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Mills JS, Minister C, Samson L. Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983534. [PMID: 36506975 PMCID: PMC9732395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image is an integral aspect of the psychology of the self. Idealized body images are ubiquitous in both traditional media forms (e.g., magazines, television) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram). The classic sociocultural model of body image (i.e., the Tripartite Influence Model) emphasizes pathways between idealized body norms, appearance comparisons, internalization of body ideals, and body dissatisfaction and its outcomes. We summarize the model and identify some issues to be addressed in future work, particularly in light of the immense popularity of social media. We review three topics that are not included in the sociocultural model but that provide a more complete picture of the influence of societal body norms on body image: (1) body shame, (2) positive body image, and (3) self-compassion. Research on the nature, assessment, and relevance of these constructs is reviewed in detail. In terms of clinical applications of these areas of research for individuals at risk of body dissatisfaction, we suggest assessing for and targeting body shame, cultivating facets of positive body image, and teaching strategies for developing self-compassion.
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Perrone C, Fiabane E, Maffoni M, Pierobon A, Setti I, Sommovigo V, Gabanelli P. Vaccination hesitancy: To be vaccinated, or not to be vaccinated, that is the question in the era of COVID-19. Public Health Nurs 2022; 40:90-96. [PMID: 36168152 PMCID: PMC9538072 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy poses serious challenges in achieving adequate vaccine coverage in the general population. While most studies on vaccine hesitance determinants during the COVID-19 pandemic were quantitative, qualitative research on the reasons for vaccine resistance is still lacking. To fill this gap, this study aims to qualitatively investigate cognitive and emotional factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This qualitative pilot study was conducted between October and November 2021 in Italy. A total of 40 COVID-19 vaccine-hesitant ("hesitant not vaccinated" or "hesitant but vaccinated") individuals completed anonymous questionnaires with open-ended questions. Data were analysed using the Interpretive Description approach. The central theme that emerged about vaccine hesitancy was the lack of control. This construct included four different sub-categories: distrust of the government, infodemic, influence of family, and general anti-vaccine opinions. The results also showed that the most important emotional and cognitive factors associated with hesitancy were anger related to a perceived sense of oppression; emotional avoidance to minimize risk; anxiety related to potential vaccine side effects. Identifying and understanding factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is crucial to improving communication strategies that will ultimately result in increased confidence and vaccine acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Perrone
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSPsychology Unit of Pavia InstitutePaviaItaly
| | - Elena Fiabane
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici MaugeriDepartment of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Nervi InstituteGenovaItaly
| | - Marina Maffoni
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSPsychology Unit of MontescanoMontescanoItaly
| | - Antonia Pierobon
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSPsychology Unit of MontescanoMontescanoItaly
| | - Ilaria Setti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural SciencesUnit of Applied PsychologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Valentina Sommovigo
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of RomeRomaItaly
| | - Paola Gabanelli
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSPsychology Unit of Pavia InstitutePaviaItaly
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Liu ZH, Cai H, Bai W, Liu S, Liu H, Chen X, Qi H, Cheung T, Jackson T, Liu R, Xiang YT. Gender Differences in Body Appreciation and Its Associations With Psychiatric Symptoms Among Chinese College Students: A Nationwide Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:771398. [PMID: 35250658 PMCID: PMC8892204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.771398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation (BA hereafter), which reflects approval, acceptance, and respect for one's body while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as the only form of human beauty, is an important aspect of positive body image. Much of the BA literature has been conducted on samples from Western nations but less is known about BA or its correlates in Asian cultural contexts wherein concerns with body image are also common. Toward addressing this gap, we examined gender differences in BA and its associations with common psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidality) within a national college student sample from China. METHOD This cross-sectional, nationwide study was conducted between December 27, 2020, and January 18, 2021, based on snowball sampling. Aside from measures of demographics and background factors, Chinese versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and a standard item on suicidal ideation and planning were administered to assess BA, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidality, respectively. RESULTS In total, 2,058 college students (665 men, 1,393 women) in China were assessed. An analysis of covariance revealed that the men had a significantly higher average BA level than did women [F (1,2058) = 13.244, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.193]. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed BA was negatively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidality within the entire sample (depressive symptoms, β = -0.129, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.101, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.788 P = 0.020) and among women (depressive symptoms, β = -0.172, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.131, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.639 P = 0.001) but not men. CONCLUSION Chinese college women reported lower BA than their male peers did. Furthermore, among women but not men, elevations in BA corresponded with protective mental health experiences including lower levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and suicidality. Findings underscore the potential utility of including BA in mental health assessments of Chinese college students, especially women. Findings also provide foundations for continued research on interventions to increase BA among at-risk young women in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Liu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shou Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Qi
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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