1
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Konstantinidis S, Poplyk MR, Ma WJ, Reilly D, Zhang Y, Wang J, Thompson R, Stiving A, Winters MA, Wang SC, Kristopeit A. Purification processes of live virus vaccine candidates expressed in adherent Vero cell lines via multimodal chromatography in flowthrough mode. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2482-2499. [PMID: 37209394 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Live virus vaccine (LVV) purification, employing chromatography, can be challenged by low binding capacities and elution yields. Alternatively, processes relying solely on enzymatic digestion steps and size-based membrane separations can be limited by suboptimal reduction of process related impurities and poorly scalable unit operations. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of flowthrough mode chromatography and an ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) unit operation delivers a purification process for two different LVV candidates, V590 and Measles, expressed in adherent Vero cells. For V590, chromatography with mixed mode cation exchange resins returned final product yields of ∼50% and logarithmic reduction values (LRVs) of 1.7->3.4 and 2.5-3.0 for host cell DNA (hcDNA) and host cell proteins (HCPs), respectively. For Measles, chromatography with mixed mode anion exchange resins returned final product yields of ∼50% and LRVs of 1.6 and 2.2 for hcDNA and HCPs, respectively. For both V590 and Measles processing, the employed resins cleared a key HCP, fibronectin, which could foul the UF/DF unit operation, and thusly enabling it to further reduce HCPs and to formulate the final LVV products. This integrated purification process utilizes the complementary action of the two unit operations and its applicability across LVVs supports its consideration for their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murphy R Poplyk
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wanli Justin Ma
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Devan Reilly
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Young Zhang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jamin Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alyssa Stiving
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Adam Kristopeit
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Leach M, Cox C, Wickramasinghe SR, Chwatko M, Bhattacharyya D. Role of Microfiltration Membrane Morphology on Nanoparticle Purification to Enhance Downstream Purification of Viral Vectors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3932-3941. [PMID: 38822810 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In the rapidly advancing realms of gene therapy and biotechnology, the efficient purification of viral vectors is pivotal for ensuring the safety and efficacy of gene therapies. This study focuses on optimizing membrane selection for viral vector purification by evaluating key properties, including porosity, thickness, pore structure, and hydrophilicity. Notably, we employed adeno-associated virus (AAV)-sized nanoparticles (20 nm), 200 nm particles, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to model viral vector harvesting. Experimental data from constant pressure normal flow filtration (NFF) at 1 and 2 bar using four commercial flat sheet membranes revealed distinct fouling behaviors. Symmetric membranes predominantly showed internal and external pore blockage, while asymmetric membranes formed a cake layer on the surface. Hydrophilicity exhibited a positive correlation with recovery, demonstrating an enhanced recovery with increased hydrophilicity. Membranes with higher porosity and interpore connectivity showcased superior throughput, reduced operating time, and increased recovery. Asymmetric polyether sulfone (PES) membranes emerged as the optimal choice, achieving ∼100% recovery of AAV-sized particles, an ∼44% reduction in model cell debris (200 nm particles), an ∼35% decrease in BSA, and the fastest operating time of all membranes tested. This systematic investigation into fouling behaviors and membrane properties not only informs optimal conditions for viral vector recovery but also lays the groundwork for advancing membrane-based strategies in bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Leach
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Catherine Cox
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Malgorzata Chwatko
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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3
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Sripada SA, Barbieri E, Shastry S, Wuestenhagen E, Aldinger A, Rammo O, Schulte MM, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Multiangle Light Scattering as a Lentivirus Purification Process Analytical Technology. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9593-9600. [PMID: 38804040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The limited biomolecular and functional stability of lentiviral vectors (LVVs) for cell therapy poses the need for analytical tools that can monitor their titers and activity throughout the various steps of expression and purification. In this study, we describe a rapid (25 min) and reproducible (coefficient of variance ∼0.5-2%) method that leverages size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering detection (SEC-MALS) to determine size, purity, and particle count of LVVs purified from bioreactor harvests. The SEC-MALS data were corroborated by orthogonal methods, namely, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. The method was also evaluated for robustness in the range of 2.78 × 105-2.67 × 107 particles per sample. Notably, MALS-based particle counts correlated with the titer of infectious LVVs measured via transduction assays (R2 = 0.77). Using a combination of SEC-MALS and DLS, we discerned the effects of purification parameters on LVV quality, such as the separation between heterogeneous LV, which can facilitate critical decision-making in the biomanufacturing of gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhana A Sripada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Daniele
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State University and UNC Chapel Hill, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NC State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, 1791 Varsity Drive, Suite #150, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, NC State University, 850 Oval Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- NC-VVIRAL, NC State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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4
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Bacher J, Lali N, Steiner F, Jungbauer A. Cytokines as fast indicator of infectious virus titer during process development. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:55-63. [PMID: 38325657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Measuring infectious titer is the most time-consuming method during the production and process development of live viruses. Conventionally, it is done by measuring the tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) or plaque forming units (pfu) in cell-based assays. Such assays require a time span of more than a week to the readout and significantly slow down process development. In this study, we utilized the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of a Vero production cell line to a recombinant measles vaccine virus (MVV) as model system for rapidly determining infectious virus titer within several hours after infection instead of one week. Cytokines are immunostimulatory proteins contributing to the first line of defence against virus infection. The probed cytokines in this study were MCP-1 and RANTES, which are secreted in a virus dose as well as time dependent manner and correlate to TCID50 over a concentration range of several logarithmic levels with R2 = 0.86 and R2 = 0.83, respectively. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of the cells was specific for infectious virus particles and not evoked with filtered virus seed. We also discovered that individual cytokine candidates may be more suitable for off- or at-line analysis, depending on the secretion profile as well as their sensitivity towards changing process conditions. Furthermore, the method can be applied to follow a purification procedure and is therefore suited for process development and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bacher
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz A-8010, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Narges Lali
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz A-8010, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Steiner
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz A-8010, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Barbieri E, Mollica GN, Moore BD, Sripada SA, Shastry S, Kilgore RE, Loudermilk CM, Whitacre ZH, Kilgour KM, Wuestenhagen E, Aldinger A, Graalfs H, Rammo O, Schulte MM, Johnson TF, Daniele MA, Menegatti S. Peptide ligands targeting the vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) protein for the affinity purification of lentivirus particles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:618-639. [PMID: 37947118 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent uptick in the approval of ex vivo cell therapies highlights the relevance of lentivirus (LV) as an enabling viral vector of modern medicine. As labile biologics, however, LVs pose critical challenges to industrial biomanufacturing. In particular, LV purification-currently reliant on filtration and anion-exchange or size-exclusion chromatography-suffers from long process times and low yield of transducing particles, which translate into high waiting time and cost to patients. Seeking to improve LV downstream processing, this study introduces peptides targeting the enveloped protein Vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) to serve as affinity ligands for the chromatographic purification of LV particles. An ensemble of candidate ligands was initially discovered by implementing a dual-fluorescence screening technology and a targeted in silico approach designed to identify sequences with high selectivity and tunable affinity. The selected peptides were conjugated on Poros resin and their LV binding-and-release performance was optimized by adjusting the flow rate, composition, and pH of the chromatographic buffers. Ligands GKEAAFAA and SRAFVGDADRD were selected for their high product yield (50%-60% of viral genomes; 40%-50% of HT1080 cell-transducing particles) upon elution in PIPES buffer with 0.65 M NaCl at pH 7.4. The peptide-based adsorbents also presented remarkable values of binding capacity (up to 3·109 TU per mL of resin, or 5·1011 vp per mL of resin, at the residence time of 1 min) and clearance of host cell proteins (up to a 220-fold reduction of HEK293 HCPs). Additionally, GKEAAFAA demonstrated high resistance to caustic cleaning-in-place (0.5 M NaOH, 30 min) with no observable loss in product yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gina N Mollica
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandyn D Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sobhana A Sripada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan E Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casee M Loudermilk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary H Whitacre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie M Kilgour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas F Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Daniele
- North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Shahsavandi S, Ebrahimi MM, Nazari A, Khalili I. Effects of ultra-filtration purification of infectious bursal disease virus on immune responses and cytokine activation in specific pathogen free chickens. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2024; 15:49-55. [PMID: 38464605 PMCID: PMC10921136 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.2009350.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Purification is an important step in the production of viral vaccines that strongly affects product recovery and subsequent immune responses. The present study was carried out with the aim of improving the purification of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by the tangential flow filtration (TFF) method. Then, the effect of the purified virus on the induction of immune responses against IBDV in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens was investigated. The IBD07IR strain was propagated in embryonated SPF eggs. The virus was purified using a 100 kDa cassette. The quality of the recovered viruses was evaluated by titration. A total number of 60 SPF chickens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) and received the concentrated viral antigen, commercial live IBDV vaccine and phosphate-buffered saline at the age of 3 weeks by eye drop method. The bursa of Fabricius was examined histopathologically for possible changes. Sera were collected at 1-week intervals from day 0 until the end of 6 weeks after vaccination. The IBDV-specific antibody levels, induction of cell-mediated immunity and mRNA expression levels of cytokines were evaluated. The results showed that despite a relative raise in virus titer from 7.66 to 8.17 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 mL-1 following purification, both the purified IBDV and commercial vaccine are able to induce strong immune responses against the virus. Within a context of egg-based IBDV vaccine production, a single-step TFF can be applied for the relatively purification. This platform requires a further study in the selection of multiple membranes to optimize the operating conditions and final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Shahsavandi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Majid Ebrahimi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Nazari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Iraj Khalili
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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7
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Quantitative Recoveries of Exosomes and Monoclonal Antibodies from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultures by Use of a Single, Integrated Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17886-17893. [PMID: 37995145 PMCID: PMC11095952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cell lines are very commonly used for the mass production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely employed due to their high tolerance to variations in experimental conditions and their ability to grow in suspension or serum free media. CHO cell lines are known for their ability to produce high titers of biotherapeutic products such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). An emergent alternative means of treating diseases, such as cancer, is the use of gene therapies, wherein genetic cargo is "packaged" in nanosized vesicular structures, referred to as "vectors". One particularly attractive vector option is extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are of greatest interest. While exosomes can be harvested from virtually any human body fluid, bovine milk, or even plants, their production in cell cultures is an attractive commercial approach. In fact, the same CHO cell types employed for mAb production also produce exosomes as a natural byproduct. Here, we describe a single integrated 2D liquid chromatography (2DLC) method for the quantitative recovery of both exosomes and antibodies from a singular sample aliquot. At the heart of the method is the use of polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the first dimension column, wherein exosomes/EVs are captured from the supernatant sample and subsequently determined by multiangle light scattering (MALS), while the mAbs are captured, eluted, and quantified using a protein A-modified C-CP fiber column in the second dimension, all in a 10 min workflow. These efforts demonstrate the versatility of the C-CP fiber phases with the capacity to harvest both forms of therapeutics from a single bioreactor, suggesting an appreciable potential impact in the field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
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8
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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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9
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Labisch JJ, Wiese GP, Pflanz K, Linkhorst J. Impact of the Membrane Structure of the Stationary Phase on Steric Exclusion Chromatography (SXC) of Lentiviral Vectors. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:849. [PMID: 37888021 PMCID: PMC10609039 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
For steric exclusion chromatography (SXC), hydrophilic stationary phases are used to capture the target molecule in the presence of polyethylene glycol. The influence of the structure and pore size of the stationary phase on the process requirements are not yet well understood. To better understand the SXC process, membranes with different pore sizes that served as a stationary phase were compared for the purification of lentiviral vectors (LVs). A design of experiments (DoE) was performed to assess the combined impact of PEG concentration and membrane pore size on the purification performance. A visualization experiment showed that the LVs were captured on the first membrane layer for a pore size up to 2.2 µm, and for a pore size larger than 2.2 µm, LVs were also partly found on the second and third membrane layers. Moreover, we could observe that increasing membrane pore size requires a higher PEG concentration to achieve comparable LV recoveries. Using five membrane layers as a stationary phase was sufficient to achieve good performance, supporting the visualized capture results. In conclusion, we could show that each stationary phase has its optimal PEG buffer compositions for SXC, depending on the membrane structure and pore size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Labisch
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Str. 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G. Philip Wiese
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Str. 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Str. 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Ahrens AK, Selinka HC, Wylezich C, Wonnemann H, Sindt O, Hellmer HH, Pfaff F, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder TC. Investigating Environmental Matrices for Use in Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance-Surface Water, Sediments, and Avian Fecal Samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266422. [PMID: 36700688 PMCID: PMC10100768 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild water bird populations is important for early warning to protect poultry from incursions of high-pathogenicity (HP) AIV. Access to individual water birds is difficult and restricted and limits sampling depth. Here, we focused on environmental samples such as surface water, sediments, and environmentally deposited fresh avian feces as matrices for AIV detection. Enrichment of viral particles by ultrafiltration of 10-L surface water samples using Rexeed-25-A devices was validated using a bacteriophage ϕ6 internal control system, and AIV detection was attempted using real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. While validation runs suggested an average enrichment of about 60-fold, lower values of 10 to 15 were observed for field water samples. In total 25/36 (60%) of water samples and 18/36 (50%) of corresponding sediment samples tested AIV positive. Samples were obtained from shallow water bodies in habitats with large numbers of waterfowl during an HPAIV epizootic. Although AIV RNA was detected in a substantial percentage of samples virus isolation failed. Virus loads in samples often were too low to allow further sub- and pathotyping. Similar results were obtained with environmentally deposited avian feces. Moreover, the spectrum of viruses detected by these active surveillance methods did not fully mirror an ongoing HPAIV epizootic among waterfowl as detected by passive surveillance, which, in terms of sensitivity, remains unsurpassed. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have a wide host range in the avian metapopulation and, occasionally, transmission to humans also occurs. Surface water plays a particularly important role in the epidemiology of AIV, as the natural virus reservoir is found in aquatic wild birds. Environmental matrices comprising surface water, sediments, and avian fecal matter deposited in the environment were examined for their usefulness in AIV surveillance. Despite virus enrichment efforts, environmental samples regularly revealed very low virus loads, which hampered further sub- and pathotyping. Passive surveillance based on oral and cloacal swabs of diseased and dead wild birds remained unsurpassed with respect to sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ole Sindt
- State Laboratory of Schleswig-Holstein, Neumuenster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Hellmer
- Climate Sciences, Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
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11
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Jackson KK, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation and quantification of extracellular vesicles from suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells using capillary-channeled polymer fiber spin-down tips. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:190-202. [PMID: 35973415 PMCID: PMC10087738 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs, 30-200-nm diameter), serve as biomolecular snapshots of their cell of origin and vehicles for intercellular communication, playing roles in biological processes, including homeostasis maintenance and immune modulation. The large-scale processing of exosomes for use as therapeutic vectors has been proposed, but these applications are limited by impure, low-yield recoveries from cell culture milieu (CCM). Current isolation methods are also limited by tedious and laborious workflows, especially toward an isolation of EVs from CCM for therapeutic applications. Employed is a rapid (<10 min) EV isolation method on a capillary-channeled polymer fiber spin-down tip format. EVs are isolated from the CCM of suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), one of the candidate cell lines for commercial EV production. This batch solid-phase extraction technique allows 1012 EVs to be obtained from only 100-µl aliquots of milieu, processed using a benchtop centrifuge. The tip-isolated EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, multi-angle light scattering, absorbance quantification, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to tetraspanin marker proteins, and a protein purity assay. It is believed that the demonstrated approach has immediate relevance in research and analytical laboratories, with opportunities for production-level scale-up projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylan K Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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12
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Mekkaoui L, Tejerizo JG, Abreu S, Rubat L, Nikoniuk A, Macmorland W, Horlock C, Matsumoto S, Williams S, Smith K, Price J, Srivastava S, Hussain R, Banani MA, Day W, Stevenson E, Madigan M, Chen J, Khinder R, Miah S, Walker S, Ade-Onojobi M, Domining S, Sillibourne J, Sabatino M, Slepushkin V, Farzaneh F, Pule M. Efficient clinical-grade γ-retroviral vector purification by high-speed centrifugation for CAR T cell manufacturing. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:116-128. [PMID: 36620071 PMCID: PMC9808014 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Retroviral vectors (γ-RV) are powerful tools for gene therapy applications. Current clinical vectors are produced from stable producer cell lines which require minimal further downstream processing, while purification schemes for γ-RV produced by transient transfection have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to develop a method to purify transiently produced γ-RV for early clinical studies. Here, we report a simple one-step purification method by high-speed centrifugation for γ-RV produced by transient transfection for clinical application. High-speed centrifugation enabled the concentration of viral titers in the range of 107-108 TU/mL with >80% overall recovery. Analysis of research-grade concentrated vector revealed sufficient reduction in product- and process-related impurities. Furthermore, product characterization of clinical-grade γ-RV by BioReliance demonstrated two-logs lower impurities per transducing unit compared with regulatory authority-approved stable producer cell line vector for clinical application. In terms of CAR T cell manufacturing, clinical-grade γ-RV produced by transient transfection and purified by high-speed centrifugation was similar to γ-RV produced from a clinical-grade stable producer cell line. This method will be of value for studies using γ-RV to bridge vector supply between early- and late-stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mekkaoui
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Jose G. Tejerizo
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Sara Abreu
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Lydie Rubat
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | | | - Claire Horlock
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Sofia Matsumoto
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Koval Smith
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Juliet Price
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Saket Srivastava
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Rehan Hussain
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | - William Day
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Elena Stevenson
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Meghan Madigan
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jie Chen
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Ravin Khinder
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Shahed Miah
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Michael Ade-Onojobi
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sabine Domining
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | | | | | | | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Kings (CGT-K), King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Martin Pule
- Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK
- Deparment of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Corresponding author: Martin Pule, Autolus Limited, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London W12 7FP, UK.
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13
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Bezeljak U. Cancer gene therapy goes viral: viral vector platforms come of age. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:1-13. [PMID: 35148469 PMCID: PMC8884858 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the advent of viral vector gene therapy in 1990s, cancer treatment with viral vectors promised to revolutionize the field of oncology. Notably, viral vectors offer a unique combination of efficient gene delivery and engagement of the immune system for anti-tumour response. Despite the early potential, viral vector-based cancer treatments are only recently making a big impact, most prominently as gene delivery devices in approved CAR-T cell therapies, cancer vaccines and targeted oncolytic therapeutics. To reach this broad spectrum of applications, a number of challenges have been overcome - from our understanding of cancer biology to vector design, manufacture and engineering. Here, we take an overview of viral vector usage in cancer therapy and discuss the latest advancements. We also consider production platforms that enable mainstream adoption of viral vectors for cancer gene therapy. CONCLUSIONS Viral vectors offer numerous opportunities in cancer therapy. Recent advances in vector production platforms open new avenues in safe and efficient viral therapeutic strategies, streamlining the transition from lab bench to bedside. As viral vectors come of age, they could become a standard tool in the cancer treatment arsenal.
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Development of Next-Generation Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020274. [PMID: 35214730 PMCID: PMC8875761 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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