaccines to Combat Recurring and Pandemic Influenza Threats. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2:2100122. [PMID: 35754779 PMCID: PMC9231845 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoccurring seasonal flu epidemics and occasional pandemics are among the most severe threats to public health. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against drifted circulating strains and no protection against influenza pandemics. Next-generation influenza vaccines, designated as universal influenza vaccines, should be safe, affordable, and elicit long-lasting cross-protective influenza immunity. Nanotechnology plays a critical role in the development of such novel vaccines. Engineered nanoparticles can incorporate multiple advantageous properties into the same nanoparticulate platforms to improve vaccine potency and breadth. These immunological properties include virus-like biomimicry, high antigen-load, controlled antigen release, targeted delivery, and induction of innate signaling pathways. Many nanoparticle influenza vaccines have shown promising results in generating potent and broadly protective immune responses. This review will summarize the necessity and characteristics of next-generation influenza vaccines and the immunological correlates of broad influenza immunity and focus on how cutting-edge nanoparticle technology contributes to such vaccine development. The review will give new insights into the rational design of nanoparticle universal vaccines to combat influenza epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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19
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Zolotarova O, Fesenko A, Holubka O, Radchenko L, Bortz E, Budzanivska I, Mironenko A. Genotypic Variants of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Ukraine during the 2015/16 Influenza Season. Viruses 2021; 13:2125. [PMID: 34834932 PMCID: PMC8619959 DOI: 10.3390/v13112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human type A influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09 have caused seasonal epidemics of influenza since the 2009-2010 pandemic. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses had a leading role in the severe epidemic season of 2015/16 in the Northern Hemisphere and caused a high incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Ukraine. Serious complications of influenza-associated severe ARI (SARI) were observed in the very young and individuals at increased risk, and 391 fatal cases occurred in the 2015/16 epidemic season. We analyzed the genetic changes in the genomes of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses isolated from SARI cases in Ukraine during the 2015/16 season. The viral hemagglutinin (HA) fell in H1 group 6B.1 for all but four isolates, with known mutations affecting glycosylation, the Sa antigenic site (S162N in all 6B.1 isolates), or virulence (D222G/N in two isolates). Other mutations occurred in antigenic site Ca (A141P and S236P), and a subgroup of four strains were in group 6B.2, with potential alterations to antigenicity in A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating in 2015/16 in Ukraine. A cluster of Ukrainian isolates exhibited novel D2E and N48S mutations in the RNA binding domain, and E125D in the effector domain, of immune evasion nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). The diverse spectrum of amino-acid substitutions in HA, NS1, and other viral proteins including nucleoprotein (NP) and the polymerase complex suggested the concurrent circulation of multiple lineages of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses in the human population in Ukraine, a country with low vaccination coverage, complicating public health measures against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zolotarova
- Educational Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Anna Fesenko
- Gromashevsky L.V. Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.H.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Olga Holubka
- Gromashevsky L.V. Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.H.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Larysa Radchenko
- Gromashevsky L.V. Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.H.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Eric Bortz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA;
| | - Iryna Budzanivska
- Educational Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Alla Mironenko
- Gromashevsky L.V. Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.H.); (L.R.); (A.M.)
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20
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Kotani O, Suzuki Y, Saito S, Ainai A, Ueno A, Hemmi T, Sano K, Tabata K, Yokoyama M, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Sato H. Structure-Guided Creation of an Anti-HA Stalk Antibody F11 Derivative That Neutralizes Both F11-Sensitive and -Resistant Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091733. [PMID: 34578314 PMCID: PMC8473006 DOI: 10.3390/v13091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The stalk domain of influenza virus envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) constitutes the axis connecting the head and transmembrane domains, and plays pivotal roles in conformational rearrangements of HA for virus infection. Here we characterized molecular interactions between the anti-HA stalk neutralization antibody F11 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 HA to understand the structural basis of the actions and modifications of this antibody. In silico structural analyses using a model of the trimeric HA ectodomain indicated that the F11 Fab fragment has physicochemical properties, allowing it to crosslink two HA monomers by binding to a region near the proteolytic cleavage site of the stalk domain. Interestingly, the F11 binding allosterically caused a marked suppression of the structural dynamics of the HA cleavage loop and flanking regions. Structure-guided mutagenesis of the F11 antibody revealed a critical residue in the F11 light chain for the F11-mediated neutralization. Finally, the mutagenesis led to identification of a unique F11 derivative that can neutralize both F11-sensitive and F11-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. These results raise the possibility that F11 sterically and physically disturbs proteolytic cleavage of HA for the ordered conformational rearrangements and suggest that in silico guiding experiments can be useful to create anti-HA stalk antibodies with new phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kotani
- Center for Pathogen Genomics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yasushi Suzuki
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Shinji Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Akira Ueno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Takuya Hemmi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Center for Pathogen Genomics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.A.); (A.U.); (T.H.); ka-- (K.S.); (K.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hironori Sato
- Center for Pathogen Genomics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
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21
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Vzorov AN, Samokhvalov EI, Chebanenko VV, Scheblyakov DV, Gintsburg AL. Modification of the Spike Protein for Vaccines against Enveloped RNA Viruses. Mol Biol 2021; 55:538-547. [PMID: 34465926 PMCID: PMC8390073 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies that target the viral envelope. Enveloped RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms for surface glycoproteins to evade host immune responses, which exhibit substantial variability, even among different strains. Natural infection and vaccines using native forms of surface proteins may induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, yet with low and ineffective levels. Class I membrane-fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses, HIV-1, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, yield a stable conformation (so-called "pre-fusion") in providing fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Modified viral surface proteins that are based on these features induce neutralizing antibodies with activity available against a broad spectrum of circulating strains and make it possible to overcome the difficulties associated with escape/variability of viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Vzorov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Samokhvalov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Chebanenko
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - D. V. Scheblyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. L. Gintsburg
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Valgardsdottir R, Cattaneo I, Napolitano G, Raglio A, Spinelli O, Salmoiraghi S, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Farina C, Golay J. Identification of Human SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies from Convalescent Patients Using EBV Immortalization. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34287229 PMCID: PMC8293222 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of two human IgG1k monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These mAbs were isolated from two donors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection during the first pandemic peak in the Lombardy region of Italy, the first European and initially most affected region in March 2020. We used the method of EBV immortalization of purified memory B cells and supernatant screening with a spike S1/2 assay for mAb isolation. This method allowed rapid isolation of clones, with one donor showing about 7% of clones positive against spike protein, whereas the other donor did not produce positive clones out of 91 tested. RNA was extracted from positive clones 39-47 days post-EBV infection, allowing VH and VL sequencing. The same clones were sequenced again after a further 100 days in culture, showing that no mutation had taken place during in vitro expansion. The B cell clones could be expanded in culture for more than 4 months after EBV immortalization and secreted the antibodies stably during that time, allowing to purify mg quantities of each mAb for functional assays without generating recombinant proteins. Unfortunately, neither mAb had significant neutralizing activity in a virus infection assay with several different SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The antibody sequences are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valgardsdottir
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gavino Napolitano
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Annibale Raglio
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | - Claudio Farina
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Josee Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Immune Responses Elicited by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines as Correlates of Universal Protection against Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040353. [PMID: 33916924 PMCID: PMC8067561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains a major public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality by annual epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Although current seasonal influenza vaccines provide efficient protection, antigenic changes of the viruses often significantly compromise the protection efficacy of vaccines, rendering most populations vulnerable to the viral infection. Considerable efforts have been made to develop a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) able to confer long-lasting and broad protection. Recent studies have characterized multiple immune correlates required for providing broad protection against influenza viruses, including neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, T cell responses, and mucosal immunity. To induce broadly protective immune responses by vaccination, various strategies using live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and novel vaccine platforms are under investigation. Despite superior cross-protection ability, very little attention has been paid to LAIVs for the development of UIV. This review focuses on immune responses induced by LAIVs, with special emphasis placed on the breadth and the potency of individual immune correlates. The promising prospect of LAIVs to serve as an attractive and reliable vaccine platforms for a UIV is also discussed. Several important issues that should be addressed with respect to the use of LAIVs as UIV are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea;
- Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea
| | - Baik L. Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-7416
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24
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Neerukonda SN. Interplay between RNA Viruses and Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040057. [PMID: 33807177 PMCID: PMC8065607 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are nuclear membrane-less sub structures that play a critical role in diverse cellular pathways including cell proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, stem cell renewal, alternative lengthening of telomeres, chromatin organization, epigenetic regulation, protein turnover, autophagy, intrinsic and innate antiviral immunity. While intrinsic and innate immune functions of PML NBs or PML NB core proteins are well defined in the context of nuclear replicating DNA viruses, several studies also confirm their substantial roles in the context of RNA viruses. In the present review, antiviral activities of PML NBs or its core proteins on diverse RNA viruses that replicate in cytoplasm or the nucleus were discussed. In addition, viral counter mechanisms that reorganize PML NBs, and specifically how viruses usurp PML NB functions in order to create a cellular environment favorable for replication and pathogenesis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Department of Animal and Food and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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25
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Strategies Targeting Hemagglutinin as a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030257. [PMID: 33805749 PMCID: PMC7998911 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has significant viral diversity, both through antigenic drift and shift, which makes development of a vaccine challenging. Current influenza vaccines are updated yearly to include strains predicted to circulate in the upcoming influenza season, however this can lead to a mismatch which reduces vaccine efficacy. Several strategies targeting the most abundant and immunogenic surface protein of influenza, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, have been explored. These strategies include stalk-directed, consensus-based, and computationally derived HA immunogens. In this review, we explore vaccine strategies which utilize novel antigen design of the HA protein to improve cross-reactive immunity for development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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