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Xu Z, Zhang M, Zhang T, Cui H, Li H, Wang X, Zhao X, Chen X, Cheng H, Xu J, Ding Z. Immunoprotective efficacy evaluation of OmpTS subunit vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109665. [PMID: 38830521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia in freshwater fish is mainly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection, which affects the development of aquaculture industry. In the context of sustainable aquaculture, subunit vaccines are of great values because they play positive roles in reducing the overuse of antibiotics and protecting aquatic animals against bacterial infection. In this study, the recombinant outer membrane protein OmpTS of A. hydrophila were used as subunit vaccine to immunize Megalobrama amblycephala, and its immunoprotective effect and host immune responses were evaluated. The survival rates of the vaccinated groups after bacterial infection were significantly higher than that of the control group, especially of the OmpTS high-dose vaccinated group. The better protective effects of vaccinated groups might be attributed to the increased levels of serum IgM-specific antibody titer, the reduced relative abundance of A. hydrophila in various tissues, the increased number of immune-positive cells with different epitopes, the up-regulated expression levels of immune-related genes, and the enhanced activities of antibacterial enzymes. In conclusion, OmpTS subunit vaccine could strongly induce host immune responses in M. amblycephala, thereby enhancing both cellular and humoral immunity, which exhibited excellent and effective immunoprotective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hujun Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Mei J, Yang Q, Jiang L, Wang T, Li Y, Yu X, Wu Z. Immune protection of grass carp by oral vaccination with recombinant Bacillus methylotrophicus expressing the heterologous tolC gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109701. [PMID: 38878911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
In the field of aquaculture, the enhancement of animal health and disease prevention is progressively being tackled using alternatives to antibiotics, including vaccines and probiotics. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of a recombinant Bacillus methylotrophicus, engineered to express the outer membrane channel protein TolC of Aeromonas hydrophila AH3 and the green fluorescent protein GFP, as an oral vaccine. Initially, the genes encoding tolC and GFP were cloned into a prokaryotic expression system, and anti-TolC mouse antiserum was generated. Subsequently, the tolC gene was subcloned into a modified pMDGFP plasmid, which was transformed into B. methylotrophicus WM-1 for protein expression. The recombinant B. methylotrophicus BmT was then administered to grass carp via co-feeding, and its efficacy as an oral vaccine was assessed. Our findings demonstrated successful expression of the 55 kDa TolC and 28 kDa GFP proteins, and the preparation of polyclonal antibodies with high specificity. The BmT exhibited stable expression of the GFP-TolC fusion protein and excellent genetic stability. Following oral immunization, significant elevations were observed in serum-specific IgM levels and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lysozyme (LZM) in grass carp. Concurrently, significant upregulation of immune-related genes, including IFN-I, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IgT, was noted in the intestines, head kidney, and spleen of the grass carp. Colonization tests further revealed that the BmT persisted in the gut of immunized fish even after a fasting period of 7 days. Notably, oral administration of BmT enhanced the survival rate of grass carp following A. hydrophila infection. These results suggest that the oral BmT vaccine developed in this study holds promise for future applications in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mei
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengli Wu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Aquatic Biodiversity Protection Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Tekedar HC, Patel F, Blom J, Griffin MJ, Waldbieser GC, Kumru S, Abdelhamed H, Dharan V, Hanson LA, Lawrence ML. Tad pili contribute to the virulence and biofilm formation of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1425624. [PMID: 39145307 PMCID: PMC11322086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1425624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are versatile proteinaceous protrusions that mediate diverse bacterial processes, including adhesion, motility, and biofilm formation. Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe, causes disease in a wide range of hosts. Previously, we reported the presence of a unique Type IV class C pilus, known as tight adherence (Tad), in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh). In the present study, we sought to functionalize the role of Tad pili in the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila ML09-119. Through a comprehensive comparative genomics analysis of 170 A. hydrophila genomes, the conserved presence of the Tad operon in vAh isolates was confirmed, suggesting its potential contribution to pathogenicity. Herein, the entire Tad operon was knocked out from A. hydrophila ML09-119 to elucidate its specific role in A. hydrophila virulence. The absence of the Tad operon did not affect growth kinetics but significantly reduced virulence in catfish fingerlings, highlighting the essential role of the Tad operon during infection. Biofilm formation of A. hydrophila ML09-119 was significantly decreased in the Tad operon deletant. Absence of the Tad operon had no effect on sensitivity to other environmental stressors, including hydrogen peroxide, osmolarity, alkalinity, and temperature; however, it was more sensitive to low pH conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Tad mutant had a rougher surface structure during log phase growth than the wildtype strain, indicating the absence of Tad impacts the outer surface of vAh during cell division, of which the biological consequences are unknown. These findings highlight the role of Tad in vAh pathogenesis and biofilm formation, signifying the importance of T4P in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Fenny Patel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | | | - Salih Kumru
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Vandana Dharan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Larry A. Hanson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Mark L. Lawrence
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Ma YH, Sheng YD, Zhang D, Liu JT, Tian Y, Li H, Li XF, Li N, Sun P, Siddiqui SA, Sun WW, Zhang L, Shan XF, Wang CF, Qian AD, Zhang DX. Acanthopanax senticosus cultures fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus enhanced immune response through improvement of antioxidant activity and inflammation in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106614. [PMID: 38492825 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been recognized as safe microorganism that improve micro-flora disturbances and enhance immune response. A well-know traditional herbal medicine, Acanthopanax senticosus (As) was extensively utilized in aquaculture to improve growth performance and disease resistance. Particularly, the septicemia, skin wound and gastroenteritis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila threaten the health of aquatic animals and human. However, the effects of probiotic fermented with A. senticosus product on the immune regulation and pathogen prevention in fish remain unclear. Here, the aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the A. senticosus fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus improve immune barrier function. The crucian carp were fed with basal diet supplemented with L. rhamnosus fermented A. senticosus cultures at 2 %, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % bacterial inoculum for 8 weeks. After trials, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly increased, especially in LGG-6 group. The results confirmed that the level of the CAT, GSH-PX, SOD, lysozyme, and MDA was enhanced in fish received with probiotic fermented product. Moreover, the L. rhamnosus fermented A. senticosus cultures could trigger innate and adaptive immunity, including the up-regulation of the C3, C4, and IgM concentration. The results of qRT-PCR revealed that stronger mRNA transcription of IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MyD88 genes in the liver, spleen, kidney, intestine and gills tissues of fish treated with probiotic fermented with A. senticosus product. After infected with A. hydrophila, the survival rate of the LGG-2 (40 %), LGG-4 (50 %), LGG-6 (60 %), LGG-8 (50 %) groups was higher than the control group. Meanwhile, the pathological damage of the liver, spleen, head-kidney, and intestine tissues of probiotic fermentation-fed fish could be alleviated after pathogen infection. Therefore, the present work indicated that L. rhamnosus fermented A. senticosus could be regard as a potential intestine-target therapy strategy to protecting fish from pathogenic bacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yu-Di Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jun-Tong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Na Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Mudanjiang, Mudanjiang, 157020, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | | | - Wu-Wen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dong-Xing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Guo S, Wan Q, Xu M, Chen M, Chen Z. Transcriptome analysis of host anti-Aeromonas hydrophila infection revealed the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila to American eels (Anguilla rostrata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109504. [PMID: 38508539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a commonly pathogenic bacterium in cultivated eels, but its pathogenicity to American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and the molecular mechanism of host anti-A. hydrophila infection remains uncertain. In this study, LD50 of A. hydrophila to American eels was determined and bacterial load in the liver and kidney of eels was assessed post 2.56 doses of LD50 of A. hydrophila infection. The results showed that the LD50 of A. hydrophila to American eels was determined to be 3.9 × 105 cfu/g body weight (7.8 × 106 cfu/fish), and the bacterial load peaked at 36 h post the infection (hpi) in the liver. Then, the histopathology was highlighted by congestion in splenic blood vessels, atrophied glomeruli, and necrotic hepatocytes. Additionally, the results of qRT-PCR revealed that 18 host immune-related genes showed significantly up or downregulated post-infection compare to that of pre-infection. Finally, results of the RNA-seq revealed 10 hub DEGs and 7 encoded proteins play essential role to the anti-A. hydrophila infection in American eels. Pathogenicity of A. hydrophila to American eels and RNA-seq of host anti-A. hydrophila infection were firstly reported in this study, shedding new light on our understanding of the A. hydrophila pathogenesis and the host immune response to the A. hydrophila infection strategies in gene transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Guo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, China.
| | - Qijuan Wan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, China
| | - Minxia Chen
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education of PR China, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Xie H, Huang Y, Wang S, Che J, Luo T, Li L, Bao B. Deletion of speA and aroC genes impacts the pathogenicity of Vibrio anguillarum in spotted sea bass. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106597. [PMID: 38395316 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum is one of the major pathogens responsible for bacterial infections in marine environments, causing significant impacts on the aquaculture industry. The misuse of antibiotics leads to bacteria developing multiple drug resistances, which is detrimental to the development of the fisheries industry. In contrast, live attenuated vaccines are gradually gaining acceptance and widespread recognition. In this study, we constructed a double-knockout attenuated strain, V. anguillarum ΔspeA-aroC, to assess its potential for preparing a live attenuated vaccine. The research results indicate a significant downregulation of virulence-related genes, including Type VI secretion system, Type II secretion system, biofilm synthesis, iron uptake system, and other related genes, in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the strain lacking the genes exhibited a 67.47% reduction in biofilm formation ability and increased sensitivity to antibiotics. The mutant strain exhibited significantly reduced capability in evading host immune system defenses and causing in vivo infections in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), with an LD50 that was 13.93 times higher than that of the wild-type V. anguillarum. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis of immune-related gene expression in spotted sea bass head kidney and spleen showed a weakened immune response triggered by the knockout strain. Compared to the wild-type V. anguillarum, the mutant strain caused reduced levels of tissue damage. The results demonstrate that the deletion of speA and aroC significantly reduces the biosynthesis of biofilms in V. anguillarum, leading to a decrease in its pathogenicity. This suggests a crucial role of biofilms in the survival and invasive capabilities of V. anguillarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yajuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shengming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jingyuan Che
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tuyan Luo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Lekang Li
- Jiujiang Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jiujiang, 332000, China.
| | - Baolong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Alawam AS, Alwethaynani MS. Construction of an aerolysin-based multi-epitope vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila: an in silico machine learning and artificial intelligence-supported approach. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369890. [PMID: 38495891 PMCID: PMC10940347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium, can cause various infections in humans, including septic arthritis, diarrhea (traveler's diarrhea), gastroenteritis, skin and wound infections, meningitis, fulminating septicemia, enterocolitis, peritonitis, and endocarditis. It frequently occurs in aquatic environments and readily contacts humans, leading to high infection rates. This bacterium has exhibited resistance to numerous commercial antibiotics, and no vaccine has yet been developed. Aiming to combat the alarmingly high infection rate, this study utilizes in silico techniques to design a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) candidate against this bacterium based on its aerolysin toxin, which is the most toxic and highly conserved virulence factor among the Aeromonas species. After retrieval, aerolysin was processed for B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping. Once filtered for toxicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and solubility, the chosen epitopes were combined with an adjuvant and specific linkers to create a vaccine construct. These linkers and the adjuvant enhance the MEV's ability to elicit robust immune responses. Analyses of the predicted and improved vaccine structure revealed that 75.5%, 19.8%, and 1.3% of its amino acids occupy the most favored, additional allowed, and generously allowed regions, respectively, while its ERRAT score reached nearly 70%. Docking simulations showed the MEV exhibiting the highest interaction and binding energies (-1,023.4 kcal/mol, -923.2 kcal/mol, and -988.3 kcal/mol) with TLR-4, MHC-I, and MHC-II receptors. Further molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the docked complexes' remarkable stability and maximum interactions, i.e., uniform RMSD, fluctuated RMSF, and lowest binding net energy. In silico models also predict the vaccine will stimulate a variety of immunological pathways following administration. These analyses suggest the vaccine's efficacy in inducing robust immune responses against A. hydrophila. With high solubility and no predicted allergic responses or toxicity, it appears safe for administration in both healthy and A. hydrophila-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S. Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher S. Alwethaynani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
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Long W, Zhao W, He L, Khan TA, Lai X, Sun Y, Huang W, Yi G, Xia L. Streptomyces enissocaesilis L-82 has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and promotes growth for Carassius auratus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:220. [PMID: 38372806 PMCID: PMC10876771 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas is the main pathogen causing bacterial diseases in fish. The disadvantages of chemical drugs to control fish diseases have been highlighted, and it is urgent to find an eco-friendly control method. In this study, an actinomycete strain with antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria was screened from soil samples. Combined with morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and gyrB gene and whole genome comparison analysis, it was identified as a new strain of Streptomyces enissocaesilis, named Streptomyces enissocaesilis L-82. The strain has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. A substance with a mass-to-charge ratio of 227.20 [M + H] + was isolated and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. It was presumed to be a derivative of 5-dimethylallylindole-3-acetonitrile. The strain is safe and non-toxic to crucian carp, and can stably colonize crucian carp and inhibit the proliferation of A. hydrophila. After feeding the feed containing 1 × 108 CFU/mL strain concentration, the weight growth rate and specific growth rate of crucian carp increased, the activity of ACP and SOD in serum increased, and the survival rate of crucian carp increased after challenge. Genome-wide analysis showed that the strain had strong ability to metabolize and tolerate extreme environments. And has a strong potential for disease resistance. Therefore, the strain is expected to be developed as a feed additive for fish farming. KEY POINTS: • The new Streptomyces enissocaesilis L-82 has a broad spectrum and stable antibacterial activity and meets the safety standards of feed additives. • Strain L-82 can colonize crucian carp, improve the growth, antioxidant, and immune performance of the host, and improve the survival rate after being infected with A. hydrophila. • Genome-wide analysis suggests that the strain has great disease resistance potential and is expected to be developed as a feed additive for fish culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tahir Ali Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Functional Feed and Environmental Regulation of Fujian Province, Fujian Dabeinong Aquatic Sci. & Tech. Co, Ltd, Zhangzhou, 363500, China.
- Fantastic Victory (Shenzhen) Scientific Innovation Group, Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Liqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
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Lu J, Xiong C, Wei J, Xiong C, Long R, Yu Y, Ye H, Ozdemir E, Li Y, Wu R. The role and molecular mechanism of flgK gene in biological properties, pathogenicity and virulence genes expression of Aeromonas hydrophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129082. [PMID: 38161026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a highly pathogenic aquatic resident bacterium that can cause co-morbidity in aquatic animals, waterfowl, poultry, and humans. Flagellum is the motility organ of bacteria important for bacterium tissue colonization and invasion. The flgK gene encodes a flagellar hook protein essential for normal flagellar formation. In order to explore the role of flgK in A. hydrophila, a flgK gene mutant strain of A. hydrophila (∆flgK-AH) was constructed using an efficient suicide plasmid-mediated homologous recombination method, and gene sequencing confirmed successful mutation of the flgK gene. The biological properties, pathogenicity and virulence genes expression were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the growth, hemolytic, and swarming abilities, but the swimming and biofilm formation abilities of ∆flgK-AH were significantly reduced and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) results showed that the ∆flgK-AH strain did not have a flagellar structure. The median lethal dose (LD50) value of the ∆flgK-AH in Carassius auratus was 1.47-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain (WT-AH). The quantitative real-time PCR results showed that only the expression level of the lapA gene was up-regulated by 1.47 times compared with the WT-AH, while the expression levels of other genes were significantly down-regulated. In conclusion, flgK gene mutant led to a decline in the pathogenicity possibly by reducing swimming and biofilm formation abilities, these biological properties might result from the down-regulated expression of flagellate and pilus-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chuanyu Xiong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinming Wei
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caijiang Xiong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Long
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Eda Ozdemir
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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10
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Song H, Zhang W. Cloning and characterization of an aerolysin gene from a marine pathogen Vibrio splendidus. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106519. [PMID: 38158142 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio splendidus is one of the main pathogens caused diseases with a diversity of marine cultured animals, especially the skin ulcer syndrome in Apostichopus japonicus. However, limited virulence factors have been identified in V. splendidus. In this study, one aerAVs gene coding an aerolysin of V. splendidus was cloned and conditionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The haemolytic activity of the recombinant AerAVs was analyzed. Western blotting was used to study of the secretion pathway of proaerolysin, and it showed that the proaerolysin was secreted via both outer membrane vehicles and classical secretion pathways. Since no active protein of aerolysin was obtained, one aerolysin surface displayed bacterium DH5α/pAT-aerA was constructed, and its haemolytic activity and virulence were determined. The results showed that the AerAVs displayed on the surface showed obvious haemolytic activity and cytotoxic to the coelomocyte of A. japonicus. Artificial immerse infection separately using the DH5α/pAT or DH5α/pAT-aerA was conducted. The result showed that the mortality percent of sea cucumber A. japonicus challenged with DH5α/pAT-aerA was 38.89 % higher than that challenged with the control strain DH5α/pAT, and earlier death occurred. Combined all the results indicates that aerolysin with the haemolytic activity and cytotoxic activity is a virulence factor of V. splendidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China.
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11
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Kong T, Fan X, Tran NT. Changes in Hemolymph Microbiota of Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis) in Response to Aeromonas hydrophila or Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3058. [PMID: 37835665 PMCID: PMC10571569 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) has significant economic potential in both the Chinese domestic and global markets. The hemolymph microbiota is known to play a critical role in regulating physiological and biochemical functions in crustaceans. However, the study of the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis in response to infections has not been undertaken. In this study, changes in the composition and function of the hemolymph microbiota in E. sinensis infected with either Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) or Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah) were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing, with a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injection serving as the control. Results showed that the dominant hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. The relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes, Bdellovibrionota, and Myxococcota was significantly reduced in both Sa and Ah groups compared to the PBS group. At the genus level, compared to the PBS group, a significant increase in the abundance of Flavobacterium and Aeromonas was found in both Ah and Sa groups. The analysis of the functional profile showed that pathways related to 'cell growth and death', 'metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides', 'cancers', 'lipid metabolism', 'neurodegenerative diseases', 'metabolism of other amino acids', 'xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism', and 'circulatory system and endocrine system' were predominant in the Ah group. Meanwhile, pathways related to 'metabolism or genetic information progressing', such as 'translation', 'metabolic diseases', and 'cellular processes and signaling', were enriched in the Sa group. This study revealed the effects of pathogens (S. aureus or A. hydrophila) on the maintenance of the hemolymph microbiota in E. sinensis. It shed light on the mechanisms employed by the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis under pathogen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (T.K.)
| | - Xinyue Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (T.K.)
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
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12
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Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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13
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Feng C, Liu X, Hu N, Tang Y, Feng M, Zhou Z. Aeromonas hydrophila Ssp1: A secretory serine protease that disrupts tight junction integrity and is essential for host infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:530-541. [PMID: 35798244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad host range, including fish and humans. In this study, we examined the function of a secretory serine protease (named Ssp1) identified in pathogenic A. hydrophila CCL1. Ssp1 possesses a trypsin-like serine protease domain and contains two conserved PDZ domains. Recombinant Ssp1 protein (rSsp1) treatment increased intestinal permeability by downregulating and redistributing tight junction protein Occludin in intestinal Caco-2 cells in vitro. Western blot demonstrated that rSsp1 treatment in Caco-2 cells resulted in marked increases in the expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC). For virulence analysis, an isogenic CCL1 mutant ΔSsp1 was created. ΔSsp1 bears an in-frame deletion of the Ssp1 gene. A live infection study in crucian carps showed that, compared to CCL1, ΔSsp1 infection exhibited increased Occludin expression, reduced intestinal permeability and tissue dissemination capacity, and attenuated overall virulence in vivo. However, ΔSsp1 showed no differences in the biofilm formation, swimming motility, and resistance to environmental stress. These lost virulence capacities of ΔSsp1 were restored by complementation with the Ssp1 gene. Global transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that compared to CCL1 infection, ΔSsp1 promoted the expressions of antimicrobial molecules (MUC2, LEAP-2, Hepcidin-1, and IL-22). Finally, CCL1 infection caused significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including increased Vibrio and Deefgea compared to ΔSsp1 infected fish. Taken together, these results indicate that Ssp1 is essential for the virulence of A. hydrophila and is required for the perturbation of intestinal tight junction barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Nutrition, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Niewen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mengzhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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14
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Wise AL, LaFrentz BR, Kelly AM, Khoo LH, Xu T, Liles MR, Bruce TJ. A Review of Bacterial Co-Infections in Farmed Catfish: Components, Diagnostics, and Treatment Directions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113240. [PMID: 34827972 PMCID: PMC8614398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Catfish aquaculture is a prominent agricultural sector for foodfish production in the Southern United States. Catfish producers often experience high-level mortality events due to bacterial pathogens. In many instances, co-infections caused by multiple bacterial fish pathogens are isolated during diagnostic cases. These bacterial–bacterial interactions may alter the infection dynamics, and many of these mechanisms and interactions remain unclear. Furthermore, these co-infections may complicate disease management plans and treatment strategies. The current review provides an overview of the prevalent bacterial pathogens in catfish culture and previously reported instances of co-infections in catfish and other production fish species. Abstract Catfish production is a major aquaculture industry in the United States and is the largest sector of food fish production. As producers aim to optimize production yields, diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are responsible for high pond mortality rates and economic losses. The major bacterial pathogens responsible are Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium columnare. Given the outdoor pond culture environments and ubiquitous nature of these aquatic pathogens, there have been many reports of co-infective bacterial infections within this aquaculture sector. Co-infections may be responsible for altering disease infection mechanics, increasing mortality rates, and creating difficulties for disease management plans. Furthermore, proper diagnoses of primary and secondary pathogens are essential in ensuring the correct treatment approaches for antimicrobials and chemical applications. A thorough understanding of the interactions and infectivity dynamics for these warm water bacterial pathogens will allow for the adoption of new prevention and control methods, particularly in vaccine development. This review aims to provide an overview of co-infective pathogens in catfish culture and present diagnostic case data from Mississippi and Alabama to define prevalence for these multiple-species infections better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL 36832, USA;
| | - Anita M. Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Lester H. Khoo
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Tingbi Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Timothy J. Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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