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Niyibitegeka F, Russell FM, Jit M, Carvalho N. Inequitable Distribution of Global Economic Benefits from Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:767. [PMID: 39066405 PMCID: PMC11281544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many low- and middle-income countries have been slow to introduce the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into their routine childhood immunization schedules despite a high burden of disease. We estimated the global economic surplus of PCV, defined as the sum of the net value to 194 countries (i.e., monetized health benefits minus net costs) and to vaccine manufacturers (i.e., profits). We further explored the distribution of global economic surplus across country income groups and manufacturers and the effect of different pricing strategies based on cross-subsidization, pooled procurement, and various tiered pricing mechanisms. We found that current PCV pricing policies disproportionately benefit high-income countries and manufacturers. Based on the 2021 birth cohort, high-income countries and manufacturers combined received 76.5% of the net economic benefits generated by the vaccine. Over the two decades of PCV availability, low- and middle-income countries have not received the full economic benefits of PCV. Cross-subsidization of the vaccine price for low- and middle-income countries and pooled procurement policies that would relate the vaccine price to the value of economic benefits generated for each country could reduce these inequalities. This analysis offers important considerations that may improve the equitable introduction and use of new and under-utilized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulgence Niyibitegeka
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia;
| | - Fiona M. Russell
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK;
| | - Natalie Carvalho
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia;
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
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Banerjee P, Huber J, Denti V, Sauer M, Weeks R, Dhaliwal BK, Shet A. Closing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction gap: an archetype analysis of last-mile countries. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2281065. [PMID: 38084434 PMCID: PMC10795629 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2281065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia remains the leading infectious cause of global childhood deaths, despite the availability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) products and widespread evidence of their safety and efficacy. OBJECTIVE To map the landscape of countries that are yet to fully include PCV in their National Immunization Programs, we conducted an archetype analysis of country indicators related to barriers and facilitators for PCV decision-making. METHODS We created a country matrix focused on three key domains - health characteristics, immunisation factors, and policy framework, and identified ten related indicators. We scored countries based on indicator performance and subsequently ranked and grouped them into three archetypes of low-, moderate-, and high-barrier countries with regard to PCV introduction. RESULTS Our results indicated 39 countries (33 low- and middle-income countries [LMICs] and 6 high-income countries) that are yet to introduce PCV. Among LMICs, 15 countries were classified as 'low-barrier,' indicating factors favourable for PCV introduction such as high immunisation coverage of common childhood vaccines, supportive governments, and substantial disease burden and eligibility for Gavi support. Countries classified in the 'moderate-barrier' (12) and 'high-barrier' (6) archetypes demonstrated adequate capacity in immunisation systems but had competing national priorities and cost barriers that impeded policy decision-making on PCV introduction. CONCLUSIONS The current health and policy indicator-based categorisation provides an actionable framework to design tailored PCV advocacy within these last-mile countries. Policy approaches emerging from this framework can lead to strengthened decision-making on vaccine introduction and sustained vaccine access that can enhance child survival worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetika Banerjee
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jasmine Huber
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Molly Sauer
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rose Weeks
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Baldeep K. Dhaliwal
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anita Shet
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Syeed MS, Ghule P, Le LM, Veettil SK, Horn EK, Perdrizet J, Wasserman M, Thakkinstian A, Chaiyakunapruk N. Pneumococcal Vaccination in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cost-Effectiveness Studies. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:598-611. [PMID: 36328324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced disease burden caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the incremental net benefit (INB) of the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) and 10-valent PCV (PCV10) in children. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search in several databases published before May 2022. Studies were included if they were cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analyses of PCV13 or PCV10 compared with no vaccination or with each other in children. Various monetary units were converted to purchasing power parity, adjusted to 2021 US dollars. The INBs were calculated and then pooled across studies stratified by country income level, perspective, and consideration of herd effects, using a random-effect model. RESULTS Seventy studies were included. When herd effects were considered, PCV13 was cost-effective compared with PCV10 from the payer perspective in both high-income countries (HICs) (INB, $103.94; 95% confidence interval, $75.28-$132.60) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (INB, $53.49; 95% confidence interval, $30.42-$76.55) with statistical significance. These findings were robust across a series of sensitivity analyses. PCV13 was cost-effective compared with no vaccination across perspectives and consideration of herd effects in both HICs and LMICs, whereas findings were less consistent for PCV10. CONCLUSION PCVs were generally cost-effective compared with no vaccination in HICs and LMICs. Our study found that PCV13 was cost-effective compared with PCV10 when herd effects were considered from the payer perspective in both HICs and LMICs. The results are sensitive to the consideration of herd effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakil Syeed
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghule
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lan M Le
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- The Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; IDEAS Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Galanis P, Vraka I, Katsiroumpa A, Siskou O, Konstantakopoulou O, Zogaki E, Kaitelidou D. Psychosocial Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:269. [PMID: 36851147 PMCID: PMC9967309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the factors associated with the COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women is paramount to persuade women to get vaccinated against COVID-19. We estimated the vaccination rate of pregnant women against COVID-19 and evaluated psychosocial factors associated with vaccine uptake among them. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. In particular, we investigated socio-demographic data of pregnant women (e.g., age, marital status, and educational level), COVID-19 related variables (e.g., previous COVID-19 diagnosis and worry about the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines), and stress due to COVID-19 (e.g., danger and contamination fears, fears about economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19) as possible predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Among pregnant women, 58.6% had received a COVID-19 vaccine. The most important reasons that pregnant women were not vaccinated were doubts about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines (31.4%), fear that COVID-19 vaccines could be harmful to the fetus (29.4%), and fear of adverse side effects of COVID-19 vaccines (29.4%). Increased danger and contamination fears, increased fears about economic consequences, and higher levels of trust in COVID-19 vaccines were related with vaccine uptake. On the other hand, increased compulsive checking and reassurance seeking and increased worry about the adverse side effects of COVID-19 vaccines reduced the likelihood of pregnant women being vaccinated. An understanding of the psychosocial factors associated with increased COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women could be helpful for policy makers and healthcare professionals in their efforts to persuade women to get vaccinated against COVID-19. There is a need for targeted educational campaigns to increase knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines and reduce vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Galanis
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Vraka
- Department of Radiology, P. & A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aglaia Katsiroumpa
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Siskou
- Department of Tourism Studies, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Olympia Konstantakopoulou
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Zogaki
- Faculty of Midwifery, University of West Attica, West Attica, 12243 Aigaleo, Greece
| | - Daphne Kaitelidou
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Shao W, Chen X, Zheng C, Wang G, Zhang B, Zhang W. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage and willingness in mainland China. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:864-872. [PMID: 35942809 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the coverage and willingness of pneumococcal vaccination and further explore the influencing factors of vaccination willingness among people in mainland China. METHODS Literature searches were conducted independently by two researchers in English- and Chinese-language databases from database inception to October 6, 2021. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to derive summary vaccination coverage and willingness. Predefined subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS 97 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The summary vaccination coverage in 76 included studies was 21.7% (95% CI: 17.2 - 26.5%). Subgroup analysis shows that the summary coverage was 29.0% (95% CI, 20.4 - 39.1%) among permanent residents and 20.7% (95% CI, 12.4 - 35.9%) among floating residents. The eastern and central regions presented higher coverage than the western region. Notable differences were observed between the various study populations. 27 studies provided an estimation of vaccination willingness, with a summary willingness of 51.2% (95% CI, 40.4 - 61.9%). In subgroup analysis the summary willingness was 57.9 % (95% CI, 48.3 - 67.2%) in urban areas and 52.3 % (95% CI, 40.8 - 63.8%) in rural areas. Parents with children and people with a history of pneumonia were more willing to be vaccinated than the elderly. Recommendations by family members and physicians, previous pneumococcal and influenza vaccination, perceived vaccination effectiveness and severity of disease and a history of pneumonia contributed to vaccination willingness. CONCLUSIONS Compared to global estimates and to other countries, pneumococcal vaccination coverage and willingness are at a lower level in mainland China. Recommendations for vaccination by family members and doctors, a history of vaccination and the perception of pneumonia and vaccination are associated with greater willingness to be vaccinated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caifang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Tantawichien T, Hsu LY, Zaidi O, Bernauer M, Du F, Yamada E, Kim JO, Sukarom I. Systematic literature review of the disease burden and vaccination of pneumococcal disease among adults in select Asia-Pacific areas. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:215-226. [PMID: 34894996 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2016399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumococcal diseases are common and cause significant morbidity and mortality, with higher rates especially in developing areas including many in the Asia-Pacific (AP) region. However, current strategies to prevent pneumococcal disease in adults are quite complicated and not well implemented among many AP areas, and vaccination coverage rates among adults are generally low or perceived as low in the region. Thus, this literature review's purpose was to summarize the disease burden and vaccination against pneumococcal diseases among adults in select AP areas (Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam). AREAS COVERED This systematic review included published articles from January 2010 to August 2020 using MEDLINE/Embase. Grey literature websites were searched for national immunization programs and medical society vaccination recommendations from areas of interest. A total of 69 publications were identified. EXPERT OPINION In the AP region, pneumococcal disease burden and serotype prevalence are variable among adult populations, particularly among older adults. Data was provided primarily from countries with established national immunization programs (NIPs). Further research on the disease burden and emphasis on the benefits of vaccination in AP areas lacking pneumococcal vaccination programs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terapong Tantawichien
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Li Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Omer Zaidi
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Newton, MA, USA
| | | | - Frieda Du
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Eriko Yamada
- Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, MSD Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Oh Kim
- Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, MSD Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Isaya Sukarom
- Center for Observational and Real-world Evidence, MSD Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Suwantika AA, Zakiyah N, Abdulah R, Sitohang V, Tandy G, Anartati A, Hidayatullah T, Herliana P, Hadinegoro SR. Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact Analyses of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Indonesia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:7494965. [PMID: 33995536 PMCID: PMC8096558 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7494965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a country with the high number of deaths due to pneumococcal disease, Indonesia has not yet included pneumococcal vaccination into the routine program. This study aimed to analyse the cost-effectiveness and the budget impact of pneumococcal vaccination in Indonesia by developing an age-structured cohort model. In a comparison with no vaccination, the use of two vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13) within two pricing scenarios (UNICEF and government contract price) was taken into account. To estimate the cost-effectiveness value, a 5-year time horizon was applied by extrapolating the outcome of the individual in the modelled cohort until 5 years of age with a 1-month analytical cycle. To estimate the affordability value, a 6-year period (2019-2024) was applied by considering the government's strategic plan on pneumococcal vaccination. In a comparison with no vaccination, the results showed that vaccination would reduce pneumococcal disease by 1,702,548 and 2,268,411 cases when using PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. Vaccination could potentially reduce the highest treatment cost from the payer perspective at $53.6 million and $71.4 million for PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. Applying the UNICEF price, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from the healthcare perspective would be $218 and $162 per QALY-gained for PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. Applying the government contract price, the ICER would be $987 and $747 per QALY-gained for PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. The result confirmed that PCV13 was more cost-effective than PCV10 with both prices. In particular, introduction cost per child was estimated to be $0.91 and vaccination cost of PCV13 per child (3 doses) was estimated to be $16.61 and $59.54 with UNICEF and government contract prices, respectively. Implementation of nationwide vaccination would require approximately $73.3-$75.0 million (13-14% of routine immunization budget) and $257.4-$263.5 million (45-50% of routine immunization budget) with UNICEF and government contract prices, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that vaccine efficacy, mortality rate, and vaccine price were the most influential parameters affecting the ICER. In conclusion, pneumococcal vaccination would be a highly cost-effective intervention to be implemented in Indonesia. Yet, applying PCV13 with UNICEF price would give the best cost-effectiveness and affordability values on the routine immunization budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auliya A. Suwantika
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Neily Zakiyah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Vensya Sitohang
- Directorate of Health Surveillance and Quarantine, Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta 12750, Indonesia
| | - Gertrudis Tandy
- Directorate of Health Surveillance and Quarantine, Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta 12750, Indonesia
| | - Atiek Anartati
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Jakarta 10450, Indonesia
| | | | - Putri Herliana
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Jakarta 10450, Indonesia
| | - Sri R. Hadinegoro
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10440, Indonesia
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Moore DP, Madhi SA. Of novel analytic approaches and impactful findings… and an opportunity to pose more questions. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2020; 2:100018. [PMID: 34327374 PMCID: PMC8315651 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Moore
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (VIDA); Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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